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| '''Ouřefr''' /ˈəʊrɛfə/ (''Ouřefŕnie cítnŕ'' /əʊrɛfɐːɲeː tsijʔtnɐː/) is an [[Idavic]] language spoken in Etalocin. It is inspired by Czech, Dutch, Cantonese, and Japanese (but mainly by the first two). | | '''Řeuŋnie''' is an a priori conlang inspired by Czech, Dutch, and Cantonese. |
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| Ouřefr has loans from the classical language [[Netagin]], a fellow Idavic language.
| | ==todo== |
| | Oebek oebek chál etjewech 'we have a lot of mountains' |
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| Classical Ouřefr was less agglutinative and retained more of the Proto-Idavic triconsonantal morphology; it also had freer word order, whereas Modern Ouřefr is strictly SOV and head-final.
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| should be head final in the way Ethiosemitic is head-final; words should have prefixes
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| ==todo==
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| ===Words=== | | ===Words=== |
| ''euj'' = (literary) lo, behold | | * 1: mál, 2: sep, 3: gej, 4: ádoš, 5: woez, 6: veunt, 7: ilem, 8: leuč, 9: mutj, 10: báj |
| | * ''euj'' = (literary) lo, behold |
| | * ''čeudj'' 'town' |
| | * oebek oebek = (ideo) plentiful |
| | * uistř 'self' |
| | * uistřeft 'independence' |
| | * beukĺ 'to repeat on a smaller scale' |
| | * čétijn 'always' |
| | * wachop = to approach |
| | * wach- = near |
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| ===Diachronics=== | | ===Diachronics=== |
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| #Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits | | #Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits |
| #Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization? | | #Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization? |
| #Old Ouřefr ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z | | #Old Řeuŋnie ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z |
| #n- > l- (unless assimilating) | | #n- > l- (unless assimilating) |
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| ==Test== | | ==Test== |
| ''Woeŋanies uistřivt melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz woþmyce bacirňr řeunie aš ŋávej těmzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.'' | | ''Woeŋanies uistřeft melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz wodmyce bacirnje řeunie aš ŋávej tjemzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.'' |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"| | | ! colspan="2" scope="row"| |
| ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial | | ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial |
| ! scope="col"|Dental
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| ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar | | ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar |
| ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Palatal(ized) | | ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Palatal(ized) |
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal | | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal |
| | colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/ | | | colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/ |
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| | colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/ | | | colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/ |
| | colspan="2"|'''nj''' /ɲ/ | | | colspan="2"|'''nj''' /ɲ/ |
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| |'''p''' /p/ | | |'''p''' /p/ |
| |'''b''' /b/ | | |'''b''' /b/ |
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| |'''t''' /t/ | | |'''t''' /t/ |
| |'''d''' /d/ | | |'''d''' /d/ |
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| |'''dj''' /ɟ/ | | |'''dj''' /ɟ/ |
| |'''k''' /k/ | | |'''k''' /k/ |
| |'''g''' /g/ | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative | | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative |
| |'''f''' /f/ | | |'''f''' /f/ |
| |'''v''' /v/ | | |'''v''' /v/ |
| |'''þ''' /θ/
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| |'''s, š''' /s/ | | |'''s, š''' /s/ |
| |'''z, ž''' /z/ | | |'''z, ž''' /z/ |
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| |'''ch''' /x/ | | |'''ch''' /x/ |
| | | | |'''g''' /{{gh}}/ |
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate | | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate |
| | colspan="2"| | | | colspan="2"| |
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| |'''c, č''' /ts/ | | |'''c, č''' /ts/ |
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Flap | | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Flap |
| | colspan="2"| | | | colspan="2"| |
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| | colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/ | | | colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/ |
| | colspan="2"| | | | colspan="2"| |
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| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Trill | | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Trill |
| | colspan="2"| | | | colspan="2"| |
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| | colspan="2"|'''ř''' /r~r̥/ | | | colspan="2"|'''ř''' /r~r̥/ |
| | colspan="2"| | | | colspan="2"| |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant | | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant |
| | colspan="2"|'''w''' /β/ | | | colspan="2"|'''w''' /(Dutch w)/ |
| | | colspan="2"|'''l''' /l~ɫ/ |
| | | colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/, '''lj''' /ʎ/ |
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| | colspan="2"|'''l''' /l~ɫ/
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| | colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/
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| |} | | |} |
| Word-initial '''h''' is silent; ''' ' ''' is always silent (with no effect on pitch).
| | '''m n ŋ l r''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́ ĺ ŕ''' and have the same length as long vowels. |
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| '''m n ŋ''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́''' and have the same length as long vowels. | |
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| Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech. | | Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech. |
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| /l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible | | /l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible |
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| Realizing /c ɟ ɳ/ as [tʲ dʲ nʲ] is a feature of sung Ouřefr.
| | In the Oeljanian accent, '''r''' is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''r''' can be uvular. |
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| In the Ouřefian accent, '''r''' is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''r''' can be uvular. | | In the Oeljanian accent, '''ř''' is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''ř''' is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, '''ř''' is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ''ř''), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with '''r'''. |
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| In the Ouřefian accent, '''ř''' is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''ř''' is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, '''ř''' is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ''ř''), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with '''r'''.
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| In stylized or archaizing registers, '''ř''', '''h''' and ''' ' ''' are still pronounced as [r̝ ʕ ʔ].
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| ====Notes on consonant diachronics==== | | ====Notes on consonant diachronics==== |
| Like Nabbrzé, Ouřefr shows debuccalization of Proto-Nabŋaic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch and Czech. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v''' while it stayed as /b/ in Nabbrzé. /p b g/ are loan phonemes.
| | Řeuŋnie shows debuccalization of Proto-Idavic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch, Czech and Ukrainian. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v'''. /p b g/ are loan phonemes. |
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| Proto-Nabŋaic *ɬ has shifted to '''þ''' /θ~ð/.
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| Proto-Nabŋaic *ť ď has shifted to '''c z'''. | | Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to '''*č dž''' > '''c z'''. |
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| The spelling of Ouřefr vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Ouřefr. | | The spelling of Řeuŋnie vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Řeuŋnie. |
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| '''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú ae eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː ae œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/ | | '''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ/ |
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| Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/. | | Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/. |
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| ====Notes on vowel diachronics==== | | ====Notes on vowel diachronics==== |
| Ouřefr has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Unlike in Nabbrzé, some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Ouřefr more consonant clusters.
| | Řeuŋnie has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Řeuŋnie more consonant clusters. |
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| Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech. | | Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech. |
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| Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Ouřefr u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''. | | Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Řeuŋnie u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''. |
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| Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are: | | Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are: |
| *Old Ouřefr /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Ouřefr ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*rēŋu''. | | *Old Řeuŋnie /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Řeuŋnie ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*renwi''. |
| *Old Ouřefr long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/. | | *Old Řeuŋnie long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/. |
| Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords. | | Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords. |
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| Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into '''á''' /aː/. | | Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into '''á''' /aː/. |
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| As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''; they are cognate to Nabbrzé ''-arz/-árz''. | | As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''. |
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| '''ae''' mostly comes from historical ''aje'' or ''awe''.
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| ===Downstep===
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| Ouřefr has pitch accent. Non-initial '''h''' (historically /ɦ/, from earlier /g/) is realized as suprasegmental pharyngealization which acts on a syllable level: vowels in affected syllables are lengthened, lowered, and pharyngealized, and the syllable gains a downstep. On the other hand, ''' ' ''' (historically /ʔ/) in the same position would indicate lack of a downstep. For example,
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| *Vh# or VhC indicates [+phar]ꜜ: ''ftoh'' /ftoꜜ/ 'riverbank; coast' is read as [ftɔː], but the genitive/dative sg. ''ftohy'' /ftɔˤːꜜɪ/ is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːɪ̀], and ''ftohta'' (instrumental/locative plural) is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːtà].
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| *VhV indicates V[+phar]ꜜV: ''ksaha'' /ksaꜜa/ 'stranger' is read as [ksâː], and the genitive sg. ''ksah'' /ksaꜜ/ is pronounced [ksǎː].
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| '''h''' also removes falling components from preceding diphthongs: '''aeh ouh ýh''' are pronounced [aːꜜ œːꜜ ɛːꜜ].
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| ===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs=== | | ===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs=== |
| *hard y ~ soft i | | *hard y ~ soft i |
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| Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn | | Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn |
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| ==Morphology==
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| Inflectional morphology is Slavic and Germanic-inspired; clitics and syntax are Japanese-inspired
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| ===Nouns===
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| Ouřefr nouns are classified into two genders: animate and inanimate, and they inflect for case. Similarly to Slavic languages, the case affixes are fusional, encoding both case and number.
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| The inflectional cases are as follows. Other grammatical relations are expressed using postpositions and clitics.
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| *nominative (Japanese ''ga'')
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| *accusative (Japanese ''wo'')
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| *genitive (Japanese ''no'')
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| *dative (Japanese ''ni'')
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| *allative (Japanese ''e'')
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| *comitative/"and" (Japanese ''to'')
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| *instrumental/locative (Japanese ''de'')
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| ====Declension classes====
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| The declension classes are:
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| *''-a'' declension (usually animate)
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| *''-e'' declension (usually animate)
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| *''-aw/-ui-'' (verbal nouns)
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| *hard consonant declension (usually inanimate)
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| *soft consonant declension (usually inanimate, but default for loans ending in a consonant)
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| *Inanimate vowel nouns/-h declension (default for loans ending in a vowel; historically nouns ending in -g)
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| *''-ŕ'' declension
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| *''-ýn/-ín'' declension (adjectival noun)
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| *''-é/-ie'' declension (adjectival noun)
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| There are more declension classes than in related languages such as [[Nabbrzé]]; this is because of vowel changes after soft consonants and subsequent depalatalization.
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| eřecha (a) 'bear'
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| *nom: eřecha, eřechu
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| *acc: eřeše, eřechei
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| *gen: eřech, eřechei
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| *dat: eřechy, eřechas
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| *all: eřechet, eřechas
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| *ins/loc: eřešel, eřechaþa
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| *com: eřechuf, eřechaf
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| roustje (a) 'puppy'
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| *nom: roustje, rousti
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| *acc: rousti, roustij
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| *gen: roustj, roustij
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| *dat: rousti, roustjes
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| *all: roustet, roustjes
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| *ins/loc: roustil, roustjeþa
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| *com: roustif, roustijf
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| loef (i) 'bridge'
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| *nom = acc: l'''oe'''f, lofa
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| *gen: lofy, lofei
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| *dat: lofy, l'''oe'''fs
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| *all: lofet, l'''oe'''fs
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| *ins/loc: lofel, l'''oe'''fþa
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| *com: lofyf, lofeif
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| hŕþoh "corner"
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| *nom = acc: hŕþoh, hŕþoha
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| *gen: hŕþoj, hŕþojij
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| *dat: hŕþoj, hŕþós
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| *all: hŕþót, hŕþós
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| *ins/loc: hŕþojel, hŕþóþa
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| *com: hŕþojf, hŕþojijf
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| ksúv (i) 'tool':
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| *nom = acc: ksúv, ksúve
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| *gen: ksúvi, ksúvij
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| *dat: ksúvi, ksúvs
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| *all: ksúvet, ksúvs
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| *ins/loc: ksúvil, ksúvþa
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| *com: ksúvif, ksúvijf
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| wecsaw (i) 'action'
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| *nom = acc: wecsaw, wecsui
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| *gen: wecsui, wecsajij (pronounced like "wecsaji")
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| *dat: wecsui, wecsuis
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| *all: wecsuit, wecsuis
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| *ins/loc: wecsuil, wecsuiþa
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| *com: wecsuif, wecsuif/wecsajijf (pronounced like "wecsajif")
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| ===Pronouns===
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| Rank pronouns.
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| ===Verbs and adjectives===
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| ''vej-'' for negation; generally like Korean, except verbs also inflect for the animacy of the subject and object, with inverse marking.
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| get hard and soft allo-stems (cf. different "theme vowels" for Japanese verb forms)
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| Conjugation classes:
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| *"godan" verbs
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| *"ichdan" verbs
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| *"nidan" verbs
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| *irregular: "to do" (added to foreign words to verb them)
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| *irregular: "to be (copula)"
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| *irregular: "to exist"
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| ===Clitics===
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| Topic particle ''na''
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| ===Numerals===
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| Proto-Ouřefr had an extensive array of derivational affixes.
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| *Creaky voice marked intensive or transitive verbs like the Semitic geminate binyan
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| *''-ay'' (h): deverbal noun
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| *With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n 'to rest' → ·ríkʷan 'rest'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in [[Shalaian]] (''riwháin, ríwhain'' 'sleep').
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| *''-gʷidi'' (i): augmentative; derives nouns
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| *''-t'' (i): verbal noun, resultative
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| *''-aʕ'' (a): agentive
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| *''-ī́r'': causative verbs
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| *''-áy'': causative, change of state
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| *''-ā́l'': transitive or causative verbs
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| *''dan-'': applicative, like German ''be-''
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| *''tar-'': frequentative
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| *''nar-'': telic
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| *''šu-'': mis-, over-
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| *''ur-'': causative, change of state
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| *''ri-'': detransitivizer, passive
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| *''-mak'': nominalizer
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| *{{angbr|''n''}}: continuative? frequentative?
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| *C1aC2- reduplicant: graduative
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| *''-jan'': instrument noun
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| ====Native====
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| *''-oelie'' '-ess'
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| *''-(y)tj/-(i)tj/-tje'' diminutive
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| *''-ech/-ch'' verbal noun
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| *''-vŕ'' patient
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| *''-fa'' agent
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| *''-koek'' instrument
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| *''-ář'' diminutive
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| *''-yCe/-iCe'' (C = redup) diminutive; not very productive
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| *''-ngoeh'' abstract noun
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| *''-myc'' (soft) abstract noun
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| ====Borrowed====
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |
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| ==Poetry== | | ==Poetry== |
| Poetic forms are influenced by [[Netagin]]; piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words.
| | Piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words. |
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| ==Sample text== | | ==Sample text== |
| ===UDHR=== | | ===UDHR=== |
| ''Tkanje ḿbeuku na héčti kfa botsínae vo, oedḿŋo'il ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsínaes. Ḿbeuký na toudžḿnil rachúbiníl ze mačídil sfáším vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama jŕmi ŋ́kru-teuzimi wášil wecsáš hoezách mienis.'' | | ''Tkanje beušij na giečti kfa botsijné vo, oedḿŋo'il ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsijnéc. Beušij na toudžḿnil rachúbinil ze mačijdil sfášijm vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama dŕmi ŋ́ku-teuzimi wášil wecsáš goezách mienic.'' |
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| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Conlangs]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]] |