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Rokadong phonology: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "This page discusses the phonology of Rokadong. Rokadong is a mora-timed, dynamic-accent language, with several notable features such as nasal assimilation. Due to its wide range, Rokadong phonology is also quite variable from dialect to dialect. ==Consonants== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Consonant phonemes |- ! ! colspan="2" | Labial ! colspan="2" | alveolar ! colspan="2" | w:Postalveolar co...") |
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* Nasal consonants lose their contrast before stop consonants. However, they still contrast in morpheme-final position, so /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is still considered phonemic. | * Nasal consonants lose their contrast before stop consonants. However, they still contrast in morpheme-final position, so /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is still considered phonemic. | ||
* /{{IPA|h}}/ is frequently elided between unlike vowels. | * /{{IPA|h}}/ is frequently elided between unlike vowels. | ||
* /{{IPA|s, z, (t)ʃ, dʒ}}/ palatalize to [{{IPA|ʃ~ɕ, ʒ~ʑ, (t)ɕ, dʑ}} | * In most dialects, /{{IPA|s, z, (t)ʃ, dʒ}}/ palatalize to [{{IPA|ʃ~ɕ, ʒ~ʑ, (t)ɕ, dʑ}}] before /{{IPA|i, j}}/. | ||
* In Pahang Rokadong and Oceanic Rokadong dialects, [{{IPA|s, z}}] may vary with non-sibilant equivalents [{{IPA|θ, ð}}], especially morpheme-finally. The latter used to be phonemic, but merged with the former, now only appearing as an allophone of it. These dialects are described as "tékuhasa" ("all S"). In Continental Rokadong dialects, assibilation of /{{IPA|θ}}/ is complete, and only [{{IPA|s, z}}] remain. | * In Pahang Rokadong and Oceanic Rokadong dialects, [{{IPA|s, z}}] may vary with non-sibilant equivalents [{{IPA|θ, ð}}], especially morpheme-finally. The latter used to be phonemic, but merged with the former, now only appearing as an allophone of it. These dialects are described as "tékuhasa" ("all S"). In Continental Rokadong dialects, assibilation of /{{IPA|θ}}/ is complete, and only [{{IPA|s, z}}] remain. | ||
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==Prosody== | ==Prosody== | ||
Rokadong is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras. However, timing may sway toward syllable-timing in certain dialects and speaking styles. Particularly for Sanenyandoka, the dialect most well-known for syllable timing, this phenomenon is known as "raisendoka" (literally "gun speech"). | Rokadong is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras. However, timing may sway toward syllable-timing in certain dialects and speaking styles. Particularly for Sanenyandoka, the dialect most well-known for syllable timing, this phenomenon is known as "raisendoka" (literally "gun speech"). | ||
There are also prosodic connotations from the phonemes used in a word. The vowel directly preceding a plosive /p t t͡ʃ k b d d͡ʒ g/ and the rhotic /ɾ/ is considered "defective". This happens for any plosive pair, but the only ones which occur in all dialects involve /ɾ/. A defective syllable cannot be stressed or have pitch accent, unless it is the only syllable in the word. A defective syllable is allowed to have the offglide from accented to neutral pitch, though. Moving the accent to the preceding syllable is preferred if the defective syllable has both a syllable before and after it, as the syllable after the defective one is also considered to be defective. Examples follow: | |||
* ''bélrukr'' [ˈbeː˥˧rʊ˧kɾ] - there is a syllable before the defective ''rukr'' syllable. | |||
* ''anrukron'' [ˈan˥ɾʊ˥˧kɾɔ˧n] - there are syllables before and after the defective ''rukr'', so the ''an'' syllable is preferred over the ''ron''. | |||
* ''rukrapan'' [ɾʊ˧kˈɾa˥pa˥˧n] - there is no syllable before the defective ''rukr'', so the stress is forced to be on ''ra''. | |||
* ''rukr'' [ˈɾʊ˥˧kɾ] - there is no adjacent syllable here, so the stress is forced onto the defective syllable. | |||
==Stress== | ==Stress== | ||
Rokadong is a dynamic-accent language. Stressed syllables are louder than non-stressed syllables. Stressed syllables may also have higher or lower pitch, but | Rokadong is a dynamic-accent language. Stressed syllables are louder than non-stressed syllables. Stressed syllables may also have higher or lower pitch, but the distinction is not phonemic in most modern Rokadong dialects. Rokadong therefore is not usually considered a pitch-accent language, as there is only one pitch mode in most dialects. However, it does interact in unique ways with the stress system, so some analyses retain that it is a pitch accent language, just one whose two pitch contours have been merged, much like the Tokyo Yamanote dialect of Japanese. | ||
Stress is usually on the syllable containing the penultimate mora. As such, the ultimate syllable receives the accent if it is closed or has a long vowel. However, if the antepenultimate vowel is long, and the penultimate and ultimate vowels are not long, then that long vowel receives the accent. | Stress is usually on the syllable containing the penultimate mora. As such, the ultimate syllable receives the accent if it is closed or has a long vowel. However, if the antepenultimate vowel is long, and the penultimate and ultimate vowels are not long, then that long vowel receives the accent. | ||
===Pitch blurring=== | |||
Also like Japanese, compound words tend to blur their respective pitch accents together. In the case of Rokadong, the default is that every morpheme in a compounded word maintains its stress. Some compound words do have unique stress locations to the words by themselves, however. For the pitch system, this means that every stressed syllable raises the pitch, while the last one in the word neutralizes the pitch on the subsequent mora. | |||
===Contionary notation=== | |||
In the Rokadong [[:Category:Contionary]], a syllable with secondary stress [ˌ] has higher pitch on its first mora, but the succeeding mora does not lower the pitch, while a syllable with primary stress [ˈ] does neutralize its pitch on the following syllable. The place in the word where this pitch neutralization occurs is noted with the downstep [ꜜ]. Pitches are only directly notated in dialects or words where the pitch does matter. For example, the particle ''{{term|au}}'' generally has a different meaning depending on if its pitch is high-rising or high-falling. | |||
==Phonotactics== | ==Phonotactics== | ||