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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Vinnish
| name = Vinnish
| nativename =
| nativename = Vinske, Vinskemål
| creator = [[User:Shinobhi|Shinobhi]]
| creator = [[User:Shinobhi|Shinobhi]]
| created = 2023
| state = Commonwealth of Vinland
| state = Commonwealth of Vinland
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
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| fam4 = Far West Norse
| fam4 = Far West Norse
| fam5 = Old Vinnish
| fam5 = Old Vinnish
| fam6 = [[History of the Vinnish Language|Early Modern Vinnish]]
| dia1 = <!--these are for dialects-->
| dia1 = <!--these are for dialects-->
| agency =
| script1 = Latn
| minority =
| agency = Vinskemålsråðet - Vinnish Language Council
| nation =  
| nation = Commonwealth of Vinland
}}
}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
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|[aː] when stressed
|[aː] when stressed
|t'''a'''ke
|t'''a'''ke
|[ˈtʰ'''aː'''kə]
|[ˈtʰ'''aː'''kʰə]
|to take
|to take
|-
|-
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|same as “k” (loanwords only)
|same as “k” (loanwords only)
|'''C'''anade
|'''C'''anade
|[ˈkʰaːnadə]
|[ˈ'''kʰ'''aːnadə]
|Canada
|Canada
|-
|-
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|same as “k” (loanwords only)
|same as “k” (loanwords only)
|'''ch'''ronologi
|'''ch'''ronologi
|[ˈkroːnologi]
|[ˈ'''k'''roːnologi]
|chronology (c)
|chronology (c)
|-
|-
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* hå-'''ar''' -> h'''år'''
* hå-'''ar''' -> h'''år'''
* hå-'''a''' -> h'''å'''
* hå-'''e''' -> h'''å'''
* tru-'''em''' -> tru'''m'''
* tru-'''em''' -> tru'''m'''


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** gal'''t'''- + t > gal'''st'''
** gal'''t'''- + t > gal'''st'''


==Morphology==
==Nouns==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
===Nouns===
Vinnish nouns fall into one of two genders, common and neuter. The common gender comes from the conflation of the masculine and feminine genders in Old Norse. Nouns inflect for number and case.
Vinnish nouns fall into one of two genders, common and neuter. The common gender comes from the conflation of the masculine and feminine genders in Old Norse. Nouns inflect for number and case.
====Common Nouns====
===Common Nouns===
On the whole, common nouns show a much larger variance in declension patterns than neuter nouns. There are two overarching declension patterns among common nouns: strong and weak.
On the whole, common nouns show a much larger variance in declension patterns than neuter nouns. There are two overarching declension patterns among common nouns: strong and weak.


Note that "(u)" refers to the presence of u-umlaut and "∅" refers to a null ending.
Note that "(u)" refers to the presence of u-umlaut and "∅" refers to a null ending.
====Strong Common Nouns====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Strong Common Nouns
|+ Strong Common Noun Endings
|-
|-
!  !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
!  !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
|-
! Singular || -er, ∅ || ∅ || -i || -s, -ar
| Singular || -er, ∅ || ∅ || -i || -s, -ar
|-
|-
! Plural || -ar || -e || (u)-em || -e
| Plural || -ar || -e || (u)-em || -e
|}
|}


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|}
|}


====Neuter Nouns====
=====i-Umlaut Strong Common Nouns=====
A number of strong common nouns show an i-umlaut in the dative singular and in the nominative and accusative plurals, as well as an ending of -er in the nominative and accusative plurals.
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! colspan="3" |'''hånd - “hand”'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|hånd
|h'''e'''nd'''er'''
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|hånd
|h'''e'''nd'''er'''
|-
!'''Dative'''
|h'''e'''nd'''i'''
|hånd'''em'''
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|hånd'''ar'''
|hånd'''e'''
|-
! colspan="3" |'''tån - “tooth”'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|tån
|t'''e'''nn'''er'''
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|tån
|t'''e'''nn'''er'''
|-
!'''Dative'''
|t'''e'''n'''i'''
|tånn'''em'''
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|tån'''ar'''
|tånn'''e'''
|-
! colspan="3" |'''rot - “root”'''
|-
!'''Nominative'''
|rot
|r'''y'''t'''er'''
|-
!'''Accusative'''
|rot
|r'''y'''t'''er'''
|-
!'''Dative'''
|r'''y'''t'''i'''
|rot'''em'''
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|rot'''ar'''
|rot'''e'''
|}
 
=====The Family Declension=====
These nouns all refer to family members. They are characterized by a consistent -ar ending in the cases of the singular, and an i-umlaut in the stem in the plural cases.
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
!'''father'''
!'''mother'''
!'''brother'''
!'''sister'''
|-
! colspan="5" |Singular
|-
!'''Nom, Acc, Dat'''
|faðar
|moðar
|broðar
|søstar
|-
!'''Gen'''
|faðar'''s'''
|moðar'''s'''
|broðar'''s'''
|søstar'''s'''
|-
! colspan="5" |'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Nom, Acc'''
|f'''e'''ðer
|m'''y'''ðer
|br'''y'''ðer
|s'''ø'''ster
|-
!'''Dat'''
|f'''e'''ðr'''em'''
|m'''y'''ðrem
|br'''y'''ðr'''em'''
|s'''ø'''str'''em'''
|-
!'''Gen'''
|f'''e'''ðr'''e'''
|m'''y'''ðre
|br'''y'''ðr'''e'''
|s'''ø'''str'''e'''
|}
 
=====I-Final Common Nouns=====
A few common strong nouns end in -i. These usually refer to abstract concepts, do not have a plural, and only show case marking in the genitive.
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="3" |Nominative, Accusative, Dative
!Genitive
|-
! colspan="5" |'''fryði''' - “knowledge; science”
|-
!Singular
| colspan="3" |fryð'''i'''
|fryð'''is'''
|}
 
====Weak Common Nouns====
The weak declension pattern of common nouns is somewhat simpler than that of the strong common nouns.
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Nominative
!Accusative
!Dative
!Genitive
|-
!Singular
|<nowiki>-e, -i</nowiki>
| colspan="2" |-e
|<nowiki>-es</nowiki>
|-
!Plural
|<nowiki>-ar</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-e</nowiki>
|(u)-em
|<nowiki>-e</nowiki>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |Examples of Weak Common Nouns
|-
!
!Nominative
!Accusative
!Dative
!Genitive
|-
! colspan="5" |'''hagi''' - “meadow”
|-
!Singular
|hag'''i'''
| colspan="2" |hag'''e'''
|hag'''es'''
|-
!Plural
|hag'''ar'''
|hag'''e'''
|h'''å'''g'''em'''
|hag'''e'''
|-
! colspan="5" |'''gofe''' - “steam”
|-
!Singular
| colspan="3" |gof'''e'''
|gof'''es'''
|-
!Plural
|gof'''ar'''
|gof'''e'''
|gof'''em'''
|gof'''e'''
|}
There are also some loanwords that end in -a. These are otherwise treated like “standard” weak common nouns, but in the singular retain their -a.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Nominative
!Accusative
!Dative
!Genitive
|-
!Singular
| colspan="3" |zebr'''a'''
|zebr'''as'''
|-
!Plural
|zebr'''ar'''
|zebr'''e'''
|zebr'''em'''
|zebr'''e'''
|}
 
===Neuter Nouns===
When compared to common nouns, neuter nouns show much less variation in their declension patterns. Neuter nouns are characterized by the universal lack of distinction between nominative and accusative forms, and by a u-umlaut in the plural.


====Definite Article====
====Weak Neuter Nouns====
The set of weak neuter nouns is limited to a small list of body parts, and derivates thereof.
 
===Definite Article===
Definiteness is shown via a cliticized definite article on the end of a noun. This definite article inflects for gender, case, and number.
Definiteness is shown via a cliticized definite article on the end of a noun. This definite article inflects for gender, case, and number.


===Adjectives===
{| class="wikitable"
Adjectives in Vinnish agree with the nouns they modify in gender, case, number, and definiteness. There are two inflections for adjectives: strong and weak adjectives.
!
====Strong Adjectives====
!Common
!Neuter
|-
! colspan="3" |Singular
|-
!Nominative
| rowspan="2" |-(e)n
| rowspan="2" |-(e)t
|-
!Accusative
|-
!Dative
|<nowiki>-inem</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ine</nowiki>
|-
!Genitive
| colspan="2" |-(e)ns*
|-
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
!Nominative
|<nowiki>-nar</nowiki>
| rowspan="2" |-(e)n
|-
!Accusative
|<nowiki>-ne</nowiki>
|-
!Dative
| colspan="2" |-nem**
|-
!Genitive
| colspan="2" |-nne
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In nouns who end in a vowel in the nominative, the “-s” ending is overridden by the “-ns” definite article; ergo, the words “fryð'''is'''”, “hag'''es'''” and “zebr'''as'''” have definite counterparts “fryð'''ins'''”, “hag'''ens'''” and “zebr'''ans'''” respectively, rather than “*fryðisins”, “*hagesens” and “*zebrasens”
 
<nowiki>**</nowiki>The dative plural article also overrides the final “-m” of the dative plural noun form; ergo, the word “hest'''em'''” (dat. pl. of hester “horse”) has the definite counterpart “hest'''enem'''”, rather than the expected *hestemnem.
 
==Adjectives==
There are two patterns of adjectives in Vinnish: declinables and indeclinables.
 
Declinable adjectives in Vinnish agree with the nouns they modify in gender, case, number, and definiteness. There are two inflections for adjectives: strong and weak adjectives.
 
Indeclinable adjectives, as the name suggests, do not decline at all, and are limited to present participles, comparative adjectives, and some loanwords. Virtually all indeclinable adjectives end in -i.
 
===Strong Adjectives===
Strong adjectives are used attributively with indefinite nouns and predicatively with all nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number.
Strong adjectives are used attributively with indefinite nouns and predicatively with all nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number.


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| Gen ||! colspan="2" | -re
| Gen ||! colspan="2" | -re
|}
|}
====Weak Adjectives====
===Weak Adjectives===
Weak adjectives are formed by adding an ending of -e to the stem of the adjective, and do not change form for case or number in Modern Vinnish. They are used with definite nouns and nouns modified by a demonstrative.
The weak adjective system is simplified compared to the more robust Old Norse forms.
 
Weak adjectives are formed by adding an ending of -e to the stem of the adjective, and do not change form for case or number in Modern Vinnish. They are used with definite nouns, nouns modified by a demonstrative, and non-indefinite nouns modified by a possessive adjective.  
 
{{interlinear|number=(1)
|stor''t'' barn
|big-NEUT-NOM-SG-INDEF child-NOM-SG-INDEF
|big child}}


In more archaic texts in Vinnish, a naturally or semantically masculine noun can optionally take the ending -i in the nominative singular case. In all other cases of the noun, the ending -e is used.
{{interlinear|number=(2)
|stor''e'' barnet
|big-DEF child-NOM-SG-DEF
|the big child}}


===Verbs===
Because the weak form inherently conveys definiteness, it is possible to drop the definite article suffix on the modified noun.
 
{{interlinear|number=(3)
|stor''e'' barn
|big-DEF child-NOM-SG
|the big child}}
 
===Adverbs===
Adverbs are formed one of three ways, listed in descending order of usage: Adding the suffix "-vegi" to the stem of the adjective (usually identical to the weak adjective form), using the weak adjective form, or using the strong neuter singular form. There are also words that are inherently adverbial and are not derived from any kind of adjective.
 
===Historical Forms===
While the masculine and feminine genders in Old Norse collapsed into the common gender in Vinnish, some remnants of the old masculine/feminine system linger in Vinnish. These features, while attested in older texts such as the Vinnish Bible, were moribund even around the 1600s.
 
====Masculine Forms====
 
In more archaic texts in Vinnish, a naturally or semantically masculine weak adjective can optionally take the ending -i in the nominative singular. In all other cases of the noun, the ending -e is used.
 
{{interlinear|number=(4)
|sterk''i'' sveinen
|strong-MASC-DEF youth-SG-NOM-DEF
|the strong young man}}
 
====Feminine Forms====
 
In older Vinnish texts, a naturally or semantically feminine strong adjective can optionally take u-umlaut in the nominative singular and show an ending of -e in the accusative.
 
{{interlinear|number=(5)
|fåger kone
|beautiful-FEM-SG-NOM woman-SG-NOM
|beautiful woman}}
 
====Plural Forms====
 
In older Vinnish texts, plural weak adjectives can take u-umlaut in all cases.
 
{{interlinear|number=(6)
|kålde skipen
|cold-NEUT-PL-DEF ship-PL-NOM-DEF
|the cold ships}}
 
===Nominalizing Adjectives===
While exceedingly rare, the indeclinable adjectives can be nominalized. When nominalized, they take the normal inflections of weak nouns with endings in -i. This nominalization is limited to a few nouns that end in -i, usually demonyms.
 
{{interlinear|number=(7)|abbreviations=COMM:common gender
|Pakistani filgem
|Pakistani-COMM-PL-DAT friend-PL-DAT
|Pakistani friends (dative).}}
 
{{interlinear|number=(8)|abbreviations=COMM:common gender
|Han mælti með jem Pakistanem.
|3P-HUM-SG speak-3P with one-COMM-PL-DAT Pakistani-PL-DAT
|He/She spoke with a few Pakistanis.}}
 
==Verbs==
There are two overarching types of verbs in Vinnish, strong and weak verbs. Weak verbs form the past stem via a dental suffix on the present stem, while strong verbs form the past stem via vowel alternation. Vinnish verbs inflect for two tenses (past and present), person, and number. In addition, they make use of certain auxiliary verbs to show aspect, and one of two moods: indicative and subjunctive. Verbs also have both a past and a present participle, and inflect for active and mediopassive voice.
There are two overarching types of verbs in Vinnish, strong and weak verbs. Weak verbs form the past stem via a dental suffix on the present stem, while strong verbs form the past stem via vowel alternation. Vinnish verbs inflect for two tenses (past and present), person, and number. In addition, they make use of certain auxiliary verbs to show aspect, and one of two moods: indicative and subjunctive. Verbs also have both a past and a present participle, and inflect for active and mediopassive voice.


====Weak Verbs====
===Weak Verbs===
Weak verbs are characterized by their usage of a dental consonant to form their past stem. This dental consonant can be either -d, -ð, or -t. Which consonant is used is not always readily predictable for a weak verb, and so must simply be memorized along with the verb; however, the majority of Vinnish verbs use -ð.
Weak verbs are characterized by their usage of a dental consonant to form their past stem. This dental consonant can be either -d, -ð, or -t. Which consonant is used is not always readily predictable for a weak verb, and so must simply be memorized along with the verb; however, the majority of Vinnish verbs use -ð.


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|}
|}


====Strong Verbs====
===Strong Verbs===
Strong verbs show tense via a change in the stem vowel. There are seven classes of strong verbs in Vinnish, each characterized by a different alternation pattern.
Strong verbs show tense via a change in the stem vowel. There are seven classes of strong verbs in Vinnish, each characterized by a different alternation pattern.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Vinnish shows a heavy preference for V2 word order, though this is being worn down in colloquial language.
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Vinnish is primarily SVO, though due to the case system, some flexibility is allowed in the order of arguments to convey topic and focus, or to conform to a meter in songs and poetry.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
==Other resources==
 
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
===Opening Monologue of First and Final Book in the ''How To Train Your Dragon'' Series by Cressida Cowell===
 
<blockquote>“Ðar våre lindormar, ðår om dågenem sem eg var svein. Ðar våre miklar, grimar himenslindormar sem gørðe sin hreiðer i fjallenne hæstem klettem, like storar hræðandi foglar. Litlar, brunar, skriðandi lindormar sem vedde mys ok rotte i flokkem like ølgjar. Otruligvegi jåtenligar sjøslindormar sem våre totge styrðar styrri en styrstar blågvalar, ok sem dråpe jene før leik.
“Ðir ðorfeð at true mit orð, ðvi lindormarnar gverfes ut so fløte ðat må at ðeir bråt skøli verðe utdånar or vårem veråldi.
 
“Jengver veit ekki gvat gøras. Ðeir søkkve i sjøn sem ðeir kome or, låte ekki ut i jårð jetgvert bein, jengvern tån, slike at men om framdage mege vite at ðeir våre hir i vårem veråldi.
“Af ðvi, før at ðessar konengligar gørnar skøli ekki glømes, eg mon tale ðenne saðen sage af minem barndomi.” - [https://www.reddit.com/r/httyd/comments/uqvhoz/there_were_dragons_when_i_was_a_boy_start_of_book/ Gvernig at Venje Sin Lindorm]</blockquote>
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
<blockquote>Jen sauðer sem sir var ekki jetgvert hår leit heste: jen togði ðongen vagen, jen helt å bakine stort bereng, ok jen helt å bakine man fløtevegi. Sauðren sagði hestenem: “Eg em sår i hjartene at eg lit at maðer leðar heste.” Hestarnar sågðe: “Hør ðu, sauðer, vir erem sårar i hjartene at vir litem ðette slike: at maðer, jarlen, gørar sir heitist klæði af sauðshåri. Ok sauðinem er ekki jetgvert hår.” Sauðren hørði ðette ok koms onden i hagene.</blockquote>
 
==See Also==
* [[:Category: Vinnish words|Vinnish words on Contionary]]


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