Luthic: Difference between revisions

| brōþar /ˈbroː.θar/ || bruder /'bru.der/ || broþar [ˈbɾo.θɐr] || brother

|-

|-

| handus /ˈhan.dus/ || handa /ˈan.da/ || hando [ˈhan.du] (archaic or obsolete) || hand

|source= Giuseppe il Lûthico, proverbs

}}

====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====

====Book 1, ''De grammatica''====

====Book 2, ''De orthographia''====

==Etymology==

==Geographical distribution==

Luthic is spoken mainly in [[w:Emilia-Romagna|Emilia-Romagna]], Italy, where it is primarily spoken in Ravenna and its adjacent [[w:Municipality|communes]]. Although Luthic is spoken almost exclusively in Emilia-Romagna, it has also been spoken outside of Italy. [[w:Emigration|Luth and general Italian emigrant communities]] (the largest of which are to be found in the [[w:Americas|Americas]]) sometimes employ Luthic as their primary language. The largest concentrations of Luthic speakers are found in the [[w:Province|provinces]] of Ravenna, Ferrara and Bologna ([[w:Metropolitan City of Bologna|Metropolitan City of Bologna]]). The people of Ravenna live in [[w:Diglossia|tetraglossia,]] as Romagnol, Emilian and Italian are spoken in those provinces alongside Luthic.

Most films and songs are in vernacular Italian, Luthic is seldom spoken in television and radio. Some educational shows hosted by the Luthic Community of Ravenna and Ravenna University are often in Standard Luthic. Italian folk music is an important part of the country’ musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances. Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Italian music has been held up in high esteem in history and many pieces of Italian music are considered high art. More than other elements of Italian culture, music is generally eclectic, but unique from other nations’ music. The country’s historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of [[w:Musical notation|musical notation]] and [[w:Gregorian chant|Gregorian chant]].

=====Written media=====

* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g.

** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/.

** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu].

* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled.

* The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic.

* The spellings ci and gi before another vowel represent only /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/ with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound.

* The spelling qu and gu always represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/.

* The spelling ġl and ġn represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.

* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.

** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found.

* The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/.

** The letter o always represents the sound /u/ in coda.

** The overdot is also used over ⟨c, g⟩ to indicate [[w:Palatalization (sound change)|palatalisation]].

| style="text-align: center;"|je

| style="text-align: center;"|jɛ

| style="text-align: center;"|jɐ

| style="text-align: center;"|ju

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]

| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]

| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|(x)]]

|  

|}

In addition to monophthongs, Luthic has diphthongs, which, however, are both phonemically and phonetically simply combinations of the other vowels. None of the diphthongs are, however, considered to have distinct phonemic status since their constituents do not behave differently from how they occur in isolation, unlike the diphthongs in other languages like English and German. Grammatical tradition distinguishes “falling” from “rising” diphthongs, but since rising diphthongs are composed of one semiconsonantal sound [j] or [w] and one vowel sound, they are not actually diphthongs. The practice of referring to them as “diphthongs” has been criticised by phoneticians like Alareico Villavolfo.

==Research==

[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]]

===History===

* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Phonological Development|Phonological Development]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Sviluppi Phonologici giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 1990, however very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Luthic.

| Son || Masculine || Fiġlo || Fiġli

|-

|-

| Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana

| Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni

|-

|-

| Heart || Neuter || Haertene || Haerteni

| ne

|}

: ² before voiced fricatives or sonorants

|-

! {{small|acc.}}

| inȯ

| ina

| ata

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

| iȧ

| iȧ

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

| isas

| ia

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

| eis

| eis

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

* These forms are also common in everday speech due to Italian influence. Nevertheless, both declension paradigmata are considered to be correct. Main differences are emphasised.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan=2| Number

! rowspan=2| Case

|-

! {{small|masculine}}

The pronouns unsar, isvar have an irregular declension, being declined like an unmarked adjective in the masculine gender and marked in the other genders. Every possessive pronoun is declined like an o-stem adjective for masculine and neuter gender, while its feminine counterpart is declined as an a-stem adjective

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|-

! {{small|masculine}}

! {{small|feminine}}

!rowspan=4| Singular

! {{small|nom.}}

! {{small|acc.}}

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

!rowspan=4| Plural

! {{small|nom.}}

|-

! {{small|acc.}}

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

! {{small|gen.}}

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|-

!rowspan=4| Singular

! {{small|nom.}}

|-

! {{small|acc.}}

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

|-

!rowspan=4| Plural

! {{small|nom.}}

|-

! {{small|acc.}}

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Number

! a-stem ^f

! o-stem ⁿ

|-

!rowspan=4| Singular

! {{small|nom.}}

|-

! {{small|acc.}}

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

|-

!rowspan=4| Plural

! {{small|nom.}}

|-

! {{small|acc.}}

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|-

! Number

!rowspan=4| Singular

! {{small|nom.}}

|-

! {{small|acc.}}

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

|-

!rowspan=4| Plural

! {{small|nom.}}

|-

! {{small|acc.}}

|-

! {{small|dat.}}

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

|}

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

| o-stem adjective

|-

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective

|-

| indeclinable

| o-stem adjective