Ilithian: Difference between revisions

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'''Ilithian''' (''gľaudhiſſká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avishviya]] (''Awiſſwigá''), inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename = jľoudhišká dažvá
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}
 
'''Ilithian''' (''jľoudhišká dažvá'') is a classical language in Russia and Central Asia in [[Verse:Unbegotten]]. It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic. It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.
 
gájati = to sing
 
vrýž = king
 
Jsužen = name cognate to Eugene, Owen


Switch everything to Brethren spelling
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 34: Line 14:
|
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| [ŋ]
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
|-
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| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť, ti''' /c/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/  
| '''k''' /k/  
|
|
Line 50: Line 30:
| '''d''' /d/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď, di''' /ɟ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
| '''g''' /g/
|  
|
|
|-
|-
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| [f]
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/  
| '''s''' /s/  
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||  
| '''ſſ''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||  
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''w''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''j''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
Line 76: Line 56:
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ, li''' /ʎ/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}


Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.
 
d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í


Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


PIE oey, ōy > ej
PIE oey > eg


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
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ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


mýs, mýnes- 'month'
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


ja > je?
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnach''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnach''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnach''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštách'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkéch''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštý'' || ''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštéch''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnách!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštá!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťach''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťach''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéch'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňéch''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťábhi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařébhou'' || ''mařéch''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňou'' ||''agníš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťou'' ||''matíš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařou'' ||''maříš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťach!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbhi''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijou'' ||''patníš''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''výju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''výju'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjavé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavach''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''výjouš'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjavou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''výjavej'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjúch''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''výjouch'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubhi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''výjáu'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjúš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''žouštáu'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''medháu'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''výjou!'' || ''výjavů!'' ||''výjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavach!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenou'' ||''žmenou''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenach''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenéch''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenou'' ||''žmenaš''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenou''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenéch''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenaš''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesou'' ||''andhesou''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andheséch''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesou'' ||''andhesaš''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 433: Line 417:


=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr''
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
 
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patrou'' ||''patrou''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕch''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbhi''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí''  ||''patrbhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patrou'' ||''patrš''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==== Feminine ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sach'' || ''tá''
|-
! acc.
| ''me'' || ''te''
|-
! gen.
|
|-
! dat.
| ''meži'' || ''tebhi''
|-
! abl.
|
|-
! ins.
|
|-
! loc.
|
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šid (distance-neutral)


==Adjectives==
=== Irregulars ===
=== o-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsudhr'' 'good'
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!dual
Line 521: Line 468:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsudhr''||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhré''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|''jsudhrá''||''jsudhré''||''jsudhrach''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' || ''jsudhrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsudhraš''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|''jsudhrach''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''jsudhraš''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''jsudhram'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''jsudhráj'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábh''
|''jsudhram'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsudhra'' ||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhrouch''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|''jsudhrou''||''jsudhré'' ||''jsudhrach''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' ||''jsudhrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsudhrách'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''jsudhrách'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábh''
|''jsudhrách'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsudhrý'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhréch''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|''jsudhrajá'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábhi''
|''jsudhrý'' || ''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsudhrami'' || ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhréš''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|''jsudhré''||''jsudhrou''  ||''jsudhráš''
|''jsudhrami'' || ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsudhre''||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhré''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré''||''jsudhrach''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' || ''jsudhrá''
|}
|}
=== u-stem adjectives ===


==Verbs==
==Pronouns==
===Affixes===
=== Personal ===
TODO: optative endings
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
 
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
Infinitive ''-ti'' from -tey, like in Balto-Slavic
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n}}
Primary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! m. || f. || n.
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! nom.
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! 1st
! acc.
| ''-ů, -m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-mé'' || ''-vahé'' || ''-mahé''
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
|-
! 2nd
! gen.
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-sé'' || ''-tahé'' || ''-hvé''
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! poss.
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-touhé'' || ''-nté''
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
|-
|}
! dat.
{{col-n}}
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
Secondary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! abl.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
|-
! 1st
! loc.
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vaha'' || ''-maha''
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
| ''-ch'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-taha'' || ''-hva''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! m. || f. || n.
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-touha'' || ''-anta''
|-
|-
|}
! nom.
{{col-n}}
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! acc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! gen.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
|-
! 1st
! poss.
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! dat.
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-hvá''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! abl.
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
|}
! ins.
{{col-end}}
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
 
===Verb classes===
Past perfective comes from PIE perfects or root aorists
==== Nasal infix class ====
Infinitive: ''jugti'' = to join, to connect
 
Participles:
*''jungas, junganť'' = pres. active participle
*''jungam'' = passive participle
*''jungšas, jungšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! loc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
|-
! 1st
! m. || f. || n.
| ''jungů'' || ''jungava'' || ''jungame'' || ''jungamé'' || ''jungavahé'' || ''jungamahé''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! nom.
| ''jundžeš'' || ''jundžeta'' || ''jundžete'' || ''jundžesé'' || ''jundžetahé'' || ''jundžehvé''
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''  
|-
|-
! 3rd
! acc.
| ''jundžet'' || ''jundžetou'' || ''jungant'' || ''jundžeté'' || ''jundžetouhé'' || ''junganté''
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
|}
! gen.
 
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! poss.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! dat.
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
|-
! 1st
! abl.
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! 2nd
! ins.
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
! 3rd
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|-
|-
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


Future indicative
=== Demonstrative ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšamé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|}


Imperative endings
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}


==== ''-áti'' verbs ====
==Adjectives==
Infinitive: ''šventáti'' = to worship
=== o-stem adjectives ===
 
==== Hard ====
Participles:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
*''šventous, šventánť'' = pres. active participle
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
*''šventám'' = passive participle
*''šventášas, šventášanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''šventám'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''šventámé'' || ''šventávahé'' || ''šventámahé''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''šventáš'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventásé'' || ''šventátahé'' || ''šventáhvé''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''šventát'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventánt'' || ''šventáté'' || ''šventátouhé'' || ''šventánté''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
Secondary conjugation
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
 
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávaha'' || ''ješventámaha''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš''
! 2nd
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
| ''ješventách'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátaha'' || ''ješventáhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátouha'' || ''ješventánta''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}


Future indicative
==== Soft ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''šventášů'' || ''šventášava'' || ''šventášame'' || ''šventášamé'' || ''šventášavahé'' || ''šventášamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventášaš'' || ''šventášata'' || ''šventášate'' || ''šventášasé'' || ''šventášatahé'' || ''šventášahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventášat'' || ''šventášatou'' || ''šventášant'' || ''šventášaté'' || ''šventášatouhé'' || ''šventášanté''
|-
|}


Imperative endings
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''-'' || ''šventáva!'' || ''šventáme!'' || ''-'' || ''šventává!'' || ''šventámahá!''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''šventá! šventádhi!'' || ''šventáta!'' || ''šventáte!'' || ''šventáse!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventáhvé!''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''šventátu!'' || ''šventátou!'' || ''šventántu!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventátouhá!'' || ''šventántá!''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
==== -ejeti ====
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
Infinitive: ''harejeti'' = to anger
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
 
Participles:
*''harejas, harejanť'' = pres. active participle
*''harejam'' = passive participle
*''haréšas, haréšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''harejů'' || ''harejava'' || ''harejame'' || ''harejamé'' || ''harejavahé'' || ''harejamahé''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesíš''
! 2nd
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
| ''hareješ'' || ''harejeta'' || ''harejete'' || ''harejesé'' || ''harejetahé'' || ''harejehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''harejet'' || ''harejetou'' || ''harejant'' || ''harejeté'' || ''harejetouhé'' || ''harejanté''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
 
=== Participles ===
Secondary conjugation
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
 
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
Future indicative
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|-
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
! 1st
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšamé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}


Imperative endings
==Verbs==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== -jeti ====
Infinitive: ''chšoušeti'' = to hear
 
Participles:
* chšoušís, chšoušenť = pres. active participle
* chšoušem = passive participle
* chšoušas, chšoušanť = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''chšoušem'' || ''chšouševa'' || ''chšoušeme'' || ''chšoušemé'' || ''chšouševahé'' || ''chšoušemahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''chšoušeš'' || ''chšoušeta'' || ''chšoušete'' || ''chšoušesé'' || ''chšoušetahé'' || ''chšoušehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''chšoušet'' || ''chšoušetou'' || ''chšoušent'' || ''chšoušeté'' || ''chšoušetouhé'' || ''chšoušenté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšamé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Thematic root class ====
Infinitive: ''bensti'' = to bind
 
Participles:
*''bendhas, bendhanť'' = pres. active participle
*''bandham'' = passive participle
*''benšas, benšanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bendhů'' || ''bendhava'' || ''bendhame'' || ''bendhamé'' || ''bendhavahé'' || ''bendhamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendheš'' || ''bendheta'' || ''bendhete'' || ''bendhesé'' || ''bendhetahé'' || ''bendhehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhet'' || ''bendhetou'' || ''bendhant'' || ''bendheté'' || ''bendhetouhé'' || ''bendhanté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebendhou'' || ''jebendhava'' || ''jebendhame'' || ''jebendhamá'' || ''jebendhavaha'' || ''jebendhamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebendhech'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || ''jebendhetaha'' || ''jebendhehva''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebhende'' || ''jebendhetou'' || ''jebhendan'' || ''jebhendeta'' || ''jebendhetouha'' || ''jebendhanta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''benšů'' || ''benšava'' || ''benšame'' || ''benšamé'' || ''benšavahé'' || ''benšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''benšaš'' || ''benšata'' || ''benšate'' || ''benšasé'' || ''benšatahé'' || ''benšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''benšat'' || ''benšatou'' || ''benšant'' || ''benšaté'' || ''benšatouhé'' || ''benšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bendhava!'' || ''bendhame!'' || ''-'' || ''bendhavá!'' || ''bendhamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendhe!'' || ''bendheta!'' || ''bendhete!'' || ''bendhese!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhetu!'' || ''bendhetou!'' || ''bendhantu!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhetouhá!'' || ''bendhantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Root athematic ====
*důti (to give): dedům, dedůš, dedůt, ..., dedůnt
*státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
*dhýti (to do): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt
* ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
 
==== ''bhúti'' 'to be' ====
Participles:
*present ''jsas'' (m), ''jsanť'' (f)
*future ''bhúšas, bhúšanť''
 
Present
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jesmi'' || ''jsva'' || ''jsme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jesi'' || ''jsta'' || ''jste''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jest'' || ''jstou'' || ''jsant''
|-
|}
Forms beginning with ''js-'' are pronounced with [çs-] if not after a vowel. (The ''j'' is a reflex of PIE h₁.)
 
Future
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bhúšů'' || ''bhúšava'' || ''bhúšame''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhúšaš'' || ''bhúšata'' || ''bhúšate''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhúšat'' || ''bhúšatou'' || ''bhúšant''
|-
|}
 
Past ipfv.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebhúm'' || ''jebhúva'' || ''jebhúme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebhúch'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebhú'' || ''jebhútou'' || ''jebhún''
|-
|}
 
Imperative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bhúva!'' || ''bhúme!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhú! bhúdhi!'' || ''bhúta!'' || ''bhúte!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhútu!'' || ''bhútou!'' || ''bhúntu!''
|-
|}


== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
<poem>
<poem>
jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1
géw, géwá, géwa (m/f/n) = 1
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2
dwů, dwé, dwé (m/f/n) = 2
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3
třj, třis, třj (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
šeš = 6
ſſeſſ = 6
septa - 7
septa - 7
aštů = 8
aſſtů = 8
jneva = 9
gnewa = 9
deša = 10
deſſa = 10
jévurdeša = 11
géwurdeſſa = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
dwůrdeſſa = 12
třijurdeša = 13
třjrdeſſa = 13
četurdeša = 14
četurdeſſa = 14
penčurdeša = 15
penčurdeſſa = 15
šešurdeša = 16
ſſeſſurdeſſa = 16
septurdeša = 17
septurdeſſa = 17
aštůrdeša = 18
aſſtůrdeſſa = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
gnewurdeſſa = 19
vížati = 20
wjžati = 20
jévurvížati = 21
géwurwjžati = 21
třížat = 30
třjžat = 30
četuržat = 40
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
ſſežžat = 60
septažat = 70
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
aſſtůžat = 80
jnevažat = 90
gnewažat = 90
šata = 100
ſſata = 100
žílí = 1000
žílj = 1000
</poem>
</poem>


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená ŋágma ŋáget''. (Using ''ŋágma'' 'song' as an object of ''ŋágeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''ŋáget''.)


Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = ''Onna wa uta wo utau''
*''džená ŋágma ŋáget'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = ''Uta wa onna ga utau''
*''ŋágma ŋáget džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = ''Hito wa futari ga iru'' (Of humans, there are two)
*''žmenau dwů gstau'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = ''Kare wa inu ga iru''
*''tam ſſwů gest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-eč'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Ilithian.
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
''Wiſſvé žmené swapátěbhi ženigánté; téſſau gsutwrtitáť andauſſijéče líŋé gsant.''
=== Ilithian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš vnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhaľach pať jest, Ouhaľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tíbha tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýreč.''
''Sſi wjr gest. Wjr Gsužen rekté, taſſ gnama Gſſužen gest. Sſjč džená gest. Džená Auháľá rekté. Gsužen Auhálěch pať gest, Auháľáč Gsuženaſſ patnj. Žmátů gstau. Tébhau třj dhýná gsant, súnů dhwatýrče.''
 
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Jsužen is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Awi geſſwéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žamana ašu bheranti.''
''Awi, kasmáj wlná nébhú, widat geſſwauch: jéwa táŋu waha wehanti, jéwače maha bhara, jéwače žmena aſſu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''
''GÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Ŋeŋrýſſ gaha tasmeg agaweg, kasmi se žmeniſſkág maťág wiſſtjm ater gsúrtami wlkamič bháněti wgážet, wjdas gaha wiſſtjtá ater žmenéſſ stámená rtěchče prawekauchče rbhjchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté gmeži nepawá bhúti dauſſá, ga se gsu, ku kaný žmenau ſſtidhý se andůgau, meš am kaga praweka džjwatau anadůtj bhúgát, maťágmi.''
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:37, 9 June 2024

Ilithian (gľaudhiſſká dažwá /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in Verse:Avishviya (Awiſſwigá), inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.

Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?

Switch everything to Brethren spelling

Phonology

→ PoA
↓ Manner		 Labial Dental/Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ň, ni /ɲ/ ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive tenuis p /p/ t /t/ č /tʃ/ ť /c/ k /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ dž /dʒ/ ď /ɟ/
breathy bh /bʱ/ dh /dʱ/ džh /dʒʱ/ ďh, dhi /ɟʱ/
Fricative unvoiced [f] s /s/ ſſ /ʃ/ [ç] ch /x/
voiced w /v/ ž /ʒ/ g /j~ʝ/ h /ɦ/
Liquid l /l/, r /r/ ř /(Czech ř)/ ľ /ʎ/

Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.

Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids

PIE oey > eg

Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?

Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)

initial e- > je-

ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í

all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"

mjs, mjnes- 'month'

ja > je?

Iotation

k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š

This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: *bʰh₂nyoh₂ 'I shine' > *bʰanjō > *bʰāňō > CIlith bháňů 'I explain, I state'.

Nouns

Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.

o-stems

vrk (m.) = wolf loušná (f.) = moon, month důra (n.) = gift
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative vrk vrků vrké loušná loušné loušnech důra důré důrá
Genitive vrkaš vrkáu vrkou loušnech loušnáu loušnou důraš důráu důrou
Dative vrkej vrkabhou vrkabh loušnáj loušnábhou loušnábh důrej důrabhou důrabh
Accusative vrka vrků vrkouch loušnou loušné loušnouch důra důré důrá
Ablative vrkách vrkabhou vrkabh loušnách loušnábhou loušnábh důrách důrabhou důrabh
Instrumental vrký vrkabhí vrkéch loušnajá loušnábhí loušnábhi důrý důrabhí důréch
Locative vrké vrkáu vrkéš loušné loušnáu loušnáš důré důráu důréš
Vocative vrče! vrků! vrké! loušna! loušné! loušnech! důre! důré! důrá!

i-stems

ageň (m.) = fire mať (f.) = thought mař (n.) = sea
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative ageň agňů agňé mať maťé matěch mař mařé maří
Genitive agňéš agňáu agňou matěch maťáu maťou mařéš mařáu mařou
Dative agněj agněbhou agněbh maťáj matěbhou matěbh mařej mařebhou mařebh
Accusative agni agňů agních mati maťé matích mař mařé maří
Ablative agňéch agněbhou agněbh maťéch matěbhou matěbh mařéch mařebhou mařebh
Instrumental agní agněbhí agňéch matijá matěbhí matěbhi maří mařebhí mařéch
Locative agňé agňáu agníš maťé maťáu matíš mařé mařáu maříš
Vocative agně! agňů! agňé! mati! maťé! matěch! maře! mařé! maří!

Feminines in -í

patní (f.) = wife
singular dual plural
Nominative patní patnijé patních
Genitive patních patnijáu patnijou
Dative patní patníbhou patníbh
Accusative patní patnijé patních
Ablative patních patníbhou patníbh
Instrumental patnijá patníbhí patníbhi
Locative patnijé patnijáu patníš
Vocative patní! patnijé! patních!

u-stems

avýju (m.) = wind žouštú (f.) = meat medhu (n.) = honey
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative avýju avýjavů avýjavé žouštú žoustavé žouštavech medhu medhavé medhú
Genitive avýjouš avýjaváu avýjavou žouštouch žouštaváu žouštavou medhouš medhaváu medhavou
Dative avýjavej avýjubhou avýjubh žouštaváj žouštubhou žouštubh medhavej medhubhou medhubh
Accusative avýjú avýjavů avýjúch žouštú žouštavé žouštúch medhu medhavé medhú
Ablative avýjouch avýjubhí avýjubh žouštouch žouštubhí žouštubh medhouch medhubhí medhubh
Instrumental avýjú avýjubhí avýjubhi žouštujá žouštubhí žouštubhi medhú medhubhí medhubhi
Locative avýjáu, avýjavi avýjaváu avýjúš žouštáu, žouštavi žouštaváu žouštúš medháu, medhavi medhaváu medhúš
Vocative avýjou! avýjavů! avýjavé! žouštou! žouštavé! goustavech! medhou! medhavé! medhú!

n-stems

Irregular nouns

žmů (m.) = human
singular dual plural
Nominative žmů žmenů žmené
Genitive žmenaš žmenáu žmenou
Dative žmenej žmenabhou žmenabh
Accusative žmena žmenů žmenech
Ablative žmenách žmenabhou žmenabh
Instrumental žmený žmenabhí žmenéch
Locative žmeni, žmené žmenáu žmenaš
Vocative žmů! žmenů! žmené!

ma-stems

vnama (n.) = name
singular dual plural
Nominative vnama vnamené vnamená
Genitive vnamenaš vnamenáu vnamenou
Dative vnamenej vnamenabhou vnamenabh
Accusative vnama vnamené vnamená
Ablative vnamenách vnamenabhou vnamenabh
Instrumental vnamený vnamenabhí vnamenéch
Locative vnameni, vnamené vnamenáu vnamenaš
Vocative vnama! vnamené! vnamená!

s-stems

andh (n.) = spring (season)
singular dual plural
Nominative andh andhesé andhesá
Genitive andhes, andhesaš andhesáu andhesou
Dative andhesej andhesabhou andhesabh
Accusative andh andhesé andhesá
Ablative andhesách andhesabhou andhesabh
Instrumental andhesý andhesabhí andheséch
Locative andhesi, andhesé andhesáu andhesaš
Vocative andh! andhesé! andhesá!

Also: nebh 'cloud'

Other athematics

Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine noun.

-ýr nouns

TODO: Family members patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr

Masculine

patýr (m.) = father
singular dual plural
Nominative patýr paterů pateré
Genitive patreš patráu patrou
Dative patrej patrbhou patrbh
Accusative patra paterů patrech
Ablative patréch patrbhou patrbh
Instrumental patrý patrbhí patrbhi
Locative patři, patré patráu patrš
Vocative patre! paterů! pateré!

Feminine

Irregulars

gů (f.) = cow
singular dual plural
Nominative gů gavé gavech
Genitive gouch gaváu gavou
Dative gaváj gůbhou gůbh
Accusative gou, gavou gavé gůch, gavech
Ablative gouch gůbhou gůbh
Instrumental gavá, gůjá gůbhí gůbhi
Locative gavé gaváu gouš
Vocative gů! gavé! gavech!

Pronouns

Personal

case 1sg. 2sg. 3sg. reflexive
m. f. n.
nom. jaha tú sa sá tach -
acc. jmý (stressed), me (unstressed) tý (stressed), te (unstressed) ta tou tach sý (stressed), se (unstressed)
gen. jmaná tvaná taš tech taš svaná
poss. jmák, jmanák tvák, tvanák " " " svák, svanák
dat. jmeži, jmé tebhi, té tasmej tašáj, táj tasmej sebhi, sé
abl. jmežách, jmách tebhách, tvách tasmách tašách tasmách sebhách, svách
ins. jmaný (m), jmajá (f) tvaný (m/n), tvajá (f) taný tajá taný svaný (m/n), svajá (f)
loc. jmaji tvaji tasmi tašé tasmi svaji
case 1du. 2du. 3du.
m. f. n.
nom. nou jou sů sé té
acc. nou jou tů té té
gen. nájáu jújáu táu táu táu
poss. náják júják " " "
dat. nábhou júbhou tébhou tábhou tébhou
abl. nábhou júbhou tébhou tábhou tébhou
ins. nábhí júbhí tébhí tábhí tébhí
loc. nájáu jújáu téjáu tájáu téjáu
case 1pl. 2pl. 3pl.
m. f. n.
nom. véch júch sí sech tá
acc. nas jus touch touch tá
gen. nasmou jušmou téšou tášou téšou
poss. nasmák jušmák " " "
dat. nábh, nasmabh júbh, jušmabh tébh tábh tébh
abl. nábh, nasmabh júbh, jušmabh tébh tábh tébh
ins. nábhi, nasmabhi júbhi, jušmabhi téch tábhi téch
loc. nasméš jušméš téš táš téš

The possessive pronouns jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák decline as o-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.

Demonstrative

Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)

Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach

Adjectives

o-stem adjectives

Hard

Declension of jsúrt 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
masc. fem. neut.
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative jsúrt jsúrtů jsúrté jsúrtá jsúrté jsúrtých jsúrta jsúrté jsúrtá
Genitive jsúrtaš jsúrtáu jsúrtou jsúrtých jsúrtáu jsúrtou jsúrtaš jsúrtáu jsúrtou
Dative jsúrtam jsúrtabhou jsúrtabh jsúrtáj jsúrtábhou jsúrtábh jsúrtam jsúrtabhou jsúrtabh
Accusative jsúrta jsúrtů jsúrtouch jsúrtou jsúrté jsúrtouch jsúrta jsúrté jsúrtá
Ablative jsúrtách jsúrtabhou jsúrtabh jsúrtách jsúrtábhou jsúrtábh jsúrtách jsúrtabhou jsúrtabh
Instrumental jsúrtý jsúrtabhí jsúrtéch jsúrtajá jsúrtábhí jsúrtábhi jsúrtý jsúrtabhí jsúrtéch
Locative jsúrtami jsúrtáu jsúrtéš jsúrté jsúrtáu jsúrtáš jsúrtami jsúrtáu jsúrtéš
Vocative jsúrte jsúrtů jsúrté jsúrta jsúrté jsúrtech jsúrta jsúrté jsúrtá

Soft

u-stem adjectives

Declension of jvesu 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
masc. fem. neut.
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative jvesu jvesavů jvesavé jvesí jvesijé jvesích jvesu jvesavé jvesú
Genitive jvesouš jvesaváu jvesavou jvesích jvesijáu jvesijou jvesouš jvesaváu jvesavou
Dative jvesum jvesubhou jvesubh jvesí jvesíbhou jvesíbh jvesum jvesubhou jvesubh
Accusative jvesú jvesavů jvesúch jvesí jvesijé jvesích jvesu jvesavé jvesú
Ablative jvesouš jvesubhou jvesubh jvesích jvesíbhou jvesíbh jvesouš jvesubhou jvesubh
Instrumental jvesú jvesubhí jvesubhi jvesijá jvesíbhí jvesíbhi jvesú jvesubhí jvesubhi
Locative jvesumi jvesaváu jvesúš jvesijé jvesijáu jvesíš jvesumi jvesaváu jvesúš
Vocative jvesu jvesavů jvesavé jvesí jvesijé jvesích jvesu jvesavé jvesú

Participles

Declension of jsas 'real'; jsan means 'thing'
masc. fem. neut.
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative jsas jsantů jsanté jsantí jsantijé jsantích jsan jsanté jsantá
Genitive jsantaš jsantáu jsantou jsantích jsantijáu jsantijou jsantaš jsantáu jsantou
Dative jsantam jsantabhou jsantabh jsantí jsantíbhou jsantíbh jsantam jsantabhou jsantabh
Accusative jsanta jsantů jsantech jsantí jsantijé jsantích jsan jsanté jsantá
Ablative jsantách jsantabhou jsantabh jsantích jsantíbhou jsantíbh jsantách jsantabhou jsantabh
Instrumental jsantý jsantabhí jsantéch jsantijá jsantíbhí jsantíbhi jsantý jsantabhí jsantéch
Locative jsantami jsantáu jsantéš jsantijé jsantijáu jsantíš jsantami jsantáu jsantéš

Verbs

Main article: Ilithian/Verbs

Numerals

géw, géwá, géwa (m/f/n) = 1
dwů, dwé, dwé (m/f/n) = 2
třj, třis, třj (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
ſſeſſ = 6
septa - 7
aſſtů = 8
gnewa = 9
deſſa = 10
géwurdeſſa = 11
dwůrdeſſa = 12
třjrdeſſa = 13
četurdeſſa = 14
penčurdeſſa = 15
ſſeſſurdeſſa = 16
septurdeſſa = 17
aſſtůrdeſſa = 18
gnewurdeſſa = 19
wjžati = 20
géwurwjžati = 21
třjžat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
ſſežžat = 60
septažat = 70
aſſtůžat = 80
gnewažat = 90
ſſata = 100
žílj = 1000

Syntax

Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is Džená ŋágma ŋáget. (Using ŋágma 'song' as an object of ŋágeti 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ŋáget.)

Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:

  • džená ŋágma ŋáget = The woman sings the song (cf. Onna wa uta wo utau)
  • ŋágma ŋáget džená = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. Uta wa onna ga utau)
  • žmenau dwů gstau = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. Hito wa futari ga iru)
  • tam ſſwů gest = He has a dog (cf. Jp. Kare wa inu ga iru)

The -č or -če Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.

Sample text

UDHR

Wiſſvé žmené swapátěbhi ženigánté; téſſau gsutwrtitáť andauſſijéče líŋé gsant.

Ilithian textbook

Lesson 2

Sſi wjr gest. Wjr Gsužen rekté, taſſ gnama Gſſužen gest. Sſjč džená gest. Džená Auháľá rekté. Gsužen Auhálěch pať gest, Auháľáč Gsuženaſſ patnj. Žmátů gstau. Tébhau třj dhýná gsant, súnů dhwatýrče.

Schleicher's Fable

Awi geſſwéče

Awi, kasmáj wlná nébhú, widat geſſwauch: jéwa táŋu waha wehanti, jéwače maha bhara, jéwače žmena aſſu bheranti.

From Labyrint světa a ráj srdce

Ilithian

GÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Ŋeŋrýſſ gaha tasmeg agaweg, kasmi se žmeniſſkág maťág wiſſtjm ater gsúrtami wlkamič bháněti wgážet, wjdas gaha wiſſtjtá ater žmenéſſ stámená rtěchče prawekauchče rbhjchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté gmeži nepawá bhúti dauſſá, ga se gsu, ku kaný žmenau ſſtidhý se andůgau, meš am kaga praweka džjwatau anadůtj bhúgát, maťágmi.

English (tr. Matthew Spinka)

REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.

Czech original (Komenský)

O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.

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