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'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is an analytic monosyllabic tonal language with 11 tones: 5 level tones and 6 contour tones. It is head-final and SVO. It is also [[Æ]]-xenic.


{{PAGENAME}} is inspired by East and Southeast Asian tonal languages, Ojitlán Chinantec, Toda, and Saanich.
==Phonology==
The following is the phonology of Standard Kuam.
=== Phonotactics ===
A morpheme is almost always monosyllabic. A syllable always has the structure IR<sup>T</sup>, where I = initial, R = rime, and T = tone. {{SUBPAGENAME}} has 33 initials, 9 rimes, and 11 tones, making 3267 possible syllables.
=== Rimes ===
i/e/ə/ɑ/ej/əj/ɑj/iə̯/ɨə̯
'''i/e/ə/a/ey/əy/ay/ea/ua'''
;Notes
* /ɑ/ and /ɑj/ are phonetically [a{{ret}}] and [a{{ret}}j]. <!-- Rationale: Backing too much would cause pharyngealization, messing up tones. -->
* /ɨə{{nonsyll}}/ is commonly monophthongized to [ɨ] or [ɨ{{lowered}}].
=== Initials ===
<!--
m/n̪/n/ɳ/p/t̪/t̪s̪/t/ts̠/tʃ/ʈ/ʈʂ/k/ʔ/f/θ/s̪/θ̠/s̠/ʃ/ʂ/x/h/l̪/ð̞/l/r/ɭ/ɻ/ʟ/ɰ/j/w
'''m/nh/n/nr/p/th/tz/t/ts/tx/tr/tsr/k/0/f/zz/z/ss/s/x/sr/kh/h/lh/zh/l/r/lr/rr/lg/g/y/w'''
-->{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Bilabial
! rowspan="2" |Linguolabial
! colspan="2" |Lamino-dental
! colspan="2" |Apico-alveolar
! colspan="2" |Subapical
! rowspan="2" |Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>nonsib.</small>
! |<small>sib.</small>
! |<small>nonsib.</small>
! |<small>sib.</small>
! |<small>nonsib.</small>
! |<small>sib.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''mʌ''' /n̼/
|colspan="2"| '''nh''' /n̪/
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
|colspan="2"| '''nr''' /ɳ/
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Stop
| '''p''' /p/
| '''pʌ''' /t̼/
| '''th''' /t̪/
| '''tz''' /t&#810;s&#810;/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''ts''' /ts&#800;/
| '''tr''' /ʈ/
| '''tsr''' /ʈʂ/
|
| '''c''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
| /ʔ/
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricative
| '''f''' /ɸ/
| '''fʌ''' /θ̼/
| '''zz''' /θ/
| '''z''' /s&#810;/
| '''ss''' /θ&#800;/
| '''s''' /s&#800;/
|
| '''sr''' /ʂ/
| '''x''' /ʃ/
| '''ch''' /ç/
| '''kh''' /x/
| '''qh''' /χ/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
!rowspan="2"|Resonant
!|<small>central</small>
| '''w''' /w/
| '''ʌ''' /ð̼/
|colspan="2"|'''zh''' /ð&#798;/
|colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/
|colspan="2"|'''rr''' /ɻ/
|
|'''y''' /j/
|'''g''' /ɰ/
|
|
|-
!|<small>lateral</small>
|
|'''lʌ''' /l̼/
|colspan="2"|'''lh''' /l&#810;/
|colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
|colspan="2"|'''lr''' /ɭ/
|
|'''ly''' /ʎ/
|'''lg''' /ʟ/
|
|
|}
=== Tones ===
{|class="wikitable"
! Rom.
! IPA
! English name
! Example
! Description
|-
| '''ā̄'''
| /˥/ (55)
| top
| ''kā̄'' /kɑ˥/ 'short'
| Often marked by stiff voice.
|-
| '''ā'''
| /˦/ (44)
| high
| ''kā'' /kɑ˦/ 'coat'
|
|-
| '''a'''
| /˧/ (33)
| mid
| ''ka'' /kɑ˧/ 'to take'
|
|-
| '''a̱'''
| /˨/ (22)
| low
| ''ka̱'' /kɑ˨/ 'to breathe'
|
|-
| '''a̱̱'''
| /˩/ (11)
| bottom
| ''ka̱̱'' /kɑ˩/ 'to burn (intrans.)'
| Often marked by vocal fry.
|-
| '''a̗'''
| /˩˥/ (15)
| bottom-rise
| ''ka̗'' /kɑ˩˥/ 'roof'
| Often begins with vocal fry. May be realized as [˩˦] (14), or even [˨˦] (24) in rapid speech.
|-
| '''á'''
| /˧˥/ (35)
| mid-rise
| ''ká'' /kɑ˧˥/ 'fencepost'
|
|-
| '''à'''
| /˥˩/ (51)
| top-fall
| ''kà'' /kɑ˥˩/ 'crow, raven; (ideophone) caw'
| May be realized as [˥˧] (53).
|-
| '''a̖'''
| /˧˩/ (31)
| mid-fall
| ''ka̖'' /kɑ˧˩/ 'finger'
|
|-
| '''a̬'''
| /˨˩˨/ (212)
| dip
| ''ka̬'' /kɑ˨˩˨/ 'oil, fat, grease'
|  Often realized as [˩˨] (12) in rapid speech.
|-
| '''â'''
| /˧˦˧/ (343)
| peak
| ''kâ'' /kɑ˧˦˧/ 'to imprint, to stamp'
| May be [˨˧˨] (232). Often realized as [˦˩] (41) or [˦˨] (42) in rapid speech.
|}
==== Tone box ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!A (null or resonant coda) (2/5)
!B (glottal stop coda) (1/5)
!C (fricative coda) (1/5)
!D (voiceless stop coda) (1/5)
|-
!Modal initial (3/8)
|33 (a)
|212 (a̬)
|22 (a̱)
|35 (á)
|-
!Breathy initial (3/8)
|31 (a̖)
|15 (a̗)
|343 (â)
|15 (a̗)
|-
!Creaky initial (2/8)
|51 (à)
|44 (ā)
|11 (a̱̱)
|55 (ā̄)
|}
===Awkwords input===
C: m/nh/n/nr/p/th/tz/t/ts/tx/tr/tsr/k//f/zz/z/ss/s/x/sr/kh/h/lh/zh/l/r/lr/rr/lg/g/y/w
R: ā̄/ā/a/a&#817;/a&#817;&#817;/a&#791;/á/à/a&#790;/a̬/â/ā̄y/āy/ay/a&#817;y/a&#817;&#817;y/a&#791;y/áy/ày/a&#790;y/a̬y/ây/ē̄/ē/e/e̱/e&#817;&#817;/e̗/é/è/e̖/e̬/ê/ē̄y/ēy/ey/e̱y/e&#817;&#817;y/e̗y/éy/èy/e̖y/e̬y/êy/ē̄a/ēa/ea/e̱a/e&#817;&#817;a/e̗a/éa/èa/e̖a/e̬a/êa/ī̄/ī/i/i̱/i&#817;&#817;/i̗/í/ì/i̖/i̬/î/ə̄̄/ə&#772;/ə/ə&#817;/ə&#817;&#817;/ə&#790;/ə&#769;/ə&#768;/ə&#791;/ə&#812;/ə&#770;/ə̄̄y/ə&#772;y/əy/ə&#817;y/ə&#817;&#817;y/ə&#790;y/ə&#769;y/ə&#768;y/ə&#791;y/ə&#812;y/ə&#770;y/ū̄a/u&#772;a/ua/u&#817;a/u&#817;&#817;a/u&#790;a/u&#769;a/u&#768;a/u&#791;a/u&#812;a/u&#770;a
== Dialects ==
== Orthography ==
Kuam is written in the Kuam script and uses a very deep orthography, like Tibetan.
[[Category:Angai]]

Latest revision as of 16:29, 29 November 2024

Pages with the prefix 'Kuam' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:

Kuam is an analytic monosyllabic tonal language with 11 tones: 5 level tones and 6 contour tones. It is head-final and SVO. It is also Æ-xenic.

Kuam is inspired by East and Southeast Asian tonal languages, Ojitlán Chinantec, Toda, and Saanich.

Phonology

The following is the phonology of Standard Kuam.

Phonotactics

A morpheme is almost always monosyllabic. A syllable always has the structure IRT, where I = initial, R = rime, and T = tone. Kuam has 33 initials, 9 rimes, and 11 tones, making 3267 possible syllables.

Rimes

i/e/ə/ɑ/ej/əj/ɑj/iə̯/ɨə̯

i/e/ə/a/ey/əy/ay/ea/ua

Notes
  • /ɑ/ and /ɑj/ are phonetically [a̠] and [a̠j].
  • /ɨə̯/ is commonly monophthongized to [ɨ] or [ɨ̞].

Initials

Bilabial Linguolabial Lamino-dental Apico-alveolar Subapical Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
nonsib. sib. nonsib. sib. nonsib. sib.
Nasal m /m/ mʌ /n̼/ nh /n̪/ n /n/ nr /ɳ/
Stop p /p/ pʌ /t̼/ th /t̪/ tz /t̪s̪/ t /t/ ts /ts̠/ tr /ʈ/ tsr /ʈʂ/ c /c/ k /k/ q /q/ /ʔ/
Fricative f /ɸ/ fʌ /θ̼/ zz /θ/ z /s̪/ ss /θ̠/ s /s̠/ sr /ʂ/ x /ʃ/ ch /ç/ kh /x/ qh /χ/ h /h/
Resonant central w /w/ ʌ /ð̼/ zh /ð̞/ r /ɾ/ rr /ɻ/ y /j/ g /ɰ/
lateral lʌ /l̼/ lh /l̪/ l /l/ lr /ɭ/ ly /ʎ/ lg /ʟ/

Tones

Rom. IPA English name Example Description
ā̄ /˥/ (55) top kā̄ /kɑ˥/ 'short' Often marked by stiff voice.
ā /˦/ (44) high kā /kɑ˦/ 'coat'
a /˧/ (33) mid ka /kɑ˧/ 'to take'
a̱ /˨/ (22) low ka̱ /kɑ˨/ 'to breathe'
a̱̱ /˩/ (11) bottom ka̱̱ /kɑ˩/ 'to burn (intrans.)' Often marked by vocal fry.
a̗ /˩˥/ (15) bottom-rise ka̗ /kɑ˩˥/ 'roof' Often begins with vocal fry. May be realized as [˩˦] (14), or even [˨˦] (24) in rapid speech.
á /˧˥/ (35) mid-rise ká /kɑ˧˥/ 'fencepost'
à /˥˩/ (51) top-fall kà /kɑ˥˩/ 'crow, raven; (ideophone) caw' May be realized as [˥˧] (53).
a̖ /˧˩/ (31) mid-fall ka̖ /kɑ˧˩/ 'finger'
a̬ /˨˩˨/ (212) dip ka̬ /kɑ˨˩˨/ 'oil, fat, grease' Often realized as [˩˨] (12) in rapid speech.
â /˧˦˧/ (343) peak kâ /kɑ˧˦˧/ 'to imprint, to stamp' May be [˨˧˨] (232). Often realized as [˦˩] (41) or [˦˨] (42) in rapid speech.

Tone box

A (null or resonant coda) (2/5) B (glottal stop coda) (1/5) C (fricative coda) (1/5) D (voiceless stop coda) (1/5)
Modal initial (3/8) 33 (a) 212 (a̬) 22 (a̱) 35 (á)
Breathy initial (3/8) 31 (a̖) 15 (a̗) 343 (â) 15 (a̗)
Creaky initial (2/8) 51 (à) 44 (ā) 11 (a̱̱) 55 (ā̄)

Awkwords input

C: m/nh/n/nr/p/th/tz/t/ts/tx/tr/tsr/k//f/zz/z/ss/s/x/sr/kh/h/lh/zh/l/r/lr/rr/lg/g/y/w

R: ā̄/ā/a/a̱/a̱̱/a̗/á/à/a̖/a̬/â/ā̄y/āy/ay/a̱y/a̱̱y/a̗y/áy/ày/a̖y/a̬y/ây/ē̄/ē/e/e̱/e̱̱/e̗/é/è/e̖/e̬/ê/ē̄y/ēy/ey/e̱y/e̱̱y/e̗y/éy/èy/e̖y/e̬y/êy/ē̄a/ēa/ea/e̱a/e̱̱a/e̗a/éa/èa/e̖a/e̬a/êa/ī̄/ī/i/i̱/i̱̱/i̗/í/ì/i̖/i̬/î/ə̄̄/ə̄/ə/ə̱/ə̱̱/ə̖/ə́/ə̀/ə̗/ə̬/ə̂/ə̄̄y/ə̄y/əy/ə̱y/ə̱̱y/ə̖y/ə́y/ə̀y/ə̗y/ə̬y/ə̂y/ū̄a/ūa/ua/u̱a/u̱̱a/u̖a/úa/ùa/u̗a/u̬a/ûa

Dialects

Orthography

Kuam is written in the Kuam script and uses a very deep orthography, like Tibetan.

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