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'''Galanego''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Galanego''; <small>Galanego:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Gaglanego|[galaˈnego&#93;]]</span>), also called as '''Galano''' by neibouring [[w:Galician|Galician]] speakers, is a Insular Celtic language which evolved under strong influence of vulgar Latin. Galanego has official status along with [[w:Spanish|Spanish]], and speakers of Gaglanego are basically bilingual with [[w:Galician|Galician]]. Although the area of this language is mainly restricted to [[w:Galicia|Galicia]] inside the Iberian peninsular, there are several oversea Galanego communities which are established by the immigrants to Middle and South America.
 
Basically, Galanego is a Brythonic language with Celtic lexicon and Iberian Latin featured sound changes, its grammar also shifts from Celtic languages to resemble its Latin neibours.
<!--{{construction|date=15:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC)}}-->
{{Infobox language
|image            = Flag of Galanha.jpg
|imagesize        = 185px
|imagecaption      = Flag of Galanha
|name              = Galega
|nativename        = Galega
|pronunciation    = gaˈlega
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Galega
|state            = Galanha
|setting          = Alt-history [[w:Europe|Europe]], [[w:Galicia|Galicia]]
|created          = 2023
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|fam3              = [[w:Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]]
|fam4              = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}''&nbsp;[[w:Brythonic|Brythonic]]
|ancestor          = Old Galega
|creator          = Ethan Delanche
|dia1              = Pontevedrian (''Brèvasega'')
|dia2              = Nedovreian (''Nẽdovrèvega'')
|dia3              = Biscayan (''Biscaega'')
|stand1            = Standard Galega
|script1          = Latin
|nation            = Galanha Autonomy
|agency            =
|map              = Locator Map Galanha.png
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Borders of Galanha
|notice            = IPA
}}
 
'''Galega''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Galega''; <small>Galega:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Galega|[gaˈlega&#93;]]</span>), also called as '''Galá''' by neibouring [[w:Galician|Galician]] speakers, is a Insular Celtic language which evolved under strong influence of vulgar Latin. Galega has official status along with [[w:Spanish|Spanish]], and speakers of Galega are basically bilingual with [[w:Galician|Galician]]. Although the area of this language is mainly restricted to [[w:Galicia|Galicia]] inside the Iberian peninsular, there are several oversea Galego communities which are established by the immigrants to Middle and South America.
Basically, Galega is a Brythonic language with Celtic lexicon and Iberian Latin featured sound changes, its grammar also shifts from Celtic languages to resemble its Latin neibours.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name '''Galanego''' is the language of '''Galanha''', this term comes from the endonym '''Gallania''', which is used to distinct the Brythonic speakers that immigrated to Galicia around 6BC by local Vulgar Latin speakers, as they mistaken these people come from Gallia(Modern day France). While the Galanego speakers called themselves as '''Bretonado''' that time, but eventually they came to accept this exonym as their endonym in order to distinguish with the local British people.
The name '''Galega''' is the language of '''Galanha''', this term comes from the endonym '''Gallania''', which is used to distinct the Brythonic speakers that immigrated to Galicia around 6BC by local Vulgar Latin speakers, as they mistaken these people come from Gallia(Modern day France). While the Galega speakers called themselves as '''Bretonado''' that time, but eventually they came to accept this exonym as their endonym in order to distinguish with the local British people.


==History==
==External History==


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 31: Line 63:
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || ò || {{lang|gl|mòro "big"}}
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || ò || {{lang|gl|mòro "big"}}
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/u/}} || u || {{lang|gl|durno "fist"}}
| {{IPA|/u/}} || u || {{lang|gl|useio "high"}}
|}
|}


==Phonology history==
==Internal history==
Galanego undergone a mixture of both Celtic and Vulgar Latin sound changes. While its lexicon evolved from their nominative forms, not oblique form as its Latin neibours.
Galanego undergone a mixture of both Celtic and Vulgar Latin sound changes. While its lexicon evolved from their nominative forms, not oblique form as its Latin neibours.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 64: Line 96:
|red
|red
|rhyd
|rhyd
|-
|final a affection
|e̝
|ɛ
|ɸlikkā
|leca
|lèca
|"slate" f.
|lec'h
|llech
|-
|rowspan=2|e
|normally
|e
|e
|kwennom
|penno
|peno
|"head" m.
|penn
|pen
|-
|final i affection
|e̝
|ɛ
|meli
|mele
|mè
|"" m.
|mel
|mêl
|-
|rowspan=2|a
|normally
|a
|a
|markos
|marco
|marco
|"horse" m.
|marc'h
|march
|-
|final i affection
|e̝
|ɛ
|mantī
|menti
|mènçe
|"size, quantity" f.
|ment
|maint
|-
|rowspan=2|o
|normally
|o
|o
|dolā
|dola
|doa
|"meadow" f.
|dol
|dol
|-
|final i affection
|ɵ
|u
|
|
|
|"" .
|
|
|-
|rowspan=3|u
|normally
|u
|o
|
|
|
|"" f.
|
|
|-
|final a affection
|o
|o
|kumbā
|comba
|comba
|"valley" f.
|komm
|cwm
|-
|final i affection
|ü
|i
|
|
|
|"" .
|
|
|}
|}


Line 86: Line 222:
|rowspan="8" |all places
|rowspan="8" |all places
|i
|i
|rowspan="4" |i
|rowspan="2" |i
|līwos
|līwos
|liwo
|liwo
Line 98: Line 234:
|rūnā
|rūnā
|ryna
|ryna
|riña
|rinha
|"secret, mystery" f.
|"secret, mystery" f.
|''rin''
|''rin''
Line 105: Line 241:
|ou
|ou
|rowspan="2" |ʉ
|rowspan="2" |ʉ
|rowspan="2" |u
|toutā
|toutā
|tyda
|tuda
|tida
|tuda
|"people, tribe" f.
|"people, tribe" f.
|tud
|tud
Line 114: Line 251:
|oi
|oi
|oinos
|oinos
|ynho
|unho
|iño
|ũ
|"one" adv.
|"one" adv.
|un
|un
Line 133: Line 270:
|auberos
|auberos
|over
|over
|òver
|òvero
|"vain, futile" adj.
|"vain, futile" adj.
|euver
|euver
Line 163: Line 300:
* Galanego once has /y/, also written as "y" before 9th century, but this vowel finally merged with /i/.
* Galanego once has /y/, also written as "y" before 9th century, but this vowel finally merged with /i/.
* Only final a & i vowel affection are affective in Galanego compared to modern Celtic languages.
* Only final a & i vowel affection are affective in Galanego compared to modern Celtic languages.
===Consonants===
====Palatalisation====
Similar to all West romance languages, palatalisation happens when /k/ & /t/ are followed by /i/,/e/,/ɛ/ and semivowel /j/, they became /ts/ by middle Galega, and eventually /θ/:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|/k/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/
|rowspan=2|/ts/
|rowspan=2|/θ/
|kīkos > cigo /ˈθiɣo/ "meat" m.
|-
|/t/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/
|anatlā > ança /ˈɑ̃θa/ "breath" f.
|}
====Lenition====
Consonant cluster generally simplified in Galega as shown in the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Clusters
! Condition
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|tt
|
|t /t/
|kattos > cato "cat" m.
|-
|kk
|
|c /k/
|brokkos > broco "badger" m.
|-
|ll
|
|l /l/
|tullos > tolo "hole" m.
|-
|nn
|
|n /n/
|kwennom > peno "head" m.
|-
|rr
|
|r /r/
|karros > caro "car" m.
|-
|-
|mm
|
|m /m/
|mammā > mama "mother, mam" f.
|-
|-
|mn
|
|l /l/
|
|-
|nm
|
|l /l/
|
|-
|-
|mr
|
|br /br/
|
|-
|-
|ml
|
|bl>br /br/
|
|-
|-
|xs
|
|s /s/
|rīxs > ris "king" m.
|-
|-
|xt
|
|it /it/
|noxtos > noito "bared" adj.
|-
|-
|wl
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|wr
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|zd
|
|t /t/
|nizdos >
|-
|-
|zg
|
|t /t/
|mezgos >
|-
|-
|sw
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sr
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|st
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sl
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sm
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sn
|
|n /n/
|snīs >
|-
|}
Note that intervocalic /b/, /d/ and /g/ will be voiced further to pronounce as //, // and //, but no change is made on orthography.
====Voicing====
====Syncope====
# common syncope shared with Iberian-Romance
# intervocalic /l/ and /n/
Intervocalic /l/ and /n/ are eventually omitted in Galega, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules. While /n/ will cause nasalisation on the preceding vowel, see "vocalisation" for details:
* dolā > dola > doa "meadow" f. (without epenthesis)
* argantīnos > argantino > argancinho "silvern" adj. (without epenthesis)
* salēnos > saleno > saeio "salt" m. (with epenthesis)
* wēlos > welo > veio "modest" (with epenthesis)
* syncope of intervocalic /d/, /g/
Intervocalic /g/ first become /ɣ/ by vocalisation and then omitted, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|V/g/V without epenthesis
|rowspan=2|/ɣ/
|/∅/
|togos > toɣo > too > to "roof, ceiling" m.
|-
|V/g/V with epenthesis
|/j/
|brigā > bre̝ɣa > brɛa > brèia "hill" f.
|}
Intervocalic /d/ follows similar rules:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|V/d/V without epenthesis
|rowspan=2|/ð/
|/∅/
|roudos > rʉðo > ruo > "red" adj.
|-
|V/d/V with epenthesis
|/j/
|
|}
====Nasalisation====
====Epensis====
When middle vowels follow high vowels as a result of syncope or after normal sound changes, an /j/(written as /i/) will be inserted:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|/e/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/
|rowspan=2|VV
|rowspan=2|VjV
|senos > seo > seio /ˈsejo/ "old" adj.
|-
|/ɛ/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/
|
|}
But this change doesn't take place for /o/ and /ɔ/, as abonā > avona > avoa "river" f.
====Liquid interchange====
Similar to Galician, Portuguese and Spanish, Galega also has liquid interchanges of /l/ and /r/ if they are present in following syllabes, but are basically regularised to the following two conditions:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Examples
|-
|VlVl > VlVr
|mīlālos > miloro > miòro "bestial" adj.
|-
|VrVr- > VrVl
|eriros > erilo > ereio "eagle" m.
|}
Note that all /l/ will be omitted following syncope rules(while in some cases epenthesis rules applies).
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
===Verbs===
===Adjective===
===Adverbs===
===Determiners===
===Prepositions===
===Conjunctions===
===Prefixes & Postfixes===
===Syntax===
==Dialect variations==
==Sample Texts==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/371202...372209"