640
edits
(→Consonants: Changed a restriction on the distribution of the palatalised labial approximant, which I realised was inconsistent with some of the morphophonology) |
m (Fixed issue in rendering IPA) |
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! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
|'''i''' /i/ | |'''i''' /i/ | ||
|'''ue''' / | |'''ue''' /ɨ/ | ||
|'''u''' /u/ | |'''u''' /u/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close-mid | ! style="" |Close-mid | ||
|'''ie''' /e/ | |'''ie''' /e/ | ||
|'''e''' / | |'''e''' /ɘ/ | ||
| '''uo''' /o/ | | '''uo''' /o/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open-mid | ! style="" |Open-mid | ||
| '''ae''' / | | '''ae''' /ɛ/ | ||
|'''oe''' / | |'''oe''' /ɜ/ | ||
|'''o''' / | |'''o''' /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
|'''a''' /a/ | |'''a''' /a/ | ||
| | | | ||
| '''ao''' / | | '''ao''' /ɒ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
And there are 17 diphthongs. 8 of | And there are 17 diphthongs. 8 of these end in [j], and another 9 end in [w]: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
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! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| | | | ||
|'''uey''' / | |'''uey''' /ɨj/ | ||
|'''uy''' /uj/ | |'''uy''' /uj/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close-mid | ! style="" |Close-mid | ||
|'''iey''' /ej/ | |'''iey''' /ej/ | ||
|'''ey''' / | |'''ey''' /ɘj/ | ||
| '''uoy''' /oj/ | | '''uoy''' /oj/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open-mid | ! style="" |Open-mid | ||
| '''aey''' / | | '''aey''' /ɛj/ | ||
|'''oey''' / | |'''oey''' /ɜj/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| | | | ||
|'''uew''' / | |'''uew''' /ɨw/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close-mid | ! style="" |Close-mid | ||
|'''iew''' /ew/ | |'''iew''' /ew/ | ||
|'''ew''' / | |'''ew''' /ɘw/ | ||
| '''uow''' /ow/ | | '''uow''' /ow/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open-mid | ! style="" |Open-mid | ||
| '''aew''' / | | '''aew''' /&#ɛw/ | ||
|'''oew''' / | |'''oew''' /ɜw/ | ||
|'''ow''' / | |'''ow''' /ɔw/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
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====Vowel phonation==== | ====Vowel phonation==== | ||
Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /a | Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g. | ||
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | *kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | ||
*kúow /kou | *kúow /kouʔ/ - bigot, absolutive | ||
Tense voice cannot occur on | Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. | ||
====Vowel length==== | ====Vowel length==== | ||
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As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g. | As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g. | ||
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | |||
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | |||
kuuow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive | |||
====Phonation restrictions==== | ====Phonation restrictions==== | ||
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, / | However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed below: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;" | ||
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''i''' /i/ | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''i''' /i/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ue''' / | | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ue''' /ɨ/ from /i/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''u''' /u/ | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''u''' /u/ | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' /ɨɦ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ù''' /u | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ù''' /uɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid | ! rowspan="3"|Close-mid | ||
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ie''' /e/ | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ie''' /e/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''e''' / | | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''e''' /ɘ/ from /e/ | ||
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''uo''' /o/ from /u/ | | style="background-color: pink;"| '''uo''' /o/ from /u/ | ||
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! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''íe''' /e | | style="background-color: orange;"|'''íe''' /eʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''é''' / | | style="background-color: orange;"|'''é''' /ɘʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: orange;"| '''úo''' /o | | style="background-color: orange;"| '''úo''' /oʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''è''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''è''' /ɘɦ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ùo''' /o | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ùo''' /oɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid | ! rowspan="3"|Open-mid | ||
! style="" |Modal | ! style="" |Modal | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''ae''' / | | style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''ae''' /ɛ/ from /a/ | ||
| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''o''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''o''' /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' /ɛʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''óe''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''óe''' /ɜʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''ó''' / | | style="background-color: orange;"|'''ó''' /ɔʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òe''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òe''' /ɜɦ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''ao''' / | | style="background-color: pink;"| '''ao''' /ɒ/ from /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''á''' /a | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''á''' /aʔ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g. | Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g. | ||
*kúowntátu /kou | *kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive | ||
*kúokúowntátu /ko | *kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive | ||
When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /ei | When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc. | ||
Vowels marked with an asterisk do not contrast for length. | Vowels marked with an asterisk do not contrast for length. | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùey''' /ɨiɦ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùy''' /ui | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùy''' /uiɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid | ! rowspan="3"|Close-mid | ||
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iey''' /ei/ | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iey''' /ei/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ey''' / | | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ey''' /ɘi/ | ||
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''uoy''' /oi/ | | style="background-color: pink;"| '''uoy''' /oi/ | ||
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! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''íey''' /ei | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''íey''' /eiʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''éy''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''éy''' /ɘiʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úoy''' /oi | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úoy''' /oiʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èy''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èy''' /ɘiɦ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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! style="" |Modal | ! style="" |Modal | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aey''' / | | style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aey''' /ɛi/ | ||
| | | | ||
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! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áey''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áey''' /ɛiʔ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òey''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òey''' /ɜiɦ/ | ||
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! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áy''' /ai | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áy''' /aiʔ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùew''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùew''' /ɨuɦ/ | ||
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iew''' /ew/ | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iew''' /ew/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ew''' / | | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ew''' /ɘu/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''uow''' /ou/ | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''uow''' /ou/ | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úow''' /ou | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úow''' /ouʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èw''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èw''' /ɘuɦ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùow '''/ou | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùow '''/ouɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid | ! rowspan="3"|Open-mid | ||
! style="" |Modal | ! style="" |Modal | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aew''' / | | style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aew''' /ɛu/ | ||
| | | | ||
| style="background-color: pink;"|'''ow''' / | | style="background-color: pink;"|'''ow''' /ɔu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áew''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áew''' /ɛuʔ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ów''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ów''' /ɔuʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òew''' / | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òew''' /ɜuɦ/ | ||
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! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áw''' /au | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áw''' /auʔ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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|'''m''' /m/ | |'''m''' /m/ | ||
|'''my '''/m | |'''my '''/mʲ/ | ||
|'''n''' /n/ | |'''n''' /n/ | ||
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| | | | ||
|'''ny '''/ | |'''ny '''/ɲ/ | ||
|'''ng '''/ | |'''ng '''/ŋ/ | ||
|'''n''' | |'''n''' /ɴ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''pm''' /pm/ | |'''pm''' /pm/ | ||
|'''pmy '''/pm | |'''pmy '''/pmʲ/ | ||
|'''tn '''/tn/ | |'''tn '''/tn/ | ||
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| | | | ||
|'''cn '''/c | |'''cn '''/cɲ/ | ||
|'''kn '''/k | |'''kn '''/kŋ/ | ||
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|'''pp '''/p'/ | |'''pp '''/p'/ | ||
|'''ppy '''/p' | |'''ppy '''/p'ʲ/ | ||
|'''tt '''/t'/ | |'''tt '''/t'/ | ||
|'''ttl '''/t | |'''ttl '''/tɬ'/ | ||
|'''cch '''/ | |'''cch '''/c' ~ tɕ'/ | ||
|'''kk '''/k'/ | |'''kk '''/k'/ | ||
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|'''p '''/p/ | |'''p '''/p/ | ||
|'''py '''/p | |'''py '''/pʲ/ | ||
|'''t''' /t/ | |'''t''' /t/ | ||
|'''tl '''/t | |'''tl '''/tɬ/ | ||
|'''ch '''/t | |'''ch '''/c ~ tɕ/ | ||
|'''k''' /k/ | |'''k''' /k/ | ||
|'''q''' / | |'''q''' /ʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''b '''/b/ | |'''b '''/b/ | ||
|'''by '''/b | |'''by '''/bʲ/ | ||
|'''d''' /d/ | |'''d''' /d/ | ||
|'''dl '''/d | |'''dl '''/dɮ/ | ||
|'''j''' /d | |'''j''' /ɟ ~ dʑ/ | ||
|'''g''' /g/ | |'''g''' /g/ | ||
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| | | | ||
|'''tts '''/ | |'''tts '''/ts' ~ s'/ | ||
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|'''f''' /f/ | |'''f''' /f/ | ||
|'''fy '''/f | |'''fy '''/fʲ/ | ||
|'''s''' / | |'''s''' /s ~ ts/ | ||
|'''hl '''/ | |'''hl '''/ɬ/ | ||
|'''sh '''/ç ~ | |'''sh '''/ç ~ ɕ/ | ||
|'''h''' / | |'''h''' /χ ~ x/ | ||
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|'''z''' / | |'''z''' /z ~ dz/ | ||
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|'''w''' /w/ | |'''w''' /w/ | ||
|'''v''' / | |'''v''' /ɥ/ | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''l''' /l ~ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''l''' /l ~ ɹ ~ ʎ/ | ||
| '''y''' /j/ | | '''y''' /j/ | ||
|'''r''' / | |'''r''' /ʁ ~ ʀ/ | ||
| | | |
edits