Linguifex

Rokadong: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Rokadong (view source)

Revision as of 05:38, 24 April 2024

8,066 bytes added ,  24 April
no edit summary
No edit summary
No edit summary
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 190: Line 190:
Rokadong is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras. However, timing may sway toward syllable-timing in certain dialects and speaking styles. Particularly for Sanenyandoka, the dialect most well-known for syllable timing, this phenomenon is known as "raisendoka" (literally "gun speech").
Rokadong is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras. However, timing may sway toward syllable-timing in certain dialects and speaking styles. Particularly for Sanenyandoka, the dialect most well-known for syllable timing, this phenomenon is known as "raisendoka" (literally "gun speech").


===Stress===
===Stress and pitch===
Rokadong is a dynamic-accent language. Stressed syllables are louder than non-stressed syllables. Stressed syllables may also have higher or lower pitch, but this is not phonemic in Rokadong any longer, so it is not described as a pitch-accent language.
Rokadong is a dynamic-accent language. Accented syllables may be both louder and pitched up compared to unaccented syllables. For the rest of this section, the volume part will be referred to as "stress" and the pitch part will be referred to as "pitch". Accent is phonemic in Rokadong.


Stress is usually on the syllable containing the penultimate mora. As such, the ultimate syllable receives the accent if it is closed or has a long vowel. However, if the antepenultimate vowel is long, and the penultimate and ultimate vowels are not long, then that long vowel receives the accent.
Stress is usually on the syllable containing the penultimate mora. As such, the ultimate syllable usually receives the stress if it is closed or has a long vowel, else the penultimate syllable does. In compounded words, only the final accented syllable is stressed. Since morphemes are comprised of up to three syllables, this is generally described as stress falling on one of the last three syllables of a word.
 
Rokadong does have pitch accent to some degree, however, usually the stressed syllable is also the one that begins a pitch accent (that is, its pitch is heightened). The difference, however, is that pitch will affect the next vowel if the vowel of the accented syllable is short, as the entire accented mora will have high pitch, the pitch only falling on the subsequent mora (which may be another syllable). Additionally, in compounded morphemes (where a word consists of two or more morphemes), the pitch part will not be neutralized, even though the stress will almost always be neutralized. Instead, compound words generally only contain one pitch-change (that is, once the first pitch-accented mora is reached, the pitch stays high until the final pitch-accented mora), though some words will receive the pitch accents they would normally have as single words, which is randomly distributed. Some morphemes, usually those that are monosyllabic, will not have any pitch accent whatsoever, and are referred to as ''nikjairi'' (zero sound).
 
In the Contionary sections on Rokadong, syllables that receive a pitch but not stress will be marked as secondary stress.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Rokadong is a (C)V(C) language for the most part, though the final C in a word may also be clusters of a stop followed by /{{IPA|ɾ}}/. Phonetically, stop-rhotic sequences are [{{IPA|Bɾə}}]], however. V can be a short vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong. A more full description of Rokadong's syllable structure would be (C)(j)V(ː/C/SR), where C is a consonant, j is /{{IPA|j}}/, V is a vowel, and SR is a stop-rhotic sequence.
Rokadong is a (C)V(C) language for the most part, though the final C in a word may also be clusters of a stop followed by /{{IPA|ɾ}}/. V can be a short vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong. A more full description of Rokadong's syllable structure would be (C)(j)V(ː/C/Pɾ), where C is a consonant, j is /{{IPA|j}}/, V is a vowel, and Pɾ is a stop-/{{IPA|ɾ}}/ sequence. The /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ in an Pɾ sequence can be presumed syllabic, however, because in addition to being phoned as [{{IPA|Pɾə}}] in most dialects, whenever a syllable ends in a stop and the next syllable starts with /{{IPA|ɾ}}/, the preceding syllable is defective and cannot receive pitch accent. In other Nentan languages, similar things occur whenever two stop consonants (or a stop consonant and a consonant that evolved from a stop in that position) are adjacent, so /{{IPA|ɾ}}/ is sometimes analyzed as a stop consonant.


/{{IPA|h ʔ}}/ are in complementary distribution, with the former only being permissible in the onset of syllables, and the latter only being permissible in the coda of syllables, and only before consonants or at the end of words. Additionally, /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ merged with /{{IPA|n}}/ at the start of syllables, while the opposite occured with /{{IPA|ɲ}}/. Therefore, /{{IPA|ɲ ŋ}}/ are also in complementary distribution when not assimilated.
/{{IPA|h ʔ}}/ are in complementary distribution, with the former only being permissible in the onset of syllables, and the latter only being permissible in the coda of syllables, and only before consonants or at the end of words. Additionally, /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ merged with /{{IPA|n}}/ at the start of syllables, while the opposite occured with /{{IPA|ɲ}}/. Therefore, /{{IPA|ɲ ŋ}}/ are also in complementary distribution when not assimilated.
Line 227: Line 231:


Rokadong short vowels are written as they are seen in the IPA, while long vowels are written with an acute accent over the short vowel being lengthened. The diphthongs /{{IPA|aj, aw, oj}}/ may be confused with the syllable-boundary monophthong pairs /{{IPA|a.i, a.u, o.i}}/, so in situations where the latter is preferred, the syllable boundary is written with an apostrophe. Assimilated nasals are written as they are spoken, except when separated by a dash.
Rokadong short vowels are written as they are seen in the IPA, while long vowels are written with an acute accent over the short vowel being lengthened. The diphthongs /{{IPA|aj, aw, oj}}/ may be confused with the syllable-boundary monophthong pairs /{{IPA|a.i, a.u, o.i}}/, so in situations where the latter is preferred, the syllable boundary is written with an apostrophe. Assimilated nasals are written as they are spoken, except when separated by a dash.
===Native script===
{| style="border:0px; background:none;"
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!''' '''
!''' '''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|P}}
|width=75|p
|width=50|[p]
|''pa''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|B}}
|width=75|b
|width=50|[b]
|''ba''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|T}}
|width=75|t
|width=50|[t]
|''ta''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|D}}
|width=75|d
|width=50|[d]
|''da''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|C}}
|width=75|c
|width=50|[t͡ʃ]
|''ca''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|J}}
|width=75|j
|width=50|[d͡ʒ]
|''ja''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|K}}
|width=75|k
|width=50|[k]
|''ka''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|G}}
|width=75|g
|width=50|[g]
|''ga''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|" '}}
|width=75|h
|width=50|[ʔ]
|''ahha''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|F}}
|width=75|f
|width=50|[f]
|''fa''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|V}}
|width=75|v
|width=50|[v]
|''va''
|}
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!''' '''
!''' '''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|S}}
|width=75|s
|width=50|[s]
|''sa''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Z}}
|width=75|z
|width=50|[z]
|''za''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Q}}
|width=75|sh
|width=50|[ʃ]
|''sha''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|H}}
|width=75|h
|width=50|[h]
|''ha''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|L}}
|width=75|l
|width=50|[l]
|''la''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Y}}
|width=75|y
|width=50|[j]
|''ya''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|W}}
|width=75|w
|width=50|[w]
|''wa''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|R}}
|width=75|r
|width=50|[ɾ]
|''ra''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|M m}}
|width=75|m
|width=50|[m]
|''ma''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|N n}}
|width=75|n
|width=50|[n]
|''na''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|{ [}}
|width=75|ny
|width=50|[ɲ]
|''nya''
|}
|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!''' '''
!''' '''
!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
!'''Name'''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|} ]}}
|width=75|ng
|width=50|[ŋ]
|''ang''
|-
|colspan=4|'''''Diacritics (on ka)'''''
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|K KA}}
|width=75|a á
|width=50|[a aː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75|i í
|width=50|[i iː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75|u ú
|width=50|[u uː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75|e é
|width=50|[e eː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|iK IK}}
|width=75|o ó
|width=50|[o oː]
|
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|KiA Kau KoiA}}
|width=75|ai au oi
|width=50|[aj aw oj]
|
|-
|width=75| {{Roka-text|Kx}}
|width=75|
|width=50|''no vowel''
|
|}
|}


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 241: Line 422:


-->
-->
===Nouns===
Root noun morphemes are usually one to three syllables long. There are many derivational affixes in Rokadong as well, including but not limited to:
* ''jan-'' - instrument of the root (occasionally also fills the role of ''-sona'')
* ''-sona'' - actor or someone characterized by the root
* ''vota-'' - collectivity, similarity, instrument of the root
* ''-an'' - object or place characterized by the root (occasionally also fills the role of ''vota-'')
* ''i(t)-''/''-(k)il'' - quality or abstraction of the root, often used to derive adjectives
* ''fen-''/''fer-'' - abstraction, place (especially with ''-an''), goal, or result
Nouns do not decline for gender. In fact, many Rokadong nouns for animals or people do not have a natural gender by default, especially for native words. Nouns also do not decline for plurality, using numerals instead if context demands it. Full reduplication, or numeral-like determiners like ''{{term|unya}}'' and ''{{term|tékuha}}'', could also be used to pluralize. However, full reduplication does not always result in a plural word.
===Particles===
Particles generally are applied to nouns. An unmarked noun is said to be in the direct case - as Rokadong uses Austronesian alignment, both the agent and object of a verb may be unmarked if it is syntactically redundant. The other cases are marked by a particle preceding the noun (and its measure word and numeral, if present):
* Genitive ''to'', used for possession, apposition, origin, reference, and description
* Ergative ''ká'', used for the agent of a verb
* Accusative ''pá'', used for the patient (direct object) of a verb
* Locative and instrumental ''gun'', used for the location of a verb and the means by which it was performed
* Dative ''laki'', used for the indirect object or the benefactor of a verb
These particles become prefix-like proclitics when they apply to pronouns, with ''gun'' and ''laki'' shortening to ''gu'' and ''la''. However, they could be considered proclitics in all cases, as they frequently are pronounced as if they are prefixes, especially given that outside of careful pronunciation, the final vowel of these case particles replaces the starting vowel of nouns that start with /a/.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
In transitive sentences, Rokadong tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, Rokadong does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ká}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''ká'' and ''pá'' respectively. As a result, the word order of Rokadong is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, although OVA is common too, and VAO is rare but not unheard of. The first of the three is the topic of the sentence.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but they precede the noun rather than succeeding it. This means that even though ''{{term|tékuha}}'' and ''{{term|unya}}'' express an amount of something, they are determiners and not numerals, as they follow the noun. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.
When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to. That is, the phrase "cup of sugar" translates to ''ruhung to kairi'', not ''kairi to ruhung''.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to.
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Astaryuu
896

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/327724...368107"