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'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is an analytic monosyllabic tonal language with 11 tones: 5 level tones and 6 contour tones. It is head-final and SVO. It is also [[Æ]]-xenic. | |||
{{PAGENAME}} is inspired by East and Southeast Asian tonal languages, Ojitlán Chinantec, Toda, and Saanich. | {{PAGENAME}} is inspired by East and Southeast Asian tonal languages, Ojitlán Chinantec, Toda, and Saanich. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The following is the phonology of Standard Kuam. | |||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
A morpheme is almost always monosyllabic. A syllable always has the structure IR<sup>T</sup>, where I = initial, R = rime, and T = tone. | A morpheme is almost always monosyllabic. A syllable always has the structure IR<sup>T</sup>, where I = initial, R = rime, and T = tone. {{SUBPAGENAME}} has 33 initials, 9 rimes, and 11 tones, making 3267 possible syllables. | ||
=== Rimes === | === Rimes === | ||
i/e/ə/ɑ/ej/əj/ɑj/iə̯/ɨə̯ | i/e/ə/ɑ/ej/əj/ɑj/iə̯/ɨə̯ | ||
'''i/e/ə/a/ey/əy/ay/ea/ua''' | '''i/e/ə/a/ey/əy/ay/ea/ua''' | ||
;Notes | |||
* /ɑ/ and /ɑj/ are phonetically [a{{ret}}] and [a{{ret}}j]. <!-- Rationale: Backing too much would cause pharyngealization, messing up tones. --> | |||
* /ɨə{{nonsyll}}/ is commonly monophthongized to [ɨ] or [ɨ{{lowered}}]. | |||
=== Initials === | === Initials === | ||
<!-- | |||
m/n̪/n/ɳ/p/t̪/t̪s̪/t/ts̠/tʃ/ʈ/ʈʂ/k/ʔ/f/θ/s̪/θ̠/s̠/ʃ/ʂ/x/h/l̪/ð̞/l/r/ɭ/ɻ/ʟ/ɰ/j/w | m/n̪/n/ɳ/p/t̪/t̪s̪/t/ts̠/tʃ/ʈ/ʈʂ/k/ʔ/f/θ/s̪/θ̠/s̠/ʃ/ʂ/x/h/l̪/ð̞/l/r/ɭ/ɻ/ʟ/ɰ/j/w | ||
'''m/nh/n/nr/p/th/tz/t/ts/tx/tr/tsr/k/0/f/zz/z/ss/s/x/sr/kh/h/lh/zh/l/r/lr/rr/lg/g/y/w''' | '''m/nh/n/nr/p/th/tz/t/ts/tx/tr/tsr/k/0/f/zz/z/ss/s/x/sr/kh/h/lh/zh/l/r/lr/rr/lg/g/y/w''' | ||
-->{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center; | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="2" |Bilabial | |||
! rowspan="2" |Linguolabial | |||
! colspan="2" |Lamino-dental | |||
! colspan="2" |Apico-alveolar | |||
! colspan="2" |Subapical | |||
! rowspan="2" |Postalveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" |Palatal | |||
! rowspan="2" |Velar | |||
! rowspan="2" |Uvular | |||
! rowspan="2" |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>nonsib.</small> | |||
! |<small>sib.</small> | |||
! |<small>nonsib.</small> | |||
! |<small>sib.</small> | |||
! |<small>nonsib.</small> | |||
! |<small>sib.</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Nasal | |||
| '''m''' /m/ | |||
| '''mʌ''' /n̼/ | |||
|colspan="2"| '''nh''' /n̪/ | |||
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/ | |||
|colspan="2"| '''nr''' /ɳ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Stop | |||
| '''p''' /p/ | |||
| '''pʌ''' /t̼/ | |||
| '''th''' /t̪/ | |||
| '''tz''' /t̪s̪/ | |||
| '''t''' /t/ | |||
| '''ts''' /ts̠/ | |||
| '''tr''' /ʈ/ | |||
| '''tsr''' /ʈʂ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''c''' /c/ | |||
| '''k''' /k/ | |||
| '''q''' /q/ | |||
| /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"|Fricative | |||
| '''f''' /ɸ/ | |||
| '''fʌ''' /θ̼/ | |||
| '''zz''' /θ/ | |||
| '''z''' /s̪/ | |||
| '''ss''' /θ̠/ | |||
| '''s''' /s̠/ | |||
| | |||
| '''sr''' /ʂ/ | |||
| '''x''' /ʃ/ | |||
| '''ch''' /ç/ | |||
| '''kh''' /x/ | |||
| '''qh''' /χ/ | |||
| '''h''' /h/ | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Resonant | |||
!|<small>central</small> | |||
| '''w''' /w/ | |||
| '''ʌ''' /ð̼/ | |||
|colspan="2"|'''zh''' /ð̞/ | |||
|colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/ | |||
|colspan="2"|'''rr''' /ɻ/ | |||
| | |||
|'''y''' /j/ | |||
|'''g''' /ɰ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!|<small>lateral</small> | |||
| | |||
|'''lʌ''' /l̼/ | |||
|colspan="2"|'''lh''' /l̪/ | |||
|colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/ | |||
|colspan="2"|'''lr''' /ɭ/ | |||
| | |||
|'''ly''' /ʎ/ | |||
|'''lg''' /ʟ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== Tones === | === Tones === | ||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! Rom. | ||
! | ! IPA | ||
! English name | |||
! Example | |||
! Description | |||
|- | |||
| '''ā̄''' | |||
| /˥/ (55) | |||
| top | |||
| ''kā̄'' /kɑ˥/ 'short' | |||
| Often marked by stiff voice. | |||
|- | |||
| '''ā''' | |||
| /˦/ (44) | |||
| high | |||
| ''kā'' /kɑ˦/ 'coat' | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''a''' | |||
| | | /˧/ (33) | ||
| | | mid | ||
| | | ''ka'' /kɑ˧/ 'to take' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! B (glottal stop coda) (1/ | | '''a̱''' | ||
| /˨/ (22) | |||
| low | |||
| ''ka̱'' /kɑ˨/ 'to breathe' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''a̱̱''' | |||
| /˩/ (11) | |||
| bottom | |||
| ''ka̱̱'' /kɑ˩/ 'to burn (intrans.)' | |||
| Often marked by vocal fry. | |||
|- | |||
| '''a̗''' | |||
| /˩˥/ (15) | |||
| bottom-rise | |||
| ''ka̗'' /kɑ˩˥/ 'roof' | |||
| Often begins with vocal fry. May be realized as [˩˦] (14), or even [˨˦] (24) in rapid speech. | |||
|- | |||
| '''á''' | |||
| /˧˥/ (35) | |||
| mid-rise | |||
| ''ká'' /kɑ˧˥/ 'fencepost' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''à''' | |||
| /˥˩/ (51) | |||
| top-fall | |||
| ''kà'' /kɑ˥˩/ 'crow, raven; (ideophone) caw' | |||
| May be realized as [˥˧] (53). | |||
|- | |||
| '''a̖''' | |||
| /˧˩/ (31) | |||
| mid-fall | |||
| ''ka̖'' /kɑ˧˩/ 'finger' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| '''a̬''' | |||
| /˨˩˨/ (212) | |||
| dip | |||
| ''ka̬'' /kɑ˨˩˨/ 'oil, fat, grease' | |||
| Often realized as [˩˨] (12) in rapid speech. | |||
|- | |||
| '''â''' | |||
| /˧˦˧/ (343) | |||
| peak | |||
| ''kâ'' /kɑ˧˦˧/ 'to imprint, to stamp' | |||
| May be [˨˧˨] (232). Often realized as [˦˩] (41) or [˦˨] (42) in rapid speech. | |||
|} | |||
==== Tone box ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
!A (null or resonant coda) (2/5) | |||
!B (glottal stop coda) (1/5) | |||
!C (fricative coda) (1/5) | |||
!D (voiceless stop coda) (1/5) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Modal initial (3/8) | ||
| | |33 (a) | ||
| | |212 (a̬) | ||
| | |22 (a̱) | ||
|35 (á) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Breathy initial (3/8) | ||
| | |31 (a̖) | ||
| | |15 (a̗) | ||
| | |343 (â) | ||
|15 (a̗) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Creaky initial (2/8) | ||
| | |51 (à) | ||
| | |44 (ā) | ||
| | |11 (a̱̱) | ||
|55 (ā̄) | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 76: | Line 217: | ||
C: m/nh/n/nr/p/th/tz/t/ts/tx/tr/tsr/k//f/zz/z/ss/s/x/sr/kh/h/lh/zh/l/r/lr/rr/lg/g/y/w | C: m/nh/n/nr/p/th/tz/t/ts/tx/tr/tsr/k//f/zz/z/ss/s/x/sr/kh/h/lh/zh/l/r/lr/rr/lg/g/y/w | ||
R: | R: ā̄/ā/a/a̱/a̱̱/a̗/á/à/a̖/a̬/â/ā̄y/āy/ay/a̱y/a̱̱y/a̗y/áy/ày/a̖y/a̬y/ây/ē̄/ē/e/e̱/e̱̱/e̗/é/è/e̖/e̬/ê/ē̄y/ēy/ey/e̱y/e̱̱y/e̗y/éy/èy/e̖y/e̬y/êy/ē̄a/ēa/ea/e̱a/e̱̱a/e̗a/éa/èa/e̖a/e̬a/êa/ī̄/ī/i/i̱/i̱̱/i̗/í/ì/i̖/i̬/î/ə̄̄/ə̄/ə/ə̱/ə̱̱/ə̖/ə́/ə̀/ə̗/ə̬/ə̂/ə̄̄y/ə̄y/əy/ə̱y/ə̱̱y/ə̖y/ə́y/ə̀y/ə̗y/ə̬y/ə̂y/ū̄a/ūa/ua/u̱a/u̱̱a/u̖a/úa/ùa/u̗a/u̬a/ûa | ||
== Dialects == | |||
== | == Orthography == | ||
Kuam is written in the Kuam script and uses a very deep orthography, like Tibetan. | |||
[[Category:Angai]] | |||
Revision as of 16:29, 29 November 2024
Kuam is an analytic monosyllabic tonal language with 11 tones: 5 level tones and 6 contour tones. It is head-final and SVO. It is also Æ-xenic.
Kuam is inspired by East and Southeast Asian tonal languages, Ojitlán Chinantec, Toda, and Saanich.
Phonology
The following is the phonology of Standard Kuam.
Phonotactics
A morpheme is almost always monosyllabic. A syllable always has the structure IRT, where I = initial, R = rime, and T = tone. Kuam has 33 initials, 9 rimes, and 11 tones, making 3267 possible syllables.
Rimes
i/e/ə/ɑ/ej/əj/ɑj/iə̯/ɨə̯
i/e/ə/a/ey/əy/ay/ea/ua
- Notes
- /ɑ/ and /ɑj/ are phonetically [a̠] and [a̠j].
- /ɨə̯/ is commonly monophthongized to [ɨ] or [ɨ̞].
Initials
| Bilabial | Linguolabial | Lamino-dental | Apico-alveolar | Subapical | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nonsib. | sib. | nonsib. | sib. | nonsib. | sib. | |||||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | mʌ /n̼/ | nh /n̪/ | n /n/ | nr /ɳ/ | |||||||||
| Stop | p /p/ | pʌ /t̼/ | th /t̪/ | tz /t̪s̪/ | t /t/ | ts /ts̠/ | tr /ʈ/ | tsr /ʈʂ/ | c /c/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | /ʔ/ | ||
| Fricative | f /ɸ/ | fʌ /θ̼/ | zz /θ/ | z /s̪/ | ss /θ̠/ | s /s̠/ | sr /ʂ/ | x /ʃ/ | ch /ç/ | kh /x/ | qh /χ/ | h /h/ | ||
| Resonant | central | w /w/ | ʌ /ð̼/ | zh /ð̞/ | r /ɾ/ | rr /ɻ/ | y /j/ | g /ɰ/ | ||||||
| lateral | lʌ /l̼/ | lh /l̪/ | l /l/ | lr /ɭ/ | ly /ʎ/ | lg /ʟ/ | ||||||||
Tones
| Rom. | IPA | English name | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ā̄ | /˥/ (55) | top | kā̄ /kɑ˥/ 'short' | Often marked by stiff voice. |
| ā | /˦/ (44) | high | kā /kɑ˦/ 'coat' | |
| a | /˧/ (33) | mid | ka /kɑ˧/ 'to take' | |
| a̱ | /˨/ (22) | low | ka̱ /kɑ˨/ 'to breathe' | |
| a̱̱ | /˩/ (11) | bottom | ka̱̱ /kɑ˩/ 'to burn (intrans.)' | Often marked by vocal fry. |
| a̗ | /˩˥/ (15) | bottom-rise | ka̗ /kɑ˩˥/ 'roof' | Often begins with vocal fry. May be realized as [˩˦] (14), or even [˨˦] (24) in rapid speech. |
| á | /˧˥/ (35) | mid-rise | ká /kɑ˧˥/ 'fencepost' | |
| à | /˥˩/ (51) | top-fall | kà /kɑ˥˩/ 'crow, raven; (ideophone) caw' | May be realized as [˥˧] (53). |
| a̖ | /˧˩/ (31) | mid-fall | ka̖ /kɑ˧˩/ 'finger' | |
| a̬ | /˨˩˨/ (212) | dip | ka̬ /kɑ˨˩˨/ 'oil, fat, grease' | Often realized as [˩˨] (12) in rapid speech. |
| â | /˧˦˧/ (343) | peak | kâ /kɑ˧˦˧/ 'to imprint, to stamp' | May be [˨˧˨] (232). Often realized as [˦˩] (41) or [˦˨] (42) in rapid speech. |
Tone box
| A (null or resonant coda) (2/5) | B (glottal stop coda) (1/5) | C (fricative coda) (1/5) | D (voiceless stop coda) (1/5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modal initial (3/8) | 33 (a) | 212 (a̬) | 22 (a̱) | 35 (á) |
| Breathy initial (3/8) | 31 (a̖) | 15 (a̗) | 343 (â) | 15 (a̗) |
| Creaky initial (2/8) | 51 (à) | 44 (ā) | 11 (a̱̱) | 55 (ā̄) |
Awkwords input
C: m/nh/n/nr/p/th/tz/t/ts/tx/tr/tsr/k//f/zz/z/ss/s/x/sr/kh/h/lh/zh/l/r/lr/rr/lg/g/y/w
R: ā̄/ā/a/a̱/a̱̱/a̗/á/à/a̖/a̬/â/ā̄y/āy/ay/a̱y/a̱̱y/a̗y/áy/ày/a̖y/a̬y/ây/ē̄/ē/e/e̱/e̱̱/e̗/é/è/e̖/e̬/ê/ē̄y/ēy/ey/e̱y/e̱̱y/e̗y/éy/èy/e̖y/e̬y/êy/ē̄a/ēa/ea/e̱a/e̱̱a/e̗a/éa/èa/e̖a/e̬a/êa/ī̄/ī/i/i̱/i̱̱/i̗/í/ì/i̖/i̬/î/ə̄̄/ə̄/ə/ə̱/ə̱̱/ə̖/ə́/ə̀/ə̗/ə̬/ə̂/ə̄̄y/ə̄y/əy/ə̱y/ə̱̱y/ə̖y/ə́y/ə̀y/ə̗y/ə̬y/ə̂y/ū̄a/ūa/ua/u̱a/u̱̱a/u̖a/úa/ùa/u̗a/u̬a/ûa
Dialects
Orthography
Kuam is written in the Kuam script and uses a very deep orthography, like Tibetan.