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Saxuma: Difference between revisions
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Additionally, in place of the stress and vowel reduction system, modern Saxuma uses pitch accent. There are three pitch levels, and all syllables are by default mid tone. | Additionally, in place of the stress and vowel reduction system, modern Saxuma uses pitch accent. There are three pitch levels, and all syllables are by default mid tone. | ||
* Almost all monosyllabic words retain their mid tone pitch. For example, ''kan'' [ˈkan] ("cold"). This is also true of monosyllabic words with long vowels and diphthongs, such as ''bō'' [ˈboː] ("sheep"). Some monosyllabic content words, such as '' | * Almost all monosyllabic words retain their mid tone pitch. For example, ''kan'' [ˈkan] ("cold"). This is also true of monosyllabic words with long vowels and diphthongs, such as ''bō'' [ˈboː] ("sheep"). Some monosyllabic content words, such as ''u'' ("of") are stressless, and bear a low tone. | ||
* If a short vowel is accented, it bears a high tone, e.g. ''émin'' [ɛ́.min] ("lips"). If it is non-initial and preceded by a short vowel, the preceding syllable bears a low tone. For example, ''xeyáyem'' [ɕɛ̀ˈjá.jem] ("friction") and ''zigará'' [zi.gɑ̀ˈrá] ("protector"). | * If a short vowel is accented, it bears a high tone, e.g. ''émin'' [ɛ́.min] ("lips"). If it is non-initial and preceded by a short vowel, the preceding syllable bears a low tone. For example, ''xeyáyem'' [ɕɛ̀ˈjá.jem] ("friction") and ''zigará'' [zi.gɑ̀ˈrá] ("protector"). | ||
* If stressed or directly preceding a stressed syllable, long vowels and diphthongs receive contour tones. For stressed vowels, this is a peaking contour of tone MHM, e.g. ''enâ'' [ɛ̀ˈna᷈ː] ("passion"). When directly preceding a stressed syllable, the long vowel bears a falling contour ML, e.g. '' | * If stressed or directly preceding a stressed syllable, long vowels and diphthongs receive contour tones. For stressed vowels, this is a peaking contour of tone MHM, e.g. ''enâ'' [ɛ̀ˈna᷈ː] ("passion"). When directly preceding a stressed syllable, the long vowel bears a falling contour ML, e.g. ''bābá'' [bâːˈbá] ("various"). | ||
** When long vowels are pronounced as identical vowels in hiatus, each vowel carries its own tone. If stressed, they follow the pattern of HM. If preceding a stressed syllable, then ML. Using the examples above, ''enâ'' would be pronounced as [ɛ̀ˈnáˌa] and '' | ** When long vowels are pronounced as identical vowels in hiatus, each vowel carries its own tone. If stressed, they follow the pattern of HM. If preceding a stressed syllable, then ML. Using the examples above, ''enâ'' would be pronounced as [ɛ̀ˈnáˌa] and ''bābá'' as [ba.àˈbá]. | ||
===W Ablaut=== | ===W Ablaut=== | ||