Endeqwo: Difference between revisions

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|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name= Endeqwo  
|name= Endeqwo  
|nativename=''ნდეჸჿო'' (''n̥deqʷo'')
|nativename=''{{term|ნდეჸჳო}}'' (''ndeqʷo'')
|pronunciation= n̩.de.qʷo
|pronunciation= n̩.de.qʷo
|pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart
|pronunciation_key = w:IPA chart
|created= 10/27/24 (M/D/Y)
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|wfosøra]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|wfosøra]]
|script1= Latn
|script1= Latn
Line 15: Line 16:
}}
}}


'''Endeqwo''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''n̥deqʷo''; <small>Endeqwo:</small> [[w:IPA chart|[n̩.de.qʷo]]) is an isolate language, it's mainly inspired by Caucasian languages like Ubykh and Georgian, as well as many other Polysynthetic languages.
'''Endeqwo''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''ndeqʷo''; <small>Endeqwo:</small> [[w:IPA chart|[n̩.de.qʷo]]) is an isolate language, it's mainly inspired by Caucasian languages like Ubykh and Georgian, as well as many other Polysynthetic languages, and despite its appearance of efficiency, Ithkuil had no influence in its creation, though there is a separate version that was, [[ndq̀o]]


==Etymology==
ნდეჸჳო is a compound of {{term|ნ}} (n; life) + {{term|-დე}} (-de; of our kind (like -ish)) + {{term|ჸჳო}} (qʷo; language), so it literally translates as 'The language of life of our kind', thus 'language of our people'


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
! colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | [[w:Labio-dental consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=3 | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan=3 | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:post-Alveolar consonant|post<br/>-alveolar]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:postalveolar consonant|post<br/>-alveolar]]
! colspan=1 rowspan=2 | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=1 rowspan=2 | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
Line 46: Line 49:
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] მ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] მ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|mʷ]] მჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|mʷ]] მჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] ნ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] ნ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|nʷ]] ნჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|nʷ]] ნჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] ნგ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] ჷ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋʷ]] ნგჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋʷ]] ჷჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
Line 60: Line 63:
! rowspan=3 | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] ფ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] ფ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|pʷ]] ფჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|pʷ]] ფჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] თ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] თ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|tʷ]] თჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|tʷ]] თჳ
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
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| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] ქ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] ქ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|kʷ]] ქჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|kʷ]] ქჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] ჸ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] ჸ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|qʷ]] ჸჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|qʷ]] ჸჳ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] ბ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] ბ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|bʷ]] ბჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|bʷ]] ბჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] დ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] დ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|dʷ]] დჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|dʷ]] დჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
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| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] გ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] გ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|gʷ]] გჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar stop|gʷ]] გჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] ჹ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] ჹ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢʷ]] ჹჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢʷ]] ჹჳ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]] პ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʼ]] პ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]] პჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|pʷʼ]] პჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]] ტ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]] ტ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]] ტჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|tʷʼ]] ტჳ
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
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| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʼ]] კ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʼ]] კ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʷʼ]] კჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective stop|kʷʼ]] კჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʼ]] ყ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʼ]] ყ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʷʼ]] ყჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective stop|qʷʼ]] ყჳ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:affricate|affricate]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:affricate|affricate]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡f]] ფჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡f]] ფჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡fʷ]] ფჶჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|p͡fʷ]] ფჶჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] ც
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] ც
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡sʷ]] ცჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡sʷ]] ცჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]] ჩ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]] ჩ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] ჩ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] ჩ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃʷ]] ჩჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃʷ]] ჩჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]] ქხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]] ქხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡xʷ]] ქხჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|k͡xʷ]] ქხჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]] ჸჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]] ჸჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χʷ]] ჸჰჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χʷ]] ჸჰჳ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡v]] ბვ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡v]] ბვ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡vʷ]] ბვჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced bilabial affricate|b͡vʷ]] ბვჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]] ძ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]] ძ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡zʷ]] ძჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡zʷ]] ძჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|d͡ɮ]] ჯ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|d͡ɮ]] ჯ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] ჯ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] ჯ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒʷ]] ჯჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒʷ]] ჯჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar affricate|g͡ɣ]] გღ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar affricate|g͡ɣ]] გღ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar affricate|g͡ɣʷ]] გღჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar affricate|g͡ɣʷ]] გღჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular affricate|ɢ͡ʁ]] ჹჵ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular affricate|ɢ͡ʁ]] ჹჵ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular affricate|ɢ͡ʁʷ]] ჹჵჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular affricate|ɢ͡ʁʷ]] ჹჵჳ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʼ]] პჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective affricate|p͡fʼ]] პჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective stop|p͡fʷʼ]] პჶჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective affricate|p͡fʷʼ]] პჶჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʼ]] წ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective affricate|t͡sʼ]] წ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective stop|t͡sʷʼ]] წჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective affricate|t͡sʷʼ]] წჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective affricate|t͡ɬʼ]] ჭ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective affricate|t͡ɬʼ]] ჭ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]] ჭ
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]] ჭ
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʷʼ]] ჭჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʷʼ]] ჭჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective affricate|k͡xʼ]] კხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective affricate|k͡xʼ]] კხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective affricate|k͡xʷʼ]] კხჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective affricate|k͡xʷʼ]] კხჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʼ]] ყჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʼ]] ყჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʷʼ]] ყჰჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʷʼ]] ყჰჳ
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]] !! voiceless
! rowspan=3 | [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]] !! voiceless
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|f]] ჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|f]] ჶ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|fʷ]] ჶჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless labio-dental fricative|fʷ]] ჶჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] ს
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] ს
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|sʷ]] სჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|sʷ]] სჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] შ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] შ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] შ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] შ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷ]] შჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷ]] შჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] ხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] ხ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|xʷ]] ხჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|xʷ]] ხჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] ჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] ჰ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χʷ]] ჰჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χʷ]] ჰჳ
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|v]] ვ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|v]] ვ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|vʷ]] ვჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced labio-dental fricative|vʷ]] ვჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] ზ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] ზ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|zʷ]] ზჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|zʷ]] ზჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] ჟ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] ჟ'
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒ]] ჟ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒ]] ჟ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒʷ]] ჟჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced post-alveolar fricative|ʒʷ]] ჟჳ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] ღ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] ღ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣʷ]] ღჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣʷ]] ღჳ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] ჵ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] ჵ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁʷ]] ჵჿ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁʷ]] ჵჳ
|-
|-
! ejective
! ejective
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʼ]] ჶჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective fricative|fʼ]] ჶჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:labio-dental ejective fricative|fʷʼ]] ჶჿჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:bilabial ejective fricative|fʷʼ]] ჶჳჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] სჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] სჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʷʼ]] სჿჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar ejective fricative|sʷʼ]] სჳჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬʼ]] შ'ჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:alveolar lateral ejective fricative|ɬʼ]] შ'ჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʼ]] შჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective fricative|ʃʼ]] შჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:Voiceless post-alveolar fricative|ʃʷʼ]] შჿჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:post-alveolar ejective fricative|ʃʷʼ]] შჳჼ
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 |  
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʼ]] ხჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʼ]] ხჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʷʼ]] ხჿჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:velar ejective fricative|xʷʼ]] ხჳჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʼ]] ჰჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʼ]] ჰჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʷʼ]] ჰჿჼ
| colspan=1 | [[w:uvular ejective fricative|χʷʼ]] ჰჳჼ
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |[[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan=2 |[[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
Line 215: Line 218:


Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)
Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)
There are a few consonants that can syllabic, /n/, /nʷ/, /ŋ/, /ŋʷ/, /l/, /r/, and most ejectives.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 239: Line 244:


===Syllable structure===
===Syllable structure===
The maximum is CVC, this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life)
The maximum is (CC)V(CC), this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life), consonants can only cluster as 'stop-fric' or 'fric-stop' and voicedness must match, so a valid cluster would be /zd/ of /ft/, but /zt/ or /qd/ are invalid.
 
The only other allowed clusters are (S for stop) /Sr/, /Sl/, and /Sj/, /Sw/ is not possible because this would turn to /Sʷ/.


===Stress===
===Stress===
===Intonation===
===Intonation===
===Morphophonology===


===Orthography===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 261: Line 264:
[[Endeqwo/Phrases|Phrases]]
[[Endeqwo/Phrases|Phrases]]


[[Category:Endeqwo languages]]
[[Category:Endeqwo]]
[[Category:Endeqwo]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 19:11, 3 November 2024


Endeqwo
ნდეჸჳო (ndeqʷo)
Pronunciation[n̩.de.qʷo]
Created bywfosøra
Date10/27/24 (M/D/Y)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Endeqwo (endonym: ndeqʷo; Endeqwo: [n̩.de.qʷo) is an isolate language, it's mainly inspired by Caucasian languages like Ubykh and Georgian, as well as many other Polysynthetic languages, and despite its appearance of efficiency, Ithkuil had no influence in its creation, though there is a separate version that was, ndq̀o

Etymology

ნდეჸჳო is a compound of ნ (n; life) + -დე (-de; of our kind (like -ish)) + ჸჳო (qʷo; language), so it literally translates as 'The language of life of our kind', thus 'language of our people'

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial alveolar post
-alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular
plain lab. plain lab. lat. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal m მ mʷ მჳ n ნ nʷ ნჳ ŋ ჷ ŋʷ ჷჳ
Stop voiceless p ფ pʷ ფჳ t თ tʷ თჳ k ქ kʷ ქჳ q ჸ qʷ ჸჳ
voiced b ბ bʷ ბჳ d დ dʷ დჳ g გ gʷ გჳ ɢ ჹ ɢʷ ჹჳ
ejective pʼ პ pʷʼ პჳ tʼ ტ tʷʼ ტჳ kʼ კ kʷʼ კჳ qʼ ყ qʷʼ ყჳ
affricate voiceless p͡f ფჶ p͡fʷ ფჶჳ t͡s ც t͡sʷ ცჳ t͡ɬ ჩ' t͡ʃ ჩ t͡ʃʷ ჩჳ k͡x ქხ k͡xʷ ქხჳ q͡χ ჸჰ q͡χʷ ჸჰჳ
voiced b͡v ბვ b͡vʷ ბვჳ d͡z ძ d͡zʷ ძჳ d͡ɮ ჯ' d͡ʒ ჯ d͡ʒʷ ჯჳ g͡ɣ გღ g͡ɣʷ გღჳ ɢ͡ʁ ჹჵ ɢ͡ʁʷ ჹჵჳ
ejective p͡fʼ პჶ p͡fʷʼ პჶჳ t͡sʼ წ t͡sʷʼ წჳ t͡ɬʼ ჭ' t͡ʃʼ ჭ t͡ʃʷʼ ჭჳ k͡xʼ კხ k͡xʷʼ კხჳ q͡χʼ ყჰ q͡χʷʼ ყჰჳ
fricative voiceless f ჶ fʷ ჶჳ s ს sʷ სჳ ɬ შ' ʃ შ ʃʷ შჳ x ხ xʷ ხჳ χ ჰ χʷ ჰჳ
voiced v ვ vʷ ვჳ z ზ zʷ ზჳ ɮ ჟ' ʒ ჟ ʒʷ ჟჳ ɣ ღ ɣʷ ღჳ ʁ ჵ ʁʷ ჵჳ
ejective fʼ ჶჼ fʷʼ ჶჳჼ sʼ სჼ sʷʼ სჳჼ ɬʼ შ'ჼ ʃʼ შჼ ʃʷʼ შჳჼ xʼ ხჼ xʷʼ ხჳჼ χʼ ჰჼ χʷʼ ჰჳჼ
Approximant l ლ j ჲ w ჳ
Trill r რ

Labialization always acts as a /w/ like sound, even in the labial series, where /pʷ/ is not protruded.

Consonants distinguish length, as can be seen in the 2nd person object marker, "-qqe" (/qːe/)

There are a few consonants that can syllabic, /n/, /nʷ/, /ŋ/, /ŋʷ/, /l/, /r/, and most ejectives.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
front back
Close i ი u უ
Mid e ე o ო
open a ა

Syllable structure

The maximum is (CC)V(CC), this only occurs in compound words like 'tʷʼen' (/tʷʼen/; good life), consonants can only cluster as 'stop-fric' or 'fric-stop' and voicedness must match, so a valid cluster would be /zd/ of /ft/, but /zt/ or /qd/ are invalid.

The only other allowed clusters are (S for stop) /Sr/, /Sl/, and /Sj/, /Sw/ is not possible because this would turn to /Sʷ/.

Stress

Intonation

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Phrases

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