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* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g.
* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g.
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/.
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/.
** The spelling gg can either stand for /ŋɡ/ or for /dd͡ʒ/. Some grammarians and students may denote /dd͡ʒ/ as ġg, however it is not mandatory.
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu].
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu].
* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled.
* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled.
* The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic.
* The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic.
* The spellings ci and gi before another vowel represent only /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/ with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound.
* The spellings ci and gi before another vowel represent only /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/ with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound.
** Unless ''c'' or ''g'' precede stressed /i/ (''pharmacia'' /pʰɐɾ.mɐˈtʃi.ɐ/ ‘pharmacy’, ''biologia'' /bjo.loˈdʒi.ɐ/ ‘biology’), these may be optionally spelt as ''cï'' and ''gï' (''pharmacïa'', ''biologïa'').
** Unless ''c'' or ''g'' precede stressed /i/ (''pharmacia'' /pʰɐɾ.mɐˈtʃi.ɐ/ ‘pharmacy’, ''biologia'' /bjo.loˈdʒi.ɐ/ ‘biology’), these may be optionally spelt as ''cï'' and ''gï'' (''pharmacïa'', ''biologïa'').
* The spelling qu and gu always represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/.
* The spelling qu and gu always represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/.
* The spelling ġl and ġn represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.
* The spelling ġl and ġn represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.


The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':
The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' (less often ''tacċi'') vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':


* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
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** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found.
** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found.
* The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/.
* The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/.
** The spelling cċ stands for /kʃ/, but is in free variation with /ks/.
** The spelling gġ stands for /ɡʒ/, but is in free variation with /ɡz/, it is only found in some loanwords.
** The letter o always represents the sound /u/ in coda.
** The letter o always represents the sound /u/ in coda.
** The overdot is also used over ⟨c, g⟩ to indicate [[w:Palatalization (sound change)|palatalisation]].
** The overdot is also used over ⟨c, g⟩ to indicate [[w:Palatalization (sound change)|palatalisation]].
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| Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni
| Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni
|-
|-
| King || Masculine || Regġe || Regġi
| King || Masculine || Regge || Reggi
|-
|-
| Heart || Neuter || Haertene || Haerteni
| Heart || Neuter || Haertene || Haerteni
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| ne
| ne
|}
|}
: ¹ before voiceless fricatives or sonorants
: ¹ before voiceless fricatives
: ² before voiced fricatives or sonorants
: ² before voiced fricatives or sonorants


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! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
! rowspan=2| Case
!colspan=3| 1<sup>st</sup> person singular
!colspan=3| 1<sup>st</sup> person plural
!colspan=3| 2<sup>st</sup> person singular
!colspan=3| 2<sup>st</sup> person plural
!colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person singular
!colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person plural
|-
|-
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|masculine}}
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| unsares
| unsares
| unsaras
| unsaras
| unsara
| unsara
| isvares
| isvares
| isvaras
| isvaras
| isvara
| isvara
| seinos
| seinos
| seinas
| seinas
| seina
| seina
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| unsarivo
| unsaram
| unsarom
| isvarivo
| isvaram
| isvarom
| seinom
| seinam
| seinom
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| unsarem
| unsararo
| unsaroro
| isvarem
| isvararo
| isvaroro
| seinoro
| seinaro
| seinoro
|}
 
The pronouns unsar, isvar have an irregular declension, being declined like an unmarked adjective in the masculine gender and marked in the other genders. Every possessive pronoun is declined like an o-stem adjective for masculine and neuter gender, while its feminine counterpart is declined as an a-stem adjective
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Poetic variants
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
!colspan=3| 1<sup>st</sup> person singular
!colspan=3| 2<sup>st</sup> person singular
!colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person singular
|-
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
| mio
| mia
| miȯ
| þuo¹
| þua
| þuȯ
| suo²
| sua
| suȯ
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| miȯ
| mia
| miȯ
| þuȯ
| þua
| þuȯ
| suȯ
| sua
| suȯ
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| miȧ
| miȧ
| miȧ
| þuȧ
| þuȧ
| þuȧ
| suȧ
| suȧ
| suȧ
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| miei³
| miae
| miei³
| þui
| þuae
| þui
| sui
| suae
| sui
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
| miei³
| miae
| mia
| þui
| þuae
| þua
| sui
| suae
| sua
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| mios
| mias
| mia
| þuos
| þuas
| þua
| suos
| suas
| sua
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| miom
| miam
| miom
| þuom
| þuam
| þuom
| suom
| suam
| suom
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| mioro
| miaro
| mioro
| þuoro
| þuaro
| þuoro
| suoro
| suaro
| suoro
|}
 
: ¹ pronounced [ˈθu.u]
: ² pronounced [ˈsu.u]
: ³ pronounced [miˈi]
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Poetic variants
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
!colspan=3| 1<sup>st</sup> person plural
!colspan=3| 2<sup>st</sup> person plural
!colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person plural
|-
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
| nostro
| nostra
| nostrȯ
| vostro
| vostra
| vostrȯ
| suo
| sua
| suȯ
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| nostrȯ
| nostra
| nostrȯ
| vostrȯ
| vostra
| vostrȯ
| suȯ
| sua
| suȯ
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| nostrȧ
| nostrȧ
| nostrȧ
| vostrȧ
| vostrȧ
| vostrȧ
| suȧ
| suȧ
| suȧ
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| nostri
| nostrae
| nostri
| vostri
| vostrae
| vostri
| sui
| suae
| sui
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
| nostri
| nostrae
| nostra
| vostri
| vostrae
| vostra
| sui
| suae
| sua
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| nostros
| nostras
| nostra
| vostros
| vostras
| vostra
| suos
| suas
| sua
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| unsarivo
| nostrom
| unsaram
| nostram
| unsarom
| nostrom
| isvarivo
| vostrom
| isvaram
| vostram
| isvarom
| vostrom
| seinom
| suom
| seinam
| suam
| seinom
| suom
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| unsarem
| nostroro
| unsararo
| nostraro
| unsaroro
| nostroro
| isvarem
| vostroro
| isvararo
| vostraro
| isvaroro
| vostroro
| seinoro
| suoro
| seinaro
| suaro
| seinoro
| suoro
|}
|}
The pronouns unsar, isvar have an irregular declension, being declined like an unmarked adjective in the masculine gender and marked in the other genders. Every possessive pronoun is declined like an o-stem adjective for masculine and neuter gender, while its feminine counterpart is declined as an a-stem adjective


Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are indeclinable by case and number:
Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are indeclinable by case and number:
Line 3,150: Line 3,377:


====Present perfect====
====Present perfect====
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganato a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersoto can ata iȧ hô rogiato'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''egġiavȯ biciclettȧ a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuvedar can ata iȧ rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganato a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersoto can ata iȧ hô rogiato'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''eggiavȯ biciclettȧ a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuvedar can ata iȧ rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).


=====Past participle=====
=====Past participle=====
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| ''erȯ''
| ''erȯ''
| ''havaedȯ''
| ''havaedȯ''
| ''egġiavȯ''
| ''eggiavȯ''
| st''avȯ''
| st''avȯ''
| ''tavidȯ''
| ''tavidȯ''
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| ''eras''
| ''eras''
| ''havaedas''
| ''havaedas''
| ''egġiavas''
| ''eggiavas''
| st''avas''
| st''avas''
| ''tavidas''
| ''tavidas''
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| ''erat''
| ''erat''
| ''havaedat''
| ''havaedat''
| ''egġiavat''
| ''eggiavat''
| st''avat''
| st''avat''
| ''tavidat''
| ''tavidat''
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| ''eravamos''
| ''eravamos''
| ''havaedamos''
| ''havaedamos''
| ''egġiavamos''
| ''eggiavamos''
| st''avamos''
| st''avamos''
| ''tavidamos''
| ''tavidamos''
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| ''eravates''
| ''eravates''
| ''havaedates''
| ''havaedates''
| ''egġiavates''
| ''eggiavates''
| st''avates''
| st''avates''
| ''tavidates''
| ''tavidates''
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| eranno
| eranno
| ''havaedanno''
| ''havaedanno''
| ''egġiavanno''
| ''eggiavanno''
| st''avanno''
| st''avanno''
| ''tavidanno''
| ''tavidanno''
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| —
| —
| ''havaedara''
| ''havaedara''
| ''egġiavara''
| ''eggiavara''
| —
| —
| ''tavidara''
| ''tavidara''
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| —
| —
| ''havaedasa''
| ''havaedasa''
| ''egġiavasa''
| ''eggiavasa''
| —
| —
| ''tavidasa''
| ''tavidasa''
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| —
| —
| ''havaedada''
| ''havaedada''
| ''egġiavada''
| ''eggiavada''
| st''avada''
| st''avada''
| ''tavidada''
| ''tavidada''
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| —
| —
| ''havaedanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''eggiavanda''
| —
| —
| ''tavidanda''
| ''tavidanda''
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| —
| —
| ''havaedanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''eggiavanda''
| —
| —
| ''tavidanda''
| ''tavidanda''
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| —
| —
| ''havaedanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''eggiavanda''
| st''avanda''
| st''avanda''
| ''tavidanda''
| ''tavidanda''
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| ''fossi''
| ''fossi''
| hav''essi''
| hav''essi''
| ''egġissi''
| ''eggissi''
| ''stessi''
| ''stessi''
| ''tavissi''
| ''tavissi''
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| ''fossis''
| ''fossis''
| hav''essis''
| hav''essis''
| ''egġissis''
| ''eggissis''
| ''stessis''
| ''stessis''
| ''tavissis''
| ''tavissis''
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| ''fossit''
| ''fossit''
| hav''essit''
| hav''essit''
| ''egġissit''
| ''eggissit''
| ''stessit''
| ''stessit''
| ''tavissit''
| ''tavissit''
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| ''fossimos''
| ''fossimos''
| hav''essimos''
| hav''essimos''
| ''egġissimos''
| ''eggissimos''
| ''stessimos''
| ''stessimos''
| ''tavissimos''
| ''tavissimos''
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| ''fossites''
| ''fossites''
| hav''essites''
| hav''essites''
| ''egġissites''
| ''eggissites''
| ''stessites''
| ''stessites''
| ''tavissites''
| ''tavissites''
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| ''fossero''
| ''fossero''
| hav''essero''
| hav''essero''
| ''egġissero''
| ''eggissero''
| ''stessero''
| ''stessero''
| ''tavissero''
| ''tavissero''
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| —
| —
| hav''essira''
| hav''essira''
| ''egġissira''
| ''eggissira''
| —
| —
| ''tavissira''
| ''tavissira''
Line 3,512: Line 3,739:
| —
| —
| hav''essisa''
| hav''essisa''
| ''egġissisa''
| ''eggissisa''
| —
| —
| ''tavissisa''
| ''tavissisa''
Line 3,523: Line 3,750:
| —
| —
| hav''essida''
| hav''essida''
| ''egġissida''
| ''eggissida''
| ''stessida''
| ''stessida''
| ''tavissida''
| ''tavissida''
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| —
| —
| hav''essinda''
| hav''essinda''
| ''egġissinda''
| ''eggissinda''
| —
| —
| ''tavissinda''
| ''tavissinda''
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| —
| —
| hav''essinda''
| hav''essinda''
| ''egġissinda''
| ''eggissinda''
| —
| —
| ''tavissinda''
| ''tavissinda''
Line 3,556: Line 3,783:
| —
| —
| hav''essinda''
| hav''essinda''
| ''egġissinda''
| ''eggissinda''
| ''stessinda''
| ''stessinda''
| ''tavissinda''
| ''tavissinda''
Line 4,343: Line 4,570:
* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervaut þreis quilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervaut þreis quilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidô aenȯ dagȯ''. “He didn’t waited for one day”
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidaut aenȯ dagȯ''. “He didn’t wait for one day”
:* Place when: ''Þȯ staþȯ''. “In/on this place”
:* Place when: ''Þȯ staþȯ''. “In/on this place”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þȯ staþȯ''. “''id.''”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þȯ staþȯ''. “''id.''”
Line 4,355: Line 4,582:
:* Action for: ''Þus scolȯ helfare los friundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”
:* Action for: ''Þus scolȯ helfare los friundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”
::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”
::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”
:* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescaþi scolȯ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
:* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescapi scolȯ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)
::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)
:* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”
:* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”




* '''Instrumental dative:'''
* '''Instrumento-dative:'''
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizȯ pennȧ''. “I write with a pen”
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizȯ pennȧ''. “I write with a pen”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saeqȯ augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saeqȯ augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltellȧ velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltellȧ velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc managv fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with many affection”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc managȧ fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with many affection”
::* Prepositional if with no adjective: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc miþ fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with affection”
::* Prepositional if with no adjective: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc miþ fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with affection”
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare friundom''. “I shall come with friends”
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare friundom''. “I shall come with friends”
Line 4,372: Line 4,599:




* '''Ablatival dative:'''
* '''Ablato-dative:'''
:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculȯ cofare l'ovelȯ þus''. “I shall keep the evil away from you”
:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculȯ cofare l'ovelȯ þus''. “I shall keep the evil away from you”
:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravennȧ du Americȧ furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America”
:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravennȧ du Americȧ furonno''. “They went from Ravenna to America”
Line 4,383: Line 4,610:
: '''La pecora e ġl’aeqqi'''
: '''La pecora e ġl’aeqqi'''


:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saecaut somos aeqqos: aenȯ eisôro tiravat aenȯ pesante carrȯ, aenȯ anþerȯ baeravat aenȯ mêquelȯ caricȯ ed aenȯ anþerȯ transportavat aenȯ mannȯ snele. La pecora rodit al·los aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecando ce il manno trattat l’aeqqos”. Ġl’aeqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penoso saecare ei, il manno, l’unsar siġnore, sic taugit aena veste lȧ vollȧ pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agrȯ fliugat.
:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saecaut somos aeqqos: aenȯ eisôro tiravat aenȯ pesante carrȯ, aenȯ anþerȯ baeravat aenȯ mêquelȯ caricȯ ed aenȯ anþerȯ transportavat aenȯ mannȯ snele. La pecora rodit all’aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecando ce il manno trattat l’aeqqos”. Ġl’aeqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penoso saecare ei, il manno, l’unsar siġnore, sic taugit aena veste lȧ vollȧ pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agrȯ fliugat.


:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-ȧ saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-ȯ eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-ȯ pesant-e carr-ȯ aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ baer-av-at aen-ȯ mêquel-ȯ caric-ȯ ed aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ transport-av-at aen-ȯ mann-ȯ snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al=l-os aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-ando ce il mann-o tratt-at l=aeqq-os ġl=aeqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-o saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar siġnor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-ȧ voll-ȧ pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-ȧ dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-ȯ fliug-at''
:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-ȧ saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-ȯ eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-ȯ pesant-e carr-ȯ aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ baer-av-at aen-ȯ mêquel-ȯ caric-ȯ ed aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ transport-av-at aen-ȯ mann-ȯ snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al-l=aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-ando ce il mann-o tratt-at l=aeqq-os ġl=aeqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-o saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar siġnor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-ȧ voll-ȧ pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-ȧ dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-ȯ fliug-at''


:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
Line 4,439: Line 4,666:
Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat;
Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat;
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa.
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa.
Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse ogġi,
Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas,
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas,
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis;
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis;
Line 4,959: Line 5,186:
| '''34.''' agguo [ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscerae [ˈviʃ.ʃe.ɾɛ] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [sjuˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondo [ʁiˈton.du] “round”
| '''34.''' agguo [ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscerae [ˈviʃ.ʃe.ɾɛ] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [sjuˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondo [ʁiˈton.du] “round”
|-
|-
| '''35.''' sottile [sotˈti.le] “thin” || '''87.''' collo [ˈkɔl.lo] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [konˈta.ɾe] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfo [ˈskaɾ.p͡fu] “sharp”
| '''35.''' sottile [sotˈti.le] “thin” || '''87.''' collȯ [ˈkɔl.lo] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [konˈta.ɾe] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfo [ˈskaɾ.p͡fu] “sharp”
|-
|-
| '''36.''' qena [ˈkᶣe.nɐ] “woman” || '''88.''' dorsȯ [ˈdɔɾ.t͡so] “back” || '''140.''' rogiare [ʁoˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to say” || '''192.''' smussato [zmusˈsa.θu] “dull”
| '''36.''' qena [ˈkᶣe.nɐ] “woman” || '''88.''' dorsȯ [ˈdɔɾ.t͡so] “back” || '''140.''' rogiare [ʁoˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to say” || '''192.''' smussato [zmusˈsa.θu] “dull”
Line 4,983: Line 5,210:
| '''46.''' foglo [ˈfo.ɡlu] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [sofˈfja.ɾe] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [ˈvad.ne] “water” || '''202''' in [in] “in”
| '''46.''' foglo [ˈfo.ɡlu] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [sofˈfja.ɾe] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [ˈvad.ne] “water” || '''202''' in [in] “in”
|-
|-
| '''47.''' hondo [ˈhon.du] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [ʁis.piˈʁa.ɾe] “to breathe” || '''151.''' plogġia [ˈplod.d͡ʒa] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [miθ] “with”
| '''47.''' hondo [ˈhon.du] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [ʁis.piˈʁa.ɾe] “to breathe” || '''151.''' ploggia [ˈplod.d͡ʒa] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [miθ] “with”
|-
|-
| '''48.''' pidocclo [piˈð̞ɔk.klu] “louse” || '''100.''' clahare [klɐˈha.ɾe] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [ˈa.xɐ] “river” || '''204.''' e [e] ed [e‿ð̞] “and”
| '''48.''' pidocclo [piˈdɔk.klu] “louse” || '''100.''' clahare [klɐˈha.ɾe] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [ˈa.xɐ] “river” || '''204.''' e [e] ed [e‿ð̞] “and”
|-
|-
| '''49.''' serpe [ˈsɛɾ.pe] “snake” || '''101.''' saecare [sɛˈka.ɾe] “to see” || '''153.''' lago [ˈla.ɣ˕u] “lake” || '''205.''' si [si] “if”
| '''49.''' serpe [ˈsɛɾ.pe] “snake” || '''101.''' saecare [sɛˈka.ɾe] “to see” || '''153.''' lago [ˈla.ɣ˕u] “lake” || '''205.''' si [si] “if”
Line 5,100: Line 5,327:
|}
|}


====Leipzig-Jakarta====
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"  style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"  style="text-align: center;"
|+ Leipzig-Jakarta with cognates
|+ Leipzig-Jakarta with cognates
Line 5,108: Line 5,336:
! width="20%"|PIE
! width="20%"|PIE
|-
|-
| fire || fona “fire” (< *fōn, *funin-, related to *fōr, *fuïr-, which is found in North and West Germanic, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fōr, *funiz ~ *fuiniz ~ *funiniz) || 𐍆𐍉𐌽 (fōn) “fire” (< *fōn, *funin-, related to *fōr, *fuïr-, which is found in North and West Germanic, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fōr, *funiz ~ *fuiniz ~ *funiniz || pūrgō < *'''pur'''agō “to purge” || *péh₂wr̥, *ph₂wéns “fire”. Two main terms for “fire” are reconstructible for PIE: *h₁n̥gʷnis and *péh₂wr̥, usually considered in semantic opposition; the first is usually masculine, refers to fire as animate and active (compare Agni, the most prominent Old Indic deity, and Latin ignis “fire”); the second is neuter and refers to fire as inanimate and passive, i.e. as a substance.
| fire || fona “fire” (< *fōn, *funin-, related to *fōr, *fuïr-, which is found in North and West Germanic, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fōr, *funiz ~ *fuiniz ~ *funiniz) || 𐍆𐍉𐌽 (fōn) “fire” (< *fōn, *funin-, related to *fōr, *fuïr-, which is found in North and West Germanic, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fōr, *funiz ~ *fuiniz ~ *funiniz) || pūrgō < *'''pur'''agō “to purge”, from *pur + *agō, literally meaning “to do with fire; to clean with fire”. The second element is attested in Italic as Umbrian 𐌐𐌉𐌓 (pir) || *péh₂wr̥, *ph₂wéns “fire”. Two main terms for “fire” are reconstructible for PIE: *h₁n̥gʷnis and *péh₂wr̥, usually considered in semantic opposition; the first is usually masculine, refers to fire as animate and active (compare Agni, the most prominent Old Indic deity, and Latin ignis “fire”); the second is neuter and refers to fire as inanimate and passive, i.e. as a substance.
|-
|-
| nose || naso “nose” || *𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌰 (nasa) “nose” || nāsus “nose”, nāris “nostril” || *néh₂s, *nh₂sós “nose”
| nose || naso “nose” || *𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌰 (nasa) “nose” || nāsus “nose”, nāris “nostril” || *néh₂s, *nh₂sós “nose”
Line 5,118: Line 5,346:
| mouth || monþo “mouth” || 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs) “mouth” || mentum “chin” || *mento- (“mouth; jaw”) < *men- “to stand out; to protrude; to project; to stick out”
| mouth || monþo “mouth” || 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs) “mouth” || mentum “chin” || *mento- (“mouth; jaw”) < *men- “to stand out; to protrude; to project; to stick out”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| tongue || tugga “tongue” || 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō) “tongue” || lingua < dinguā̆ “tongue”. Influenced by lingō “to lick” as a folk etymology; compare Old Armenian լեզու (lezu) and Lithuanian liežùvis || *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s “tongue”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| blood || saggue “blood” || 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn) “iron” (via Celtic?) || '''assar'''ātum “drink made with blood and wine”, assyr “blood”, sanguī̆s < *h₁sh₂n̥- “blood” || *h₁ésh₂r̥ “blood”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| bone || beine “bone” || *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽 “bone” || *per'''fin'''āre < *finō “to break” || *bʰeyh₂- “to strike; to cut; to hew”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| thou || þû “you” || 𐌸𐌿 (þū) “you” || tū “you” || *tíh₁, *tu- “you”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| root || vaurte “root” || 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts) “root” || rādīx “root” || *wréh₂diHs “root”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| to come || qemare “to come” || 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman) “to come” || '''ven'''īre < *gʷen < *gʷem- < *gʷm̥- “to come” || *gʷem- “to step”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| breast || brosto “breast” || 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (brusts) “breast” || frū̆stum “piece; bit; crumb; morsel; scrap of food” || *bʰrews- “to break (up); to cut”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| rain || ploggia “rain” || *𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌼𐍃 (flaums) “stream; flow; flood”, compare 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (flōdus) “river” for the same root < *pleh₃(w)-, often considered a lengthened *ō-grade of *plew- || pluvia “rain” || *plew- “to fly; to flow; to run”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| I || ic “I” || 𐌹𐌺 (ik) “I” || egō̆ “I” || *eǵóH < *éǵ ~ *h₁eǵ(H) “I”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| name || namnȯ “name” || 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 (namō) “name” || nōmen “name” || *h₃néh₃mn̥ ~ *h₃nh₃méns “name”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| louse || pidocclo “louse” || ∅ || pēdis “louse” || *pesdis < *pesd- “annoying insect?”. Ultimately IE, cognates include: Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬎- (pazdu-) “beetle; maggot” and Sanskrit पेदु- (pedú-) “proper noun of a man, protected by the Asvins, by whom he was presented with white snake-killing honey”, पैद्व​ (paidvá-) “the snake-killing horse of Pedu; an insect harming horses”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| wing || ala “wing” || *𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌻𐌰 (ahsla) “shoulder” || āla “wing” || *h₂eḱs(i)leh₂ < *h₂eḱs- “axle; axis”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| meat || carne “meat” || *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (s'''kai'''ran) “to shear” || carō “meat” || *(s)ker- “to cut off; to server; to separate; to divide”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| arm || bracchiȯ “arm” || *𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌿𐍃 (maurgus) “short” || bracchium “arm” || *mréǵʰus < *mreǵʰ- “short; brief”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| fly || þliuganȯ “fly” || *𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐍉 (þliugō) “fly” || plūma “feather; plume” || *plewk- “to fly; to flow; to run”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| night || natto “night” || 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts) “night” || nōx “night” || *nókʷts “night”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| ear || oreccla “ear” || 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō) “ear” || auris “ear” || *h₂ṓws, *h₂éwsos “ear”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| neck || collȯ “neck” || 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals) “neck” || collum “neck” || *kʷolso- < *kʷel- “to turn (end-over-end)”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| far || fairra “far” || 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 (fairra) “far” || per “through(out); via” || *pernóy < *per- “before; in front; first”
|-
|-
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
| || “” || “” || “” || “”
Line 5,243: Line 5,471:
| Arrivederci || Goodbye || [ɐ.ʀi.veˈdeɾ.t͡ʃi]
| Arrivederci || Goodbye || [ɐ.ʀi.veˈdeɾ.t͡ʃi]
|-
|-
| Buonȯ viagġȯ || Bon voyage || [ˈbwɔ.no ˈvjad.d͡ʒo]
| Buonȯ viaggȯ || Bon voyage || [ˈbwɔ.no ˈvjad.d͡ʒo]
|-
|-
| Buonȯ appetitȯ || Bon appetit || [ˈbwɔ.no ɐp.peˈti.θo]
| Buonȯ appetitȯ || Bon appetit || [ˈbwɔ.no ɐp.peˈti.θo]
Line 5,286: Line 5,514:


* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic'''
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic'''
: ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ ed ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ dustogġiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maeze is soffiavat, ata maeze il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, al·lȯ angiȯ il vendo desistaet dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabaerganȧ obbligauda ad andahaetare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''
: ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ ed ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ dustoggiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maeze is soffiavat, ata maeze il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, al·lȯ angiȯ il vendo desistaet dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabaerganȧ obbligauda ad andahaetare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''




Line 5,302: Line 5,530:


* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions'''
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions'''
: ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ·d ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ dustogġiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maeze is soffiavat, ata maeze il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, all’angiȯ il vendo desistaet dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabaerganȧ obbligauda·d andahaetare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''
: ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ·d ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ dustoggiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maeze is soffiavat, ata maeze il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, all’angiȯ il vendo desistaet dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabaerganȧ obbligauda·d andahaetare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''




Line 5,319: Line 5,547:
Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat;
Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat;
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa.
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa.
Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse ogġi,
Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas,
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas,
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis;
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis;
Lëtzelúcia
1,046

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