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The ''Je-Huy'' ("''je''-space"), also called the ''serializer'' in English, is used to link coordinated components in compounds and serial verbs. As its name suggests, it also indicates a missing ''je'' ('and') in poetry. The serializer is transcribed with an ampersand (&).
The ''Je-Huy'' ("''je''-space"), also called the ''serializer'' in English, is used to link coordinated components in compounds and serial verbs. As its name suggests, it also indicates a missing ''je'' ('and') in poetry. The serializer is transcribed with an ampersand (&).


==Historical phonology==
==Phonology==
===Proto-Gamedan to Proto-Wiobian===
===Phonotactics===
*PGam {{recon|''h-''}}, {{recon|''ʔ-''}} > {{recon|0}}
*PGam {{recon|''z''}} > {{recon|''h''}}
*PGam {{recon|''s''}} > {{recon|''ts''}}
*Lateral obstruents become palatal obstruents
*"Grimm's law"
**PGam plain stops become fricatives
**PGam voiced stops become aspirated stops
**PGam ejective stops become voiced stops
===Proto-Wiobian to Classical Wiobian===
*Uvulars debuccalize
**Plain uvular stops /q ɢ/ become /ʔ/
**Plain uvular fricative /χ/ merges with /x/ into /x~h/
**Exception: {{recon|''n''}} + C[+uvular] yields Wiobian ''ng'' - This is why final ''-ng'' is common in Wiobian
*kʷ qʷ > kʷ, xʷ χʷ > xʷ, gʷ ɢʷ > w
 
===Classical Wiobian===
A major source for reconstructing the phonology of Classical Wiobian is borrowings from and into neighboring languages with stable and conservative phonologies, such as [[Trây]]. Modern Wiobic lects are also an important guide.
====Phonotactics====
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
====Consonants====
Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of 23 consonants (comparable to [[Themsarian]], with 22 consonants).
 
Voiceless plosives could either be aspirated or not - the aspirated allophone was in free variation with the unaspirated one. (Und Achtung Deutschsprachige: Im Wiobischen kommt keine Auslautverhärtung vor! This is because I need more open syllables in Modern Wiobian)
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Late Classical Wiobian consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! | ????
! | Velar
! | Labiovelar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
| [ɲ]
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t, th''' /t/
|
| '''ŧ''' /tɬ/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
| '''Ø, -ḥ''' /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''đ''' /dɮ/
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''s''' /sʰ/, '''ß''' /s/
|
| '''sch''' /ɧ/
| '''ch''' /x~ɣ/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
| '''pf''' /pf/
| '''z''' /ts/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''l''' /l/
| '''j, -y''' /j/
|
|
| '''w, -v''' /w/
|
|}
 
''n'' assimilates before palatal plosives to [ɲ] and before velar plosives to /ŋ/.
 
A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiobian. The "null" initial in the orthography is actually the glottal stop initial.
 
In early Classical Wiobian /h/ and /x/ were allophones in free variation.
 
The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''', is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''wecl'' /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''-ck''' for long k, and '''ch''' [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time, in view of the fact that ''Nuß-Duom&Eik'' lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds.
 
All fricatives (namely ''f'', ''þ'', ''s'', ''(c)h'', ''ƕ'') are voiced between voiced segments. The phonemes /θ/ and /ts/ merged into /s/ in late Classical Wiobian; however, only former /θ/ displays the voicing alternation [s~z].
 
Final geminated /ç/ is written '''sch'''.
 
====Vowels====
The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables.
 
Vowel length was not directly marked on the vowel. In Early Classical Wiobian each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Classical Wiobian when vowels before single consonants were lengthened and vowels before two consonants were shortened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Thus, ''Tumm''  'bird' and ''trum'' 'flat' are respectively pronounced in Early Classical Wiobian /tuːmː/ and /trum/, which in Late Classical Wiobian became /tumː/ and /truːm/. Glottal stop finals were also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, and final [-h] also disappeared, which is why open long vowels are written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Classical Wiobian vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /iː/
| '''ü''' /y/
| '''ü''' /yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /ø/
| '''ö''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ä''' /ɛ/
| '''ä''' /ɛː/
|
|
|
|
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| '''å''' /ɔː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: '''au aü ei ia ie io iu uo üö''', pronounced as expected.
 
====Umlaut processes====
Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
''i''-umlaut:
*a + i > ä
*e + i > i
*o + i > ö
*u + i > ü
*au + i > aü
*io + i > üö
*ia + i > ie
*iu + i > ü
{{col-break}}
''u''-umlaut:
*a(:) + u > å(:)
*e + u > ö
*i + u > ü
*io + u > üö
*iu + u > ü
{{col-break}}
''a''-umlaut:
*u + a > o
*i + a > e
{{col-end}}
 
====Stress====
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
 
===Classical Wiobian to Early Middle Wiobian===
The development of Classical Wiobian to Middle Wiobian saw tonogenesis and increasing analyticity.
====Initials====
<poem>
'''Classical Wiobian''':
Preinitials/Prefixes: C-V-(n/s)-
Initials: s-C-R-
</poem>
=====No mutation=====
<poem>
C₁[+plosive]-C₂[+obstruent]- > C₂[+obstruent]-
</poem>
 
=====With mutation=====
<poem>
V-C > C[+lenition]
N-C > C[+nasalization]
s-C[+obstruent] > C[+obstruent, -voice]
C[+obstruent, -voice]-N > N[-voice]
C[+obstruent, +voice]-N > N[+voice]
</poem>
 
====Rimes====
=====Stressed environments=====
Finals after a vowel:
*'''-b''' > [-w] + modal
*'''-f''' > [-w] + breathy
*'''-d, -g''' > + modal
*'''-þ, -ß, -h, -ch''' > [-ː] + breathy
*'''-ɟ''' > [-j] + modal
*'''-s''' > [-j] + breathy
*'''-l''' > [-w]/[-j] depending on the vowel + modal
*'''-r''' > [-ː] + modal
*'''-mp''' > [-m] + glottalized
*'''-nd''' > [-n] + glottalized
*'''-nz''' > [-ɳ] + glottalized
*'''-nk''' > [-ŋ] + glottalized
"Entering tone" finals:
*'''-p''' > [-p̚]
*'''-t''' > [-t̚]
*'''-z''' > [-c̚]
*'''-k''' > [-k̚]
 
=====Primary stress=====
<poem>
This is the part of the Great Wiobian Vowel Shift to Early Middle Wiobian:
 
/o u/ > /ʊ/
/au ɔː oː/ > /oː/
/uo/ > /uː/
/ɔ/ > /o/
/a/ > /ɔ/
/aː/ > /æː/
/ɛ/ > /æ/ > /a/
/ay/ > /œ̠ː/
/ei/ > /ɪː/
</poem>
 
=====2ndary stress=====
Not very common, analogized to primary stress due to increasing analyticity. Only occurs with some compound word components that have lost their meaning.
 
=====Post-stressed environments=====
 
===Early Middle Wiobian===
The phonological inventory of Middle Wiobian is inferred from rhyme dictionaries, poetry and transcriptions to and from other languages.
====Phonotactics====
====Initials====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Early Middle Wiobian initials'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| /m̥/
| /n̥/
| /ɲ̊/
| /ŋ̊/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| /m/
| /n/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive/Affricate
! | <small>plain</small>
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| /b/
| /d/
| /dʑ/
|
|
|-
! | <small>aspirated</small>
| /pʰ/
| /tʰ/
| /tɕʰ/
| /kʰ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| /f/
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| /v/
| /z/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| /w/
| /r/, /r̥/, /l/, /l̥/
| /j/
|
|
|}
====Nuclei====
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Early Middle Wiobian vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|
| '''ī''' /iː/
|
| '''ǖ''' /yː/
|
|
|
| '''ū''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ei''' /ɪː/
| '''ü''' /ʏ/
|
|
|
| '''o, u''' /ʊ/
| '''uo''' /ʊː/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ē''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /ø/
| '''ȫ''' /øː/
|
|
| '''å''' /o/
| '''ō''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
| '''ǟ''' /ɛː/
|
| '''aü''' /œ̠ː/
|
|
| '''a''' /ɔ/
| '''å&#772;''' /ɔː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''ā''' /æː/
|
|
| '''ä''' /a/
|
|
|
|}
 
====Coda consonants====
The allowed coda consonants are /p t c k m n ɲ ŋ l r w j/, similar to written Khmer or Mường. Plosive finals are unreleased.
 
====Initial alternations of Early Middle Wiobian====
In Middle Wiobian, derivational prefixes have become silent but can trigger four types of initial alternations or mutations. (Stressed/non-silent prefixes are bolded.) Compounding causes mutation too at times.
 
The following tables show the ''usual'' outcomes of alternating environments; they are most valid for instances of initials that come from of simpler onsets. Alternations may be blocked for reflexes of certain complex onsets.
=====Lenition=====
This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''be-'', ''þe-'', ''ger-'', '''''i-''''' when the root begins in an aspirated plosive.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /pʰ/
! /tʰ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /kʰ/
|-
! Lenited
| /v/
| /z/
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
|}
 
=====Nasalization=====
This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''en-'' and ''wen-''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /p/
! /pʰ/
! /f/
! /t/
! /tʰ/
! /s/
! /tɬ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /ɬ//
! /ʈ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /ʂ/
! /tɕ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /ɕ/
! /k/
! /kʰ/
! /w/
! /x/
! /ʔ/ < {{recon|h}}, {{recon|ʔ}}
! /ʔ/ < {{recon|q}}
|-
! Nasalized
| /b/
| /m/
| /v/
| /d/
| /n/
| /z/
| /dɮ/
| /nˡ/
| /l/
| /ɖ/
| /ɳ/
| /ʐ/
| /dʑ/
| /ɲ/
| /ʑ/
|colspan="3"| /ŋ/
| /ɣ/, /ŋ/
| /m/ or /n/
| /ŋ/
|}
 
=====Voicing=====
This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''be-'', ''ge-'', ''ger-'', '''''i-''''' when the root begins in certain fricatives.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /f/
! /s/ <þ>
! /ɫ/*
! /ʂ/*
! /ɕ/
! /x/**
|-
! Voiced
| /v/
| /z/
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
|}
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Only consistently affected by ''productive'' prefixes and compounding (e.g. unstressed prefixes are not productive).<br/>
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Has exceptions, where the word takes the last consonant of the prefix as the initial.
 
=====Devoicing=====
This mutation is triggered by the prefixes ''deß'' in words beginning with nasals, resonants or aspirated plosives.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="<!-- width:650px; --> text-align:center;"
|-
! Phoneme
! /m/
! /pʰ/
! /n/
! /tʰ/
! /nˡ/
! /tɬʰ/
! /l/
! /ɳ/
! /ʈʰ/
! /ʐ/
! /ɲ/
! /tɕʰ/
! /j/
! /ŋ/
! /kʰ/
! /w/
|-
! Devoiced
| /m̥/
| /p/
| /n̥/
| /t/
| /ɬ/
| /tɬ/
| /ɬ/
| /ɳ̊/
| /ʈ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɲ̊/
| /tɕ/
| /ɕ/
| /ŋ̊/
| /k/
| /x/
|}
 
====Rimes====
====Stress====
 
====Tones====
Every stressed syllable has tone. There are three tones in syllables ending in a vowel or resonant:
*''modal tone'', counterpart to the Chinese level tone
*''glottalized tone'', counterpart to the Chinese rising tone
*''breathy tone'', counterpart to the Chinese departing tone
 
The breathy tone is used to inflect nouns for case:
 
:''Püll'' /pʰyw/ 'column (nominative)' > ''Püll'''s''''' /pʰyjʰ/ 'column (dative)'
:''Fran'' 'mark (nominative)' /freːɐ̯n/ > ''Fran'''s''''' /freːɐ̯ʰn/ 'mark (dative)'
No tone change occurs:
 
*when a noun was originally a plural noun and thus takes the ''-ens'' ending for the dative
:''Þelort'' /loːt/ 'era, time (nominative)' > ''Þelort'''ens''''' /loːt/ 'era (dative)'
 
*when the noun already has breathy tone
:''Klisch'' /klijʰ/ 'prince (nominative)' > ''Klisch'''es''''' /klijʰ/ 'prince (dative)'
 
===Early Middle Wiobian to Late Middle Wiobian===
====Initials====
<poem>
palatal > alveolar
Cr > retroflex
Cl > lateral
TONE SPLIT
</poem>
====Vowels====
<poem>
/oː/ > /o/
/uː/ > /ʉ/
/ʊ/ > /u/
/æː/ > /ja/ > /jɔ/
/œ̠ː/ > /ɛ/
/̠ɛː/ > /jæ/ > /ja/
/eː/ > /je/
/ø/ > /ə/
/øː/ > /ø/
/yː/ > /jy/
/iː/ > /ji/
/ie ia io iu yø/ > /jə jɛ jo ju jø/
/ɪː/ > /i/
</poem>
====Coda====
<poem>
/-c/ > /-jk/
/-ɲ/ > /-jŋ/
/-l/ > /-w/ resp. /-j/ depending on [conditions]
/-r/ > /-ː/ resp. /-j/
</poem>
 
===Late Middle Wiobian===
====Initials====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Late Middle Wiobian initials'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Alveolar
! | Lateral
! | Retroflex
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| /m/
|
| /n/
| /nˡ/
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive/Affricate
! | <small>plain</small>
| /p/
| /ts/
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| /ʔ/
|-
! | <small>aspirated</small>
| /pʰ/
| /tsʰ/
| /tʰ/
| /tɬʰ/
| /ʈʂʰ/
| /tɕʰ/
| /kʰ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| /f/
| /s/
|
| /ɬ/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /χ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| /w/
|
|
| /l/
| /ʐ/
| /j/
|
|
|}
 
====Vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Late Middle Wiobian vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>iotated</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i, ei''' /ɪ/
| '''ī''' /jɪ/
| '''ü''' /ʏ/
| '''ǖ''' /jʏ/
| '''ū, uo''' /ʉ/
|
| '''o, ō, u''' /u/
| '''iu''' /ju/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ē''' /je/
| '''ȫ''' /ø/
| '''üö''' /jø/
| '''ö''' /ə/
|
| '''au, å, å&#772;, ō''' /o/
| '''io''' /jo/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''aü''' /ɛ/
| '''ǟ''' /jɛ/
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /ɔ/
| '''ia''' /jɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''ä''' /a/
| '''ā''' /ja/
|
|
|}
 
After a retroflex consonant iotated vowels lose their iotation, and /i/ resp. /y/ are realized as [ɨ] resp. [ʉ].
 
===Late Middle Wiobian to Early Great Wiobian===
====Initials====
 
====Rimes====
 
===Modern Greater Wiobian===
 
====Phonotactics====
(C)V(C)<sup>T</sup>
(C)V(C)<sup>T</sup>


Line 876: Line 125:
Compounds are left-headed and trochaic.
Compounds are left-headed and trochaic.


====Initials====
===Initials===
The following 'Wiobian pinyin' could be used to represent Modern Greater Wiobian words phonetically:
The following 'Wiobian pinyin' could be used to represent Modern Greater Wiobian words phonetically:
<poem>
<poem>
Line 1,083: Line 332:
====Rimes====
====Rimes====
A whole rime dictionary would be necessary to describe all the rimes, since the rules are so complex/irregular. Sorry
A whole rime dictionary would be necessary to describe all the rimes, since the rules are so complex/irregular. Sorry
=====Nucleus=====
====Nucleus====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Modern Standard Wiobian monophthongs'''
|+ '''Modern Standard Wiobian monophthongs'''
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Short vowels (which only occured in closed syllables) are fairly stably preserved.
Short vowels (which only occured in closed syllables) are fairly stably preserved.


=====Umlaut=====
====Umlaut====
*short ''u'' /u/ i-umlauts to short ''ü'' /y/
*short ''u'' /u/ i-umlauts to short ''ü'' /y/
*''io'' /y/? i-umlauts to ''ie'' /i/?
*''io'' /y/? i-umlauts to ''ie'' /i/?
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*short ''a'' /æ/ u-umlauts to short ''å'' /o/
*short ''a'' /æ/ u-umlauts to short ''å'' /o/


=====Coda consonants=====
====Coda consonants====
Only the following coda consonants may occur: [p t k m n ŋ j w].
Only the following coda consonants may occur: [p t k m n ŋ j w].


=====Phonotactics=====


====Tones====
====Tones====
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# high level/high falling tone (˥)
# high level/high falling tone (˥)
# mid rising tone (˧˥) < LMW high breathy  
# mid rising tone (˧˥) < LMW high breathy  
# mid level tone (˧) < LMW high glottalized,
# mid level tone (˧) < LMW high glottalized
# low falling tone < LMW low modal
# low falling tone < LMW low modal
# low rising tone (˩˧) < LMW low breathy
# low rising tone (˩˧) < LMW low breathy
IlL
138,759

edits

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