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Qasunattuuji verbs: Difference between revisions

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Qasunattuuji verbs (view source)

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{{construction}}
'''[[Qasunattuuji]] verbs''' are known for their complexity: a single conjugated verb may stand for a whole sentence. Also, they exhibit noun incorporation: for example: do a speech is rendered as speech-do.
'''[[Qasunattuuji]] verbs''' are known for their complexity: a single conjugated verb may stand for a whole sentence. Also, they exhibit noun incorporation: for example: do a speech is rendered as speech-do.
==General features==
==General features==
Line 35: Line 34:
===Mood===
===Mood===
Qasunattuuji has the following moods: Indicative, Interrogative, Imperative (positive, negative), Coordinative, and Conditional. Participles are sometimes classified as a mood.
Qasunattuuji has the following moods: Indicative, Interrogative, Imperative (positive, negative), Coordinative, and Conditional. Participles are sometimes classified as a mood.
Participle can be used to form relative sentences.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''xavix {{red|qijajuat}} kinakutut.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /ˈʂaviʂ qiˈʐaʐuat kinaˈkuʐut/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>xav-</small>
|<small>-ix</small>
|<small>qijak-</small>
|<small>-tuat</small>
|<small>kinak-</small>
|<small>-u-</small>
|<small>-tut</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|dog
| -{{sc|abs.pl}}
|bark
| -{{sc|3p.part}}-
| hunger-
| -be.X-
| -{{sc|3p.indic}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| ''The dogs {{red|that are barking}} are hungry''
|}
Conditional is used to make conditional sentences
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''kinaku{{red|kama}} qiniajuŋa'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /kiniakuˈkama qiniaˈʐuŋa/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>kiniak-</small>
|<small>-u-</small>
|<small>-kama</small>
|<small>qit-</small>
|<small>-niaq-</small>
|<small>-tuŋa</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| hungry-
| -be.X
| -{{sc|1s.cond.impf}}-
| -{{sc|3p.part}}-
| eat-
| -{{sc|fut}}
| -{{sc|1s.ind}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| ''I will it if I get hungry''
|}
The Coordinative mood has a wide range of uses, including the formation of dependent sentences that function as modifiers of independent sentences.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''puuvajija{{red|luŋa}} qittuŋa'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /puːvaʐiʐaˈluŋa qittuŋa/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>puuvatijax-</small>
|<small>-luŋa</small>
|<small>qit-</small>
|<small>-tuŋa</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| read-
| -{{sc|1s.coord}}
| eat-
| -{{sc|1s.ind}}
| eat-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| ''{{red|While}} I read, I eat''
|}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''isinaluŋa aŋŋuajuŋa'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /isinaˈluŋa aŋŋaˈʐuŋa/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>isinap-</small>
|<small>-luŋa</small>
|<small>aŋŋuaq-</small>
|<small>-tuŋa</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| read-
| -{{sc|1s.coord}}
| eat-
| -{{sc|1s.ind}}
| eat-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| ''Singing, I dance''
|}


==Structure==
==Structure==
The maximum structure of verbs is:<br>
{{Center|root-(derivational)-(inflecional)-(person, number, mood)—enclitic}}<br>
There can have several derivational or inflectional suffixes, but, only one verbal root per verb.
Enclitics codify coordination (—nu "and") and evidentiality (—quuq "it's said that", "they say that").<br>
Suffixes that change valency should come after the radical-(derivational), but before the person, number and mood suffix.<br>
Nouns can be incorporated along with derivation suffixes, with the verb becoming intransitive, and Qasunattuuji has the types I, II a IV of noun incorporation.
==Derivation==
==Derivation==
The suffix -u creates a verb "be X" from a noun.<br>
The suffix -uh creates a verb "become X" from a noun whose verb doesn't have the be/become X distinction.<br>
The gerund is marked with the suffix -juni (-tuni after t).<br>
The negative suffix -it negates what comes before the radical, being able to come after the root and before the derivational, after the derivational, or both. If the suffix comes before a person, number and mood suffix starting the consonant (except t), a -ti- should be inserted between them.<br>
==Paradigms==
==Paradigms==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Intransitive verbal paradigms
! colspan="5" | {{Center|Independent}}
|-
| '''Mood'''
| {{Center|'''Person'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Indicative'''
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -tuŋa
| -tuguk
| -tugut
|-
| {{Center|'''2'''}}
| -tujin
| -tusik
| -tusi
|-
| {{Center|'''3'''}}
| -tuq
| -tuk
| -tut
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Indterrogative'''
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -pik
| -pit
| -pa
|-
| {{Center|'''2'''}}
| -piŋuk
| -pisik
| -pak
|-
| {{Center|'''3'''}}
| -pisa
| -pisi
| -pat
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Imperative (affirmative)'''
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -laŋa
| -in
| -li
|-
| {{Center|'''2'''}}
| -luk
| -(t)ijik
| -lik
|-
| {{Center|'''3'''}}
| -ta
| -(t)itti
| -lix
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Imperative (negative)'''
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -naŋa
| -nak
| -nani
|-
| {{Center|'''2'''}}
| -nanuk
| -nasik
| -najik
|-
| {{Center|'''3'''}}
| -naja
| -nasi
| -najig
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | {{Center|Dependent}}
|-
| '''Mood'''
| {{Center|'''Person'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Conditional'''
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -kama
| -kammuk
| -kaja
|-
| {{Center|'''2'''}}
| -kavix
| -kaasik
| -kaasi
|-
| {{Center|'''3 (reflexive)'''}}
| -kami
| -kamik
| -kamiŋ
|-
| {{Center|'''3 (non-reflexive)'''}}
| -ːman
| -ːmaanik
| -ːmaja
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Coordinative'''
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -luŋa
| -lunuk
| -luja
|-
| {{Center|'''2'''}}
| -lujin
| -lusik
| -lusi
|-
| {{Center|'''3'''}}
| -luni
| -lujik
| -lujiŋ
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive paradigm (independent)
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -giipiŋ
| -giijik
| -giisi
| -giga
| -giija
| -giika
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -giijigiŋ
| -giijuk
| -giisi
| -giiput
| -givut
| -givut
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -giijigiŋ
| -giijuk
| -gisi
| -giiput
| -givut
| -givut
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -giima
| -giijiguq
| -giijigut
!
!
!
| -giijuk
| -gijik
| -gijik
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -gisiiŋa
| -giijiguk
| -giijigut
!
!
!
| -gii
| -giikiŋ
| -gijin
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -giisiiŋa
| -giijuguk
| -giijigut
!
!
!
| -giisi
| -gisi
| -gisi
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -gaaŋa
| -gaajiguk
| -gaajigut
| -gaajin
| -gaajik
| -gaasi
| -gaa
| -gik
| -gai
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -gaajaŋa
| -gaajiguk
| -gaajigut
| -gaajin
| -gaajik
| -gaasi
| -gaak
| -giŋik
| -gaix
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -gaajaŋa
| -gaajiguk
| -gaajigut
| -gaajin
| -gaajik
| -gaasi
| -gaat
| -gaix
| -gaix
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive interrogative paradigm (independent)
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -pigiŋ
| -pisik
| -pisi
| -piguk
| -pigik
| -pigix
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -pisigiŋ
| -pisik
| -pisi
| -pisiguk
| -pisigik
| -pisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -pisigiŋ
| -pisik
| -pisi
| -pisigu
| -pisigik
| -pisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -piŋa
| -pisiguk
| -pisigut
!
!
!
| -piuŋ
| -pisi
| -pisigix
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -pisiiŋa
| -pisiguk
| -pisigut
!
!
!
| -pisiiŋ
| -pisigik
| -pisigik
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -piŋuuŋa
| -pisiguk
| -pajigut
!
!
!
| -pisiiŋ
| -pisigik
| -pisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -paŋa
| -pajiguk
| -pajigut
| -pajin
| -gajik
| -pasi
| -pauŋ
| -pagik
| -pagix
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -paaŋa
| -pajiguk
| -pajigut
| -pajin
| -pajik
| -pasi
| -paaku
| -paakik
| -pajigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -paaŋa
| -pajiguk
| -pajigut
| -pajin
| -pajik
| -pasi
| -paajuŋ
| -pajigik
| -pajigik
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive imperative affirmative paradigm (independent)
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -laapiŋ
| -laajik
| -laasi
| -lagu
| -lagik
| -lagix
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -laajigiŋ
| -laajik
| -laasi
| -laapuk
| -laajik
| -laajigix
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -laajigiŋ
| -laajik
| -laasi
| -laaput
| -laavut
| -laavut
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -ŋŋa
| -tuguk
| -tigut
!
!
!
| -uŋ
| -(ː)kik<ref name="¹">It means geminate the last phoneme of the radical</ref>
| -k/(ː)kix<ref name="¹" /><ref name="²">First form if the radical ends in a vowel, second if a consonant</ref>
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -siiŋa
| -tiguk
| -tigut
!
!
!
| -ːku<ref name="¹" />
| -sigik
| -sigix
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -siiŋa
| -tiguk
| -tigut
!
!
!
| -siuŋ
| -sigik
| -sigix
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -liŋa
| -lisiguk
| -lisigut
| -lisin
| -lisik
| -lisi
| -liuŋ
| -ligik
| -ligix
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -liiŋa
| -lisiguk
| -lisigut
| -lisin
| -lisik
| -lisi
| -liiku
| -lisigik
| -lisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -liiŋa
| -lisiguk
| -lisigut
| -lisin
| -lisik
| -lisi
| -liijuŋ
| -lisigik
| -lisigix
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive imperative negative paradigm
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -naŋa
!
!
| -naŋa
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -najiguk
!
!
| -najiguk
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -najigut
!
!
| -najigut
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagu
!
| -nagix
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagu
!
!
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -nasiiŋa
!
| -nasigut
!
!
!
| -nasiuŋ
!
| -nasigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagu
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagik
!
!
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
!
!
!
!
!
!
| -nagu
!
!
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive conditional (dependent) paradigm
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -aakiŋ
| -aajik
| -aasi
| -aaku
| -aakik
| -aakix
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -aajigiŋ
| -aajik
| -aasi
| -aajigu
| -aajigik
| -aajigik
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -aajigiiŋ
| -aajik
| -aasi
| -aajigu
| -aajigik
| -aajigik
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -aaŋa
| -aajiguk
| -aajigut
!
!
!
| -aaku
| -aakik
| -aakix
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -aasiiŋa
| -aajiguk
| -aajigut
!
!
!
| -aajigu
| -aajigik
| -aajigik
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -aasiiŋa
| -aajiguk
| -aajigut
!
!
!
| -aasiuŋ
| -aasigik
| -aasigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3S reflexive'''}}
| -amiŋa
| -amisiguk
| -amisigut
| -amisin
| -amisik
| -amisi
| -amiuŋ
| -amigik
| -amisigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3D reflexive'''}}
| -amisiŋa
| -amisiguk
| -amisigut
| -amisin
| -amisik
| -amisi
| -amiijuŋ
| -amisiikik
| -amisigiŋ
|-
| {{Center|'''3P reflexive'''}}
| -amiiŋa
| -amisiguk
| -amisigut
| -amisin
| -amisik
| -amisi
| -amiijuŋ
| -amisihik
| -amisigiŋ
|-
| {{Center|'''3S non-reflexive'''}}
| -maŋa
| -najiguk
| -najigut
| -majin
| -majik
| -masi
| -magu
| -magik
| -magix
|-
| {{Center|'''3D non-reflexive'''}}
| -maaŋa
| -najiguk
| -najigut
| -majin
| -majik
| -nasu
| -aaku
| -maagik
| -maajigik
|-
| {{Center|'''3P non-reflexive'''}}
| -maŋa
| -najiguk
| -najigut
| -majin
| -majik
| -masi
| -maaju
| -maajigik
| -majigik
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive coordinative (dependent)
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
!
!
!
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugik
| -lagix
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugik
| -lagix
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugu
| -lugik
| -lagix
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive participial paradigm
| '''Object →'''
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''First person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Second person'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{Center|'''Third person'''}}
|-
| '''Subject ↓'''
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1S'''}}
!
!
!
| -kkaapiŋ
| -kkaajik
| -kkaasi
| -kaga
| -kkaka
| -kkaaka
|-
| {{Center|'''1D'''}}
!
!
!
| -kkaajigiŋ
| -kaajigiŋ
| -kaajigiŋ
| -kkaavuk
| -kkavuk
| -kkaavuK
|-
| {{Center|'''1P'''}}
!
!
!
| -kkaajigiŋ
| -kaajigiŋ
| -kaajigiŋ
| -kkaavut
| -kkavut
| -kkaavut
|-
| {{Center|'''2S'''}}
| -kkaama
| -kkaajiguk
| -kkaajigut
!
!
!
| -kkan
| -kkakiŋ
| -kkajin
|-
| {{Center|'''2D'''}}
| -kkaajiŋa
| -kkaajiguk
| -kkaajigut
!
!
!
| -kkaajik
| -kkajik
| -kkajik
|-
|  {{Center|'''2P'''}}
| -kkasiiŋa
| -kkaajiguk
| -kkaajigut
!
!
!
| -kkaaqi
| -kkasi
| -kkasi
|-
| {{Center|'''3S'''}}
| -kkaŋani
| -kkaŋajiguk
| -kkaŋajigut
| -kkaŋajin
| -kkaŋajik
| -kkaŋasi
| -kkaŋa
| -kkak
| -kkaŋi
|-
| {{Center|'''3D'''}}
| -kkaŋani
| -kkaŋajiguk
| -kkaŋajigut
| -kkaŋajin
| -kkaŋajik
| -kkaŋasi
| -kkaŋak
| -kkaŋik
| -kkaŋik
|-
| {{Center|'''3P'''}}
| -kkaŋani
| -kkaŋajiguk
| -kkaŋajigut
| -kkaŋajin
| -kkaŋajik
| -kkaŋasi
| -kkaŋat
| -kkaŋix
| -kkaŋix
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Intransitive participial paradigm
| {{Center|'''Person'''}}
| {{Center|'''Singular'''}}
| {{Center|'''Dual'''}}
| {{Center|'''Plural'''}}
|-
| {{Center|'''1'''}}
| -tuaŋa
| -tuaguk
| -tuagut
|-
| {{Center|'''2'''}}
| -tuajin
| -tuasik
| -tuasi
|-
| {{Center|'''3'''}}
| -tuaq
| -tuak
| -tuat
|}
Notes
*The ː symbol means that the last phoneme of the radical is geminated.
*In the case of the transitive participial, if the last consonant of the radical is k or q, they must be deleted, if it's t, then the kka becomes ta.
{{stub}}
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[[Category:Qasunattuuji]]
[[Category:Qasunattuuji]]
GJS
97

edits

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