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Natalician: Difference between revisions
→Pronouns
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = Natalician_Flag_Updated.png | ||
|imagesize = 185px | |imagesize = 185px | ||
|imagecaption = Flag of the Natalician Republic | |imagecaption = Flag of the Natalician Republic | ||
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The Natalician vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: [[Vowel#Backness|front and back]], rounded and unrounded and [[Vowel#Height|vowel height]]. | The Natalician vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: [[Vowel#Backness|front and back]], rounded and unrounded and [[Vowel#Height|vowel height]]. | ||
==== | ====Note==== | ||
When the vowels /i/, /u/ precede or succeed another vowel, they become /j/, /w/ respectively. If both vowels meet one another, only the /i/ will transform into a /j/ which the /u/ remains unchanged. | |||
==== Vowel harmony ==== | ==== Vowel harmony ==== | ||
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| style="border-left: 0;" | '''u''' | | style="border-left: 0;" | '''u''' | ||
|- style="text-align: center;" | |- style="text-align: center;" | ||
! Type Ĭ (Backness + Rounding) | |||
| colspan="3" | '''i''' || colspan="2" | '''ü''' || colspan="1" | '''a''' || colspan="2" | '''u''' | |||
|- | |||
! Type Ĕ (Backness) | ! Type Ĕ (Backness) | ||
| colspan="5" | '''e''' || colspan="5" | '''o''' | | colspan="5" | '''e''' || colspan="5" | '''o''' | ||
|- style="text-align: center;" | |- style="text-align: center;" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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# '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''Ela'' "then", ''Čela'' "drink", ''Äga'' "by" | # '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''Ela'' "then", ''Čela'' "drink", ''Äga'' "by" | ||
# '''Native compound words''', e.g. '' | # '''Native compound words''', e.g. ''Pave'' "for what" | ||
# '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''Hospital''' (hospital), '''Komphuter''' (computer) | # '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''Hospital''' (hospital), '''Komphuter''' (computer) | ||
# '''Invariable prefixes / suffixes:''' | # '''Invariable prefixes / suffixes:''' | ||
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! scope="col" | Meaning in English | ! scope="col" | Meaning in English | ||
! scope="col" | Remarks | ! scope="col" | Remarks | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''–(v)iš''' | | '''–(v)iš''' | ||
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* The letter that is called ''Girbit El'' ("Silent L"), written {{angbr|Ł}} in Natalician orthography, represents vowel lengthening. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, always follows a vowel and always preceeds a consonant. The vowel that preceeds it is lengthened. | * The letter that is called ''Girbit El'' ("Silent L"), written {{angbr|Ł}} in Natalician orthography, represents vowel lengthening. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, always follows a vowel and always preceeds a consonant. The vowel that preceeds it is lengthened. | ||
* The letter {{angbr|H}} in Natalician orthography represents two sounds: The /h/ sound, and the /j/ sound. If the letter {{angbr|H}} is located at the beginning of the word, it takes the /h/ sound, otherwise it takes the /j/ sound. (e.g. ''Hiloh'' /hi.loj/'' "Hello", ''Konah /ko.naj/'' "Beautiful", ''Haz /haz/ "This") | * The letter {{angbr|H}} in Natalician orthography represents two sounds: The /h/ sound, and the /j/ sound. If the letter {{angbr|H}} is located at the beginning of the word, it takes the /h/ sound, otherwise it takes the /j/ sound. (e.g. ''Hiloh'' /hi.loj/'' "Hello", ''Konah /ko.naj/'' "Beautiful", ''Haz /haz/ "This") | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Object Pronoun / Possessive Determiner | !Object Pronoun / Possessive Determiner | ||
|''(V)In'' ||''(V) | |''(V)In'' ||''(V)U'' ||''Süs'' ||''Nameš'' ||''Daša'' ||''Soz'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Possessive Pronoun | !Possessive Pronoun | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The pronouns ''(V)In'', ''(V) | The pronouns ''(V)In'', ''(V)U'', ''(V)Ini'' and ''(V)Onu'' will use the V if the preceding noun ends with a vowel. In a sentence, the possessive determiner will always succeed the object. The object pronoun usually comes after the verb: | ||
* ''Haz ensei ianzak '''in''''' - This is '''my''' food | * ''Haz ensei ianzak '''in''''' - This is '''my''' food | ||
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! Noun !! Verb | ! Noun !! Verb | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''Ergem'' "negativity" || ''Ergem'''še'''-'' "negate" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''To'' "two" || ''To'''šo'''-'' "Two-ify", that is, "get married" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''Kel'' "word" || ''kel'''še'''-'' "say" | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
A verbal root, or a verb-stem in ''- | A verbal root, or a verb-stem in ''-šĕ'', can be lengthened with certain '''extensions'''. If present, they appear in the following order, and they indicate distinctions of '''[[Grammatical voice|voice]]''': | ||
:{|class="wikitable" | :{|class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Extensions for voice | |+ Extensions for voice | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=4|Causative | !rowspan=4|Causative | ||
|''-(ĕ) | |''-(ĕ)m''||after polysyllabic stems in a vowel | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''-&z''||in other cases | |''-(&)z''||in other cases | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''- | |''-rĕb''||after some monosyllabic stems | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ||there are some other exceptional forms as well. | | ||there are some other exceptional forms as well. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Passive voice|Passive]] | ! [[Passive voice|Passive]] | ||
|''- | |''-(ĭ)v''||after stems ending in a consonant other than ''-v''; otherwise, same as reflexive. | ||
|} | |} | ||
These endings might seem to be ''inflectional'' in the sense of the {{section link||Introduction}} above, but their meanings are not always clear from their particular names, and dictionaries do generally give the resulting forms, so in this sense they are ''constructive'' endings. | These endings might seem to be ''inflectional'' in the sense of the {{section link||Introduction}} above, but their meanings are not always clear from their particular names, and dictionaries do generally give the resulting forms, so in this sense they are ''constructive'' endings. | ||
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! Verb Root/Stem !! New Verb !! Voice | ! Verb Root/Stem !! New Verb !! Voice | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '' | | rowspan=2 | ''Dol'' "Send" | ||
| '' | | ''Dolur'' "Share" || ''-ur'' (reciprocal) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''Doluv'' "Be sent" || ''-uv'' (reflexive) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '' | | rowspan=2 | ''Ver'' "Fix (something)" | ||
| '' | | ''Veriv'' "wash oneself" || ''-iv'' (reflexive) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''yıkanıl'' "be washed" || ''-n'' (reflexive) + ''-ıl'' (passive) | | ''yıkanıl'' "be washed" || ''-n'' (reflexive) + ''-ıl'' (passive) | ||