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Glommish: Difference between revisions
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|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[Verse: | |setting = [[Verse:Jarthe]] | ||
|nativename = the glómsьk | |nativename = the glómsьk | ||
|pronunciation = / | |pronunciation = /t{{den}}{{asp}}ˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲk/ | ||
|region = North America; Brazil | |region = North America; Brazil | ||
|speakers = 90 million | |speakers = 90 million | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [ | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''the glómsьke rarde'' [t{{den}}{{asp}}ˠə ɣɫˠoːmʲsʲkə ɾˠaːɖə]) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Italy but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's classified as West Germanic in-universe, but forms a distinct group from what is called West Germanic in our timeline. Glommish is phonologically the most conservative Germanic language in Jarthe and is strikingly similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic. Its speakers are called Gloms (''Glóme''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic. | ||
In-universe German name: ''Glommisch'' | In-universe German name: ''Glommisch'' | ||
==TODO== | ==TODO== | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Native script=== | ===Native script=== | ||
Glommish today uses | Glommish today uses the Latin orthography used in this article. It was devised by linguist Andrie Hóchenhym. | ||
There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation) | There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''th''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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* /t̪ʰ tʰʲ/ are somewhat breathy aspirated stops [t̪ʱ tʱʲ]. They are affricates or fricatives when word-final and not retroflexed. | * /t̪ʰ tʰʲ/ are somewhat breathy aspirated stops [t̪ʱ tʱʲ]. They are affricates or fricatives when word-final and not retroflexed. | ||
*Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ t̪ʰ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel. | *Hard /ɾ/ is generally a velarized retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes /n t̪ t̪ʰ d s/ that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel. | ||
* [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops: ''jung'' 'young', ''junżer'' 'younger'. | * [dʒ] and [g] are allophones of /ʒ/ and [ɣ] used after /n/ which assimilates to [ŋ] before velar stops: ''jung'' [jʊŋg] 'young', ''junżer'' [ˈjʊ{{adv}}nd͡ʒəɹˠ] 'younger'. | ||
* In accents that distinguish it, soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''the konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'. | * In accents that distinguish it, soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''the konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'. | ||
*For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ tʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ tʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped. | *For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier thú'' [bɛɹəɹ tʰʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ tʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ tʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. Dental stops are pronounced as alveolar, ''t'' and ''th'' are merged, and posttonic intervocalic ''d'', ''t'', and ''th'' are flapped. | ||
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Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' 'to be urgent', '' | Also: ''bieżénen, bieżán, bieżónen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''thrimben, thriamb, gethriumben'' 'to be urgent', ''thvingen, thviang, gethviungen'' 'to force' | ||
=====Strong class 4===== | =====Strong class 4===== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''sith'' || ''sinь'' | | ''jém'', (colloquial) ''kiém'', (poetic) ''czém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''sith'' || ''sinь'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
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{{PAGENAME}} word order is V2 but is more similar to Icelandic than German. German-style SOV is considered poetic. | {{PAGENAME}} word order is V2 but is more similar to Icelandic than German. German-style SOV is considered poetic. | ||
:'''''Fanь | :'''''Fanь kiém már, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.''''' | ||
:''When I grow up, I want to become a teacher.'' | :''When I grow up, I want to become a teacher.'' | ||
:(German: Wenn ich groß bin, will ich Lehrerin werden.) | :(German: Wenn ich groß bin, will ich Lehrerin werden.) | ||
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====Progressive==== | ====Progressive==== | ||
Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive. | Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive. | ||
* '' | * ''Kiém at jaten the apel.'' "I'm eating the apple." | ||
* ''The hund vaz at thróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him." | * ''The hund vaz at thróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him." | ||
* '' | * ''Kiém thárat.'' "I'm on it." | ||
====Perfect==== | ====Perfect==== | ||
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=== Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) === | === Platenь Furьanfer (Plato's Apology) === | ||
''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, | ''Fí úr, lió Athiénierie, háth niumen vichtied at av mínem bievráżeriem, niét ik; sá bielióvsam spriákenь sí, that ik hadie sialv jénachtь ferżaten for ik viérie. Santhes hánь sí áltbieachtied gesażd tvíls ynfat. Under thím miczelem lużem that sí sażdienь sprang út at mik yn in návem:'' | ||
=== Siúre 1: Thá Erupneng (tr. Hasien Elь-Chuliédí) === | === Siúre 1: Thá Erupneng (tr. Hasien Elь-Chuliédí) === | ||