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North-East Antarctican: Difference between revisions
TAM
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Similarly, nouns / adjectives (they are not distinguished in the grammar) can become verbs meaning "to make X" by shifting the stress to the right e.g. /ˈkə̰dːəmə/ [ˈkə̰dːəmə] - "child" becomes /kəˈdə̰mːə/ [kəˈdə̰mːə̰] - "to have a child", and /ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa/ [ˈkɑ̤ɫːɑ̤ʔudʷuʔa] - "warm" becomes /kaɫaˈʔɨdːʷɨʔa/ [ˈkɑɫɑˈʔṳdːʷṳʔa] - "to make warm". | Similarly, nouns / adjectives (they are not distinguished in the grammar) can become verbs meaning "to make X" by shifting the stress to the right e.g. /ˈkə̰dːəmə/ [ˈkə̰dːəmə] - "child" becomes /kəˈdə̰mːə/ [kəˈdə̰mːə̰] - "to have a child", and /ˈka̤ɫːaʔɨdʷɨʔa/ [ˈkɑ̤ɫːɑ̤ʔudʷuʔa] - "warm" becomes /kaɫaˈʔɨdːʷɨʔa/ [ˈkɑɫɑˈʔṳdːʷṳʔa] - "to make warm". | ||
There are also many irregular verbalisations e.g. /ˈkʷa̰jːa/ [ˈkʷœ̰jːæ̰] - "fire" becomes / | There are also many irregular verbalisations e.g. /ˈkʷa̰jːa/ [ˈkʷœ̰jːæ̰] - "fire" becomes /kʷaˈja̤/ [kʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn", and /maˈhɨ̤ɻːɨ/ [maˈhɤ̤ɻːɤ̤] - "goop / mush" becomes /mʲɨˈɾʲɨ̰/ [mʲiˈɾʲḭː] - "to mash up". | ||
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Dogs' bones (that they eat / play with / bury etc.) | Dogs' bones (that they eat / play with / bury etc.) | ||
==Verb Morphology== | |||
Unlike nouns, verbs have a complex morphology. The verb template is: [Relativiser] [TAM Prefix] [Voice / Transitivity / Hierarchical Prefix] Stem [TAM Suffix]. Affixes have different allomorphs depending on whether the stressed syllable of the root has breathy or tense voice. Additionally, if a prefix is followed by a glottal consonant, then that consonant is deleted and replaced with another consonant that is determined by the prefix (like demonstrative clitics). | |||
===Tense / Aspect / Mood=== | |||
TAM can be marked by prefixes, suffixes or circumfixes. | |||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telicity Telicity] is very important in the TAM system. Except for future, negative and conditional forms, verbs are marked for telic vs. atelic aspect. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! TAM !! Breathy Phonation !! Tense Phonation !! Breathy Phonation + Initial Glottal Cons. !! Tense Phonation + Initial Glottal Cons. | |||
|- | |||
| Present Atelic || ja- || ja- || jah- || jah- | |||
|- | |||
| Present Telic || gʷɨʔə- || gʷɨʔa- || bɨʔəʁ- || bɨʔaʁ- | |||
|- | |||
| Future || ɥɨha- || jə- || ɥɨʔah- || jəh- | |||
|- | |||
| Nonpast Conditional || ŋa- || ŋa- || ŋah- || ŋah- | |||
|- | |||
| Past Atelic || -ta || -ta || -ta || -ta | |||
|- | |||
| Past Telic || gʷɨʔə- -ta || gʷɨʔa- -ta || bɨʔəʁ- -ta || bɨʔaʁ- -ta | |||
|- | |||
| Past Conditional || ŋa- -ta || ŋa- -ta || ŋah- -ta || ŋah- -ta | |||
|- | |||
| Nonfuture Atelic Benefactive || -kɨ || -kɨ || -kɨ || -kɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Nonfuture Telic Benefactive || gʷɨʔə- -kɨ || gʷɨʔa- -kɨ || bɨʔəʁ- -kɨ || bɨʔaʁ- -kɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Future Benefactive || ɥɨha- -kɨ || jə- -kɨ || ɥɨʔah- -kɨ || jəh- -kɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional Benefactive || ŋa- -kɨ || ŋa- -kɨ || ŋah- -kɨ || ŋah- -kɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Nonfuture Atelic Applicative || -ŋɨ || -ŋɨ || -ŋɨ || -ŋɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Nonfuture Telic Applicative || gʷɨʔə- -ŋɨ || gʷɨʔa- -ŋɨ || bɨʔəʁ- -ŋɨ || bɨʔaʁ- -ŋɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Future Applicative || ɥɨha- -ŋɨ || jə- -ŋɨ || ɥɨʔah- -ŋɨ || jəh- -ŋɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional Applicative || ŋa- -ŋɨ || ŋa- -ŋɨ || ŋah- -ŋɨ || ŋah- -ŋɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Nonpast Negative || na- || na- || nat- || nat- | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional Negative || ŋa- -nakata || ŋa- -nakata || ŋah- -nakata || ŋah- -nakata | |||
|- | |||
| Past Negative || -nakata || -nakata || -nakata || -nakata | |||
|- | |||
| Atelic Nonfuture Irrealis || ja- -ʈa || ja- -ʈa || jah- -ʈa || jah- -ʈa | |||
|- | |||
| Telic Nonfuture Irrealis || gʷɨʔə- -ʈa || gʷɨʔa- -ʈa || bɨʔəʁ- -ʈa || bɨʔaʁ- -ʈa | |||
|- | |||
| Future Irrealis || ɥɨha- -ʈa || jə- -ʈa || ɥɨʔah- -ʈa || jəh- -ʈa | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional Irrealis || ŋa- -ʈa || ŋa- -ʈa || ŋah- -ʈa || ŋah- -ʈa | |||
|- | |||
| Atelic Nonfuture Optative || -tɨ || -tɨ || -tɨ || -tɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Telic Nonfuture Optative || gʷɨʔə- -tɨ || gʷɨʔa- -tɨ || bɨʔəʁ- -tɨ || bɨʔaʁ- -tɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Future Optative || ɥɨha- -tɨ || jə- -tɨ || ɥɨʔah- -tɨ || jəh- -tɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional Optative || ŋa- -tɨ || ŋa- -tɨ || ŋah- -tɨ || ŋah- -tɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Negative Optative || na- -tɨ || na- -tɨ || nat- -tɨ || nat- -tɨ | |||
|- | |||
| Gerund || -ʈa || -ʈa || -ʈa || -ʈa | |||
|} | |||
The benefactive form is used for actions that are done for the benefit of the speaker. For example, the root /wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤/ [wudukʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn dried wood" can take the nonfuture telic benefective to become /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-kɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ːkɨ] - "burnt up the dried wood for me". | |||
The irrealis forms are used for events that the speaker considers hypothetical, or at least unlikely e.g. the telic nonfuture irrealis /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-ʈa/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjɐ̤ːʈɑ] - "would have burnt up the dried wood". | |||
The optative is used to express commands and hopes e.g. /bɨʔə-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [bɨʔowudukʷœˈjæ̤ː-tɨ] - "hopefully burnt up the dried wood". | |||
The future optative is used for things that need to be done sometime in the future, as opposed to now e.g. /ɥɨʔa-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [ɥyʔawudukʷœˈjæ̤ːtɨ] - "should burn the dried wood" (but not now, sometime in the future, perhaps when winter comes). | |||
The conditional optative is a conditional form that is used for things that are / were supposed to have been done (e.g. as a duty). For example /ŋa-wɨdɨkʷaˈja̤-tɨ/ [ŋawudukʷœˈjæ̤ːtɨ] - "if ... had burned the dried wood" (which ... was supposed to do). | |||