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'''Ilithian''' (''gľaudhiſſká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avishviya]] (''Awiſſwigá''), inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic. | |||
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi? | |||
Switch everything to Brethren spelling | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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| | | | ||
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | | '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | ||
| | | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''t''' /t/ | | '''t''' /t/ | ||
| '''č''' /tʃ/ | | '''č''' /tʃ/ | ||
| '''ť | | '''ť''' /c/ | ||
| '''k''' /k/ | | '''k''' /k/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''d''' /d/ | | '''d''' /d/ | ||
| '''dž''' /dʒ/ | | '''dž''' /dʒ/ | ||
| '''ď | | '''ď''' /ɟ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| [f] | | [f] | ||
| '''s''' /s/ | | '''s''' /s/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ſſ''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''w''' /v/ | ||
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || ''' | | || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ || || '''h''' /ɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Liquid | !colspan="2"| Liquid | ||
Line 78: | Line 56: | ||
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | | '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | ||
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | | '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | ||
| '''ľ | | '''ľ''' /ʎ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç] | Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung. | ||
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids | |||
PIE oey > eg | |||
PIE oey | |||
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | ||
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ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ||
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization" | all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization" | ||
mjs, mjnes- 'month' | |||
ja > je? | ja > je? | ||
=== Iotation === | |||
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š | |||
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'. | |||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
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! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf | ! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf | ||
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month | ! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké'' | |''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké'' | ||
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech'' | |''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech'' | ||
|'' | |''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vrkaš''|| '' | |''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou'' | ||
|''loušnech''|| '' | |''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou'' | ||
|'' | |''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou'' ||''vrkabh'' | |''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou'' ||''vrkabh'' | ||
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh'' | |''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh'' | ||
|'' | |''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch'' | |''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch'' | ||
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||'' | |''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch'' | ||
|'' | |''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou'' ||''vrkabh'' | |''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou'' ||''vrkabh'' | ||
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh'' | |''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh'' | ||
|'' | |''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''vrký'' ||'' | |''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí'' ||''vrkéch'' | ||
|''loušnajá'' ||'' | |''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi'' | ||
|'' | |''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vrké'' || '' | |''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš'' | ||
|''loušné''||'' | |''loušné''||''loušnáu'' ||''loušnáš'' | ||
|'' | |''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!'' ||''vrké!'' | |''vrče!'' ||''vrků!'' ||''vrké!'' | ||
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!'' | |''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!'' | ||
|'' | |''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé'' | |''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé'' | ||
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||'' | |''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch'' | ||
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří'' | |''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''agňéš'' || '' | |''agňéš'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agňou'' | ||
|'' | |''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou'' | ||
|''mařéš'' || '' | |''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh'' | ||
|''maťáj'' || '' | |''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh'' | ||
|''mařej'' || '' | |''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních'' | |''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních'' | ||
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || '' | |''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích'' | ||
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří'' | |''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|''agňéch'' || '' | |''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh'' | ||
|''maťéch'' || '' | |''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh'' | ||
|''mařéch'' || '' | |''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''agní'' || '' | |''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch'' | ||
|''matijá'' || '' | |''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi'' | ||
|''maří'' || '' | |''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''agňé'' || '' | |''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš'' | ||
|''maťé'' || '' | |''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš'' | ||
|''mařé'' || '' | |''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!'' | ||
|'' | |''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!'' | ||
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!'' | |''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patních'' || '' | |''patních'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patnijou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''patnijá'' || '' | |''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''patnijé'' || '' | |''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind | ||
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat | ! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat | ||
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé'' | ||
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech'' | |''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou'' | ||
|''žouštouch'' || '' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou'' | ||
|''medhouš'' || '' | |''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh'' | ||
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh'' | |''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh'' | ||
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh'' | |''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch'' | ||
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch'' | |''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh'' | ||
|''žouštouch'' || '' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh'' | ||
|''medhouch'' || '' | |''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi'' | ||
|''žouštujá'' || '' | |''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi'' | ||
|''medhú'' || '' | |''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš'' | ||
|''žouštáu'' || '' | |''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš'' | ||
|''medháu'' || '' | |''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!'' | ||
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||'' | |''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!'' | ||
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | |''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== n-stems === | === n-stems === | ||
=== Irregular nouns === | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''žmenaš''|| '' | |''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''žmený'' ||'' | |''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí'' ||''žmenéch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''žmeni, žmené'' || '' | |''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | |''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== ma-stems === | === ma-stems === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vnamenaš''|| '' | |''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''vnamený'' ||'' | |''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí'' ||''vnamenéch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || '' | |''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| '' | |''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''andhesý'' ||'' | |''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí'' ||''andheséch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || '' | |''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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=== -ýr nouns === | === -ýr nouns === | ||
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, | TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr'' | ||
==== Masculine ==== | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patreš''|| '' | |''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||'' | |''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''patrý'' ||'' | |''patrý'' ||''patrbhí'' ||''patrbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''patři, patré'' || '' | |''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== | ==== Feminine ==== | ||
== | === Irregulars === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| | ! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!singular | !singular | ||
!dual | !dual | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|'' | |''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|'' | |''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Pronouns== | ||
=== Personal === | |||
== | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
== | ! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! m. || f. || n. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! nom. | ||
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! acc. | ||
| '' | | ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! poss. | ||
| '' | | ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! dat. | ||
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! abl. | ||
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ins. | ||
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! loc. | ||
| | | ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du. | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! m. || f. || n. | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! nom. | ||
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! acc. | ||
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! gen. | ||
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! poss. | ||
| '' | | ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! dat. | ||
| '' | | ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! abl. | ||
| '' | | ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! ins. | ||
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! loc. | ||
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! m. || f. || n. | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! nom. | ||
| '' | | ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! acc. | ||
| '' | | ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! gen. | ||
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! poss. | ||
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! dat. | ||
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! abl. | ||
| '' | | ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ins. | ||
| '' | | ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! loc. | |||
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form. | |||
=== Demonstrative === | |||
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral) | |||
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach | |||
==== | ==Adjectives== | ||
=== o-stem adjectives === | |||
==== Hard ==== | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered') | |||
*'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!colspan= | ! colspan=3| masc. | ||
!colspan= | ! colspan=3| fem. | ||
! colspan=3| neut. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté'' | ||
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých'' | |||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
| '' | |''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | |||
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh'' | ||
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh'' | |||
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch'' | |||
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch'' | |||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |||
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh'' | |||
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh'' | |||
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch'' | |||
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi'' | |||
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |||
| | |''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš'' | ||
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš'' | |||
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš'' | |||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |||
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté'' | |||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech'' | |||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==== Soft ==== | |||
=== u-stem adjectives === | |||
{| class= | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!colspan= | ! colspan=3| masc. | ||
!colspan= | ! colspan=3| fem. | ||
! colspan=3| neut. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
| '' | |''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé'' | ||
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích'' | |||
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
| '' | |''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou'' | ||
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou'' | |||
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |||
| '' | |''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh'' | ||
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh'' | |||
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch'' | |||
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích'' | |||
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |||
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh'' | |||
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh'' | |||
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi'' | |||
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi'' | |||
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |||
| | |''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš'' | ||
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesíš'' | |||
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš'' | |||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |||
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé'' | |||
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích'' | |||
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== Participles === | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing' | |||
{| class= | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!colspan= | ! colspan=3| masc. | ||
!colspan= | ! colspan=3| fem. | ||
! colspan=3| neut. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
!singular | |||
!dual | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté'' | ||
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | |||
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |||
| '' | |''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou'' | ||
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou'' | |||
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Dative''' | |||
| '' | |''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh'' | ||
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh'' | |||
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech'' | |||
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | |||
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |||
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh'' | |||
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh'' | |||
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |||
| | |''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch'' | ||
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi'' | |||
| '' | |''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch'' | ||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |||
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš'' | |||
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš'' | |||
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | |||
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}} | |||
{ | |||
{| | |||
== Numerals == | == Numerals == | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
géw, géwá, géwa (m/f/n) = 1 | |||
dwů, dwé, dwé (m/f/n) = 2 | |||
třj, třis, třj (m/f/n) = 3 | |||
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4 | četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4 | ||
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5 | penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5 | ||
ſſeſſ = 6 | |||
septa - 7 | septa - 7 | ||
aſſtů = 8 | |||
gnewa = 9 | |||
deſſa = 10 | |||
géwurdeſſa = 11 | |||
dwůrdeſſa = 12 | |||
třjrdeſſa = 13 | |||
četurdeſſa = 14 | |||
penčurdeſſa = 15 | |||
ſſeſſurdeſſa = 16 | |||
septurdeſſa = 17 | |||
aſſtůrdeſſa = 18 | |||
gnewurdeſſa = 19 | |||
wjžati = 20 | |||
géwurwjžati = 21 | |||
třjžat = 30 | |||
četuržat = 40 | četuržat = 40 | ||
pendžat = 50 | pendžat = 50 | ||
ſſežžat = 60 | |||
septažat = 70 | septažat = 70 | ||
aſſtůžat = 80 | |||
gnewažat = 90 | |||
ſſata = 100 | |||
žílj = 1000 | |||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená | Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená ŋágma ŋáget''. (Using ''ŋágma'' 'song' as an object of ''ŋágeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''ŋáget''.) | ||
Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first: | Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first: | ||
*'' | *''džená ŋágma ŋáget'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'') | ||
*'' | *''ŋágma ŋáget džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'') | ||
*'' | *''žmenau dwů gstau'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | ||
*'' | *''tam ſſwů gest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | ||
The ''-č'' or ''- | The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants. | ||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
=== UDHR === | |||
''Wiſſvé žmené swapátěbhi ženigánté; téſſau gsutwrtitáť andauſſijéče líŋé gsant.'' | |||
=== Ilithian textbook === | === Ilithian textbook === | ||
==== Lesson 2 ==== | ==== Lesson 2 ==== | ||
'' | ''Sſi wjr gest. Wjr Gsužen rekté, taſſ gnama Gſſužen gest. Sſjč džená gest. Džená Auháľá rekté. Gsužen Auhálěch pať gest, Auháľáč Gsuženaſſ patnj. Žmátů gstau. Tébhau třj dhýná gsant, súnů dhwatýrče.'' | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | ===Schleicher's Fable=== | ||
''' | '''Awi geſſwéče''' | ||
'' | ''Awi, kasmáj wlná nébhú, widat geſſwauch: jéwa táŋu waha wehanti, jéwače maha bhara, jéwače žmena aſſu bheranti.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | ||
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' === | === From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' === | ||
'''Ilithian''' | '''Ilithian''' | ||
''GÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Ŋeŋrýſſ gaha tasmeg agaweg, kasmi se žmeniſſkág maťág wiſſtjm ater gsúrtami wlkamič bháněti wgážet, wjdas gaha wiſſtjtá ater žmenéſſ stámená rtěchče prawekauchče rbhjchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté gmeži nepawá bhúti dauſſá, ga se gsu, ku kaný žmenau ſſtidhý se andůgau, meš am kaga praweka džjwatau anadůtj bhúgát, maťágmi.'' | |||
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) | '''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) | ||
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work. | REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work. | ||
'''Czech original''' (Komenský) | '''Czech original''' (Komenský) | ||
O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil. | ''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]] |
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