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Luthic (view source)

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* [ʀ] is in free variation with [r];
* [ʀ] is in free variation with [r];
* [ʎ] may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].
* [ʎ] may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].
====Morphology====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Nominal declension
! Number
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! d-stem <sup>unm</sup>
|-
! Singular
| dac (< dagu)
| gef (< geva)
| auvit (< hauviþo)
| craft (< crafte)
| brotar (< broþar)
| piet (< pied-)
|-
! Plural
| dagi
| geve
| auvita
| crafti
| brotari
| piedi
|}
In general, Upper Luthic has similar, and simpler, nominal declension paradigmata.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold"
|+Verbal conjugation
| colspan="2" | Tense || colspan="6" | Forms
|-
! colspan="2" | Infinitive
| colspan="6" | aver
|-
! colspan="2" | Auxiliary verb
| colspan="6" | aver
|-
! colspan="2" | Past participle
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! Number
! masculine
! feminine
! neuter
|-
! Singular
| avut
| avuta
| avut
|-
! Plural
| avuti
| avute
| avuta
|}
|-
! colspan="2" | Present participle
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | avent
|-
! colspan="2" | Gerund
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | avent
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">Person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''ic''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''tû''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''is'', ''ia'', ''at''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''gi''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''eis'', ''ise'', ''ia''
|-
! rowspan="12" | Indicative
! Present active
| o
| ais
| at
| aimos
| aites
| an
|-
! Present passive
| avar
| avas
| avat
| avant
| avant
| avant
|-
! Present perfect active
| o avut
| ais avut
| at avut
| aimos avut
| aites avut
| an avut
|-
! Present perfect passive
| avar avut
| avas avut
| avat avut
| avant avut
| avant avut
| avant avut
|-
! Imperfect active
| avait
| avaitas
| avaitat
| avaitamos
| avaitates
| avaitan
|-
! Imperfect passive
| avaitar
| avaitas
| avaitat
| avaitant
| avaitant
| avaitant
|-
! Preterite active
| ep
| avest
| ebbet
| avemmos
| avestes
| ebber
|-
! Preterite passive
| ebbira
| aves
| ebbet
| avem
| avem
| avem
|-
! Future active
| avro
| avrais
| avrat
| avremos
| avretes
| avran
|-
! Future passive
| avrar
| avras
| avrat
| avrant
| avrant
| avrant
|-
! Future perfect active
| avro avut
| avrais avut
| avrat avut
| avremos avut
| avrêtes avut
| avran avut
|-
! Future perfect passive
| avrar avut
| avras avut
| avrat avut
| avrant avut
| avrant avut
| avrant avut
|-
! rowspan="6" | Subjunctive
! Present active
| abbi
| abbias
| abbiat
| abbiamos
| abbiates
| abbian
|-
! Present passive
| abbair
| abbais
| abbait
| abbaint
| abbaint
| abbaint
|-
! Imperfect active
| avessi
| avessis
| avessit
| avessimos
| avessites
| avesser
|-
! Imperfect passive
| avessir
| avessis
| avessit
| avessint
| avessint
| avessint
|-
! Preterite active
| abbi avut
| abbias avut
| abbiat avut
| abbiamos avut
| abbiates avut
| abbian avut
|-
! Preterite passive
| abbair avut
| abbais avut
| abbait avut
| abbaint avut
| abbaint avut
| abbaint avut
|-
! rowspan="4" | Conditional
! Present active
| averi
| averias
| averiat
| averiamos
| averiates
| averian
|-
! Present passive
| averiar
| averias
| averiat
| averiant
| averiant
| averiant
|-
! Preterite active
| averi avut
| averias avut
| averiat avut
| averiamos avut
| averiates avut
| averian avut
|-
! Preterite passive
| averiar avut
| averias avut
| averiat avut
| averiant avut
| averiant avut
| averiant avut
|-
! rowspan="2" | Imperative
! Positive
| &nbsp;
| ave
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| avet
| &nbsp;
|-
! Negative
| &nbsp;
| non aver
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| non averet
| &nbsp;
|}
Some verbal forms are speculation (by applying and following the common sound changes), as they are not attested.


===Standard Bolognese Luthic===
===Standard Bolognese Luthic===
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* '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈɾaz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈbaɹ.kɐ]]]. Due to Paulistano influence, word-initial rhotics are often realised as [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] ~ [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]], resulting in ''rasda'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈʁaz.dɐ]]] ~ [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈhaz.dɐ]]], a great example is Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rapportu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[rɐpˈpɔr.tu]]] and Paulistan Luthic ''rapporto'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ʁɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] ~ [[w:Help:IPA|[hɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]]
* '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈɾaz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈbaɹ.kɐ]]]. Due to Paulistano influence, word-initial rhotics are often realised as [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] ~ [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]], resulting in ''rasda'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈʁaz.dɐ]]] ~ [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈhaz.dɐ]]], a great example is Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rapportu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[rɐpˈpɔr.tu]]] and Paulistan Luthic ''rapporto'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ʁɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] ~ [[w:Help:IPA|[hɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]]
* '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈka.pu]]]
* '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈka.pu]]]
* '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐx]]], ''ist'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ist]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ɐ.kĭ]]], ''est'' [[w:Help:IPA|[es.t͡ʃĭ]]]
* '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐx]]], ''ist'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ist]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ɐ.kĭ]]], ''est'' [[w:Help:IPA|[es.t͡ʃĭ]]], this may also be considered a kind of [[w:Paragoge|paragoge]]
* '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of /k/ and /ɡ/ are realised as /s/ and /ʒ/ retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈʒe.vɐ]]]
* '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of /k/ and /ɡ/ are realised as /s/ and /ʒ/ retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈʒe.vɐ]]]


Line 5,545: Line 5,818:
* Greco-Roman digraphs such as ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨ch⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨t⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨c⟩
* Greco-Roman digraphs such as ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨ch⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨t⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨c⟩
* For velar plosives before front vowels, they are spelt as ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩
* For velar plosives before front vowels, they are spelt as ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩
** The velar nasal is no longer spelt as ⟨g⟩ before another velar, but rather as ⟨n⟩
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is displaced by the [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]]
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is displaced by the [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]]
* Lack of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ in the alphabet
* Lack of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ in the alphabet
* Due to Portuguese influence ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are way commoner instead of the nativisations ⟨gi, c(h), v, c ~ ss, i⟩ present in Standard Ravennese Luthic
* The spellings ⟨gn⟩ and ⟨gl⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨nh⟩ and ⟨lh⟩; ⟨gn⟩ is also found as ⟨ñ⟩ in many communities nearby Spanish speakers, mainly outside the capital, such as [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], [[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]] and [[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]]
Main grammatical differences:
* Loss of the neuter gender
* Loss of the passive voice
* The verbs ''vessare'' and ''havere'' are fully displaced by ''tenere'' as the common auxiliary verb, mainly due to Portuguese influence
* The nominative merges with the accusative, simplifying the general declension paradigmata
====Demography and distribution====
[[File:Paulistan Luthic speakers.jpg|thumb|left|Map showing the areas of São Paulo where Paulistan Luthic is spoken today]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|-
|+Luthic speakers over 3 years of age in the municipality with most speakers (2022 IBGE census data). Absolute and relative numbers. Percentages given are in comparison to the total population of the corresponding state.
|-
!Region
!Totals
!Percentages
|-
|[[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]]
|align="right"|1,200
|align="right"|24%
|-
|[[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]]
|align="right"|700
|align="right"|14%
|-
|[[w:Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]]
|align="right"|500
|align="right"|10%
|-
|[[w:Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]]
|align="right"|250
|align="right"|5%
|-
|[[w:São Caetano do Sul|São Caetano do Sul]]
|align="right"|230
|align="right"|4.6%
|-
|[[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]]
|align="right"|230
|align="right"|4.6%
|-
|[[w:Bauru|Bauru]]
|align="right"|210
|align="right"|
|-
|[[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]]
|align="right"|180
|align="right"|4.2%
|-
|[[w:Ferraz de Vasconcelos|Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[w:Embu Guaçu|Embu Guaçu]], <br> [[w:São Lourenço da Serra|São Lourenço da Serra]], [[w:Itapecerica da Serra|Itapecerica da Serra]], <br> [[w:Cotia|Cotia]], [[w:Embu das Artes|Embu das Artes]], <br> [[w:Taboão da Serra|Taboão da Serra]], [[w:Osasco|Osasco]], <br> [[w:Carapicuíba|Carapicuíba]], [[w:Barueri|Barueri]], <br> [[w:Jandira|Jandira]], [[w:Itapevi|Itapevi]], <br> [[w:Vargem Grande Paulista|Vargem Grande Paulista]]
|align="right"|750
|align="right"|15%
|-
|[[w:Piratininga|Piratininga]], [[w:Cabrália Paulista|Cabrália Paulista]], <br> [[w:Duartina|Duartina]], [[w:Avaí|Avaí]]
|align="right"|650
|align="right"|13%
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;"
|'''''Total:'''''
|align="right"|5,000
|align="right"|100%
|}
According to [[w:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] ([[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística''; '''IBGE''') Luthic is only spoken in São Paulo, and numbers may range anywhere from “perhaps a few dozen, up to almost two thousand people”.
The largest concentrations of Paulistan Luthic speakers are found in the municipalities of [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]] and the [[w:ABC Region|ABCD Region]], consisting of [[w:Santo André, São Paulo|Santo '''A'''ndré]], [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São '''B'''ernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Caetano do Sul|São '''C'''aetano do Sul]] and [[w:Diadema|'''D'''iadema]]. A coniderable amount of Paulistan Luthic speakers are also found nearby the capital, in [[w:Ferraz de Vasconcelos|Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[w:Embu Guaçu|Embu Guaçu]], [[w:São Lourenço da Serra|São Lourenço da Serra]], [[w:Itapecerica da Serra|Itapecerica da Serra]], [[w:Cotia|Cotia]], [[w:Embu das Artes|Embu das Artes]], [[w:Taboão da Serra|Taboão da Serra]], [[w:Osasco|Osasco]], [[w:Carapicuíba|Carapicuíba]], [[w:Barueri|Barueri]], [[w:Jandira|Jandira]], [[w:Itapevi|Itapevi]], [[w:Vargem Grande Paulista|Vargem Grande Paulista]], and nearby [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], in [[w:Piratininga|Piratininga]], [[w:Cabrália Paulista|Cabrália Paulista]], [[w:Duartina|Duartina]] and [[w:Avaí|Avaí]].


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Lëtzelúcia
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