Old Ynju: Difference between revisions
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| iwju, ujwi || yː || Any | | iwju, ujwi || yː || Any | ||
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==Romanisation== | ===Romanisation=== | ||
[ø] is oe, [y] is y, long vowels are doubled, [t͡ʃ] and [ʃ] are c and | [ø] is oe, [y] is y, long vowels are doubled, [t͡ʃ] and [ʃ] are c and š | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Old Ynju is an very regular, SVO head-initial, agglutinative language, much like other Mittaali languages. Nouns follow Nominative-Accusative alignment and verbs are conjugated for mood, voice, tense and aspect. | Old Ynju is an very regular, SVO head-initial, agglutinative language, much like other Mittaali languages. Nouns follow Nominative-Accusative alignment and verbs are conjugated for mood, voice, tense and aspect. | ||
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Comitative: -sfi<br> | Comitative: -sfi<br> | ||
Genetive: -ca<br> | Genetive: -ca<br> | ||
Plural is formed by adding - | Plural is formed by adding -gus after case suffix. For Accusative and Lative, last consonant is removed and -gus becomes -kkus Nominalisation is by adding suffix -li with lengthening of a vowel. | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs are conjugated for mood, voice, tense and aspect (in this order). Old Ynju, like other Mittaali languages lacks infinitive. Imperative is formed by reduplicating the verb. Conditional by adding -gu, which also modifies certain vowel before it: | Verbs are conjugated for mood, voice, tense and aspect (in this order). Old Ynju, like other Mittaali languages lacks infinitive. Imperative is formed by reduplicating the verb. Conditional by adding -gu, which also modifies certain vowel before it: | ||
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| i < *i || a | | i < *i || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| e < ja || y | | e < *ja || y | ||
|- | |- | ||
| y < wi || o | | y < *wi || o | ||
|- | |- | ||
| øː < iwja || yː | | øː < *iwja || yː | ||
|- | |- | ||
| øː < ajwa || eːwu | | øː < *ajwa || eːwu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| øː < ujwa || yːwu | | øː < *ujwa || yːwu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yː < ujwi || øː | | yː < *ujwi || øː | ||
|} | |} | ||
Passive voice is formed by adding -mri, Middle voice by adding -gut. Following tense suffixes are reconstructed:<br>Present tense is unmarked<br>Past: -lja<br>Future: -cu<br>Perfective aspect is unmarked, while Imperfective is marked with -fsa. Habitual is formed by suffix -mu with lengthening of a vowel. | Passive voice is formed by adding -mri, Middle voice by adding -gut. Following tense suffixes are reconstructed:<br>Present tense is unmarked<br>Past: -lja<br>Future: -cu<br>Perfective aspect is unmarked, while Imperfective is marked with -fsa. Habitual is formed by suffix -mu with lengthening of a vowel. | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
Latest revision as of 11:22, 30 May 2024
| Old Ynju | |
|---|---|
| Yndu | |
 "Yndu" in Old Tenghino-Mittaalic script | |
| Created by | Chuvachok1234 |
Mittaali
| |
"Yndu" in Middle Tenghino-Mittaalic script
Old Ynju (also called Old Mitaal) is a language from Mittaali language family, which is an ancestor of two languages: Ynju and Mitaal
Phonology
Consonants
Old Ynju Had usual inventory for an Mittaali language, featuring only 17 phonemic consonants.
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||
| Stop | p pː (b) | t tː (d) | tʃ | k kː (g) |
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | x |
| Trill | r | |||
| Approximant | w | l | j |
Vowels
Old Ynju had 8 vowels, not unlike Ynju and Mitaal. 7 can occur either short or long and 8th vowel, /ø/ could only be long
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː y yː | u uː |
| Mid | e eː øː | o oː |
| Open | a aː | |
Development from Proto-Ynju-Wenth
Old Ynju features palatalisation of sequences *tj, *kj and *sj to t͡ʃ and ʃ. Proto-Ynju-Wenth stops *p *t *k lenited to [b], [d] and [g] intervocalicly, with [b] and [g] leniting to [w] and [j] respectivly when they are near a sonorant, which isn't written in Old Mittaalo-Tenghinic Script. In Ynju b d and g lenited further into [β], [j] and [h]. Geminated stops are retained in Ynju but became degeminated in Mitaal, making voicing phonemic. PYW *ʂ became ʃ everywhere. Sequences of a semivowel + vowel and vowel + semivowel monophtongised:
| Proto-Ynju-Wenth | Old Ynju | Envoirement |
|---|---|---|
| aj | eː | _{C, #} |
| ja | e | {C, #}_ |
| aw | oː | _{C, #} |
| wa | o | {C, #}_ |
| iw, uj | yː | _{C, #} |
| wi, ju | y | {C, #}_ |
| ajwa, awja, ajwi, awju, ujwa, iwja | øː | Any |
| iwju, ujwi | yː | Any |
Romanisation
[ø] is oe, [y] is y, long vowels are doubled, [t͡ʃ] and [ʃ] are c and š
Grammar
Old Ynju is an very regular, SVO head-initial, agglutinative language, much like other Mittaali languages. Nouns follow Nominative-Accusative alignment and verbs are conjugated for mood, voice, tense and aspect.
Nouns
Nouns have following cases:
Nominative: no marking
Accutative: -but
Locative: -gul
Dative: -wa
Lative: -lak
Instrumental: -lyy
Comitative: -sfi
Genetive: -ca
Plural is formed by adding -gus after case suffix. For Accusative and Lative, last consonant is removed and -gus becomes -kkus Nominalisation is by adding suffix -li with lengthening of a vowel.
Verbs
Verbs are conjugated for mood, voice, tense and aspect (in this order). Old Ynju, like other Mittaali languages lacks infinitive. Imperative is formed by reduplicating the verb. Conditional by adding -gu, which also modifies certain vowel before it:
| Before | After |
|---|---|
| a < *a | u |
| o < *wa | wu |
| i < *i | a |
| e < *ja | y |
| y < *wi | o |
| øː < *iwja | yː |
| øː < *ajwa | eːwu |
| øː < *ujwa | yːwu |
| yː < *ujwi | øː |
Passive voice is formed by adding -mri, Middle voice by adding -gut. Following tense suffixes are reconstructed:
Present tense is unmarked
Past: -lja
Future: -cu
Perfective aspect is unmarked, while Imperfective is marked with -fsa. Habitual is formed by suffix -mu with lengthening of a vowel.