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Ckul: Difference between revisions
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Lord's Prayer
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|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
|fam2 = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]] | |fam2 = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]] | ||
|ancestor = | |ancestor = Vulgar Latin | ||
|creator = Aquatiki | |creator = Aquatiki | ||
|script1 = Latin | |script1 = Latin | ||
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'''Ckul''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''ckul''; <small>Ckul: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Ckul|[ʦkʼul]]</span>) is a [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]], with strong influence of [[Na'vi]]. It is the result of a contact among members of the languages. | '''Ckul''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''ckul''; <small>Ckul: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Ckul|[ʦkʼul]]</span>) is a [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]], with strong influence of [[Na'vi]]. It is the result of a contact among members of the languages. | ||
While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], Na'vi influence is most notable in its phonology and its some of its grammar and | While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], Na'vi influence is most notable in its phonology and its some of its grammar and vocabulary. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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This sad tale continues for the Ckul. Their exile in the Atlas mountains was followed by an exile to Muslim Spain. Later, most Ckul migrated to Central America, where their minority status continues to hamper their lives to this day. | This sad tale continues for the Ckul. Their exile in the Atlas mountains was followed by an exile to Muslim Spain. Later, most Ckul migrated to Central America, where their minority status continues to hamper their lives to this day. | ||
== Orthography == | == Orthography and Phonology == | ||
The Tskxul alphabet consists of 26 symbols. There seven vowels are and twenty consonant sounds | === Alphabet === | ||
The Tskxul alphabet consists of 26 symbols. There seven vowels are and twenty consonant sounds. | |||
<center> | <center> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
* The letter '''æ''' is used to make the 'ash' sound, but in Na'vi it is written '''ä''' | * The letter '''æ''' is used to make the 'ash' sound, but in Na'vi it is written '''ä'''. | ||
* The letter '''ñ''' is used to make the /ŋ/ sound, but in Na'vi it is written '''ng''' | * The letter '''h''' is used to make the glottal stop, but in Na'vi it is written with an apostrophe. | ||
* The letter '''j''' is used to make the /j/ sound, as in Spanish. | |||
* The letter '''ñ''' is used to make the /ŋ/ sound, but in Na'vi it is written '''ng'''. | |||
* The letter '''x''' is used to make the /h/ sound, as in Spanish. | |||
* The letter '''y''' is used to make the /ɪ/ vowel, but in Na'vi it is written '''ì'''. | |||
== Phonology == | === Phonology === | ||
=== Consonants === | ==== Consonants ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"; | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"; | ||
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Dorsal !! Glottal | ! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Dorsal !! Glottal | ||
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|} | |} | ||
When in the coda, the voiceless stops are unreleased. In all positions, the voiceless stops are unaspirated. | When in the coda, the voiceless stops are unreleased. In all positions, the voiceless stops are unaspirated. | ||
=== Vowels === | ==== Vowels ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! !! Front !! Back | ! !! Front !! Back | ||
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There are also six diphthongs and two syllabic consonants: '''æw''', '''aj''', '''aw''', '''ej''', '''ew''', '''oj''' and '''rr''', and '''ll'''. | There are also six diphthongs and two syllabic consonants: '''æw''', '''aj''', '''aw''', '''ej''', '''ew''', '''oj''' and '''rr''', and '''ll'''. | ||
=== Phonotactics === | ==== Phonotactics ==== | ||
* Allowed simple onsets: b, d, g, p, t, k, h, m, n, ñ, r, l, w, j, f, s, z, c, x, ø | * Allowed simple onsets: b, d, g, p, t, k, h, m, n, ñ, r, l, w, j, f, s, z, c, x, ø | ||
* Allowed complex onsets: {f, s, c} + {b, d, g, p, t, k, m, n, ñ, r, l, w, j} | * Allowed complex onsets: {f, s, c} + {b, d, g, p, t, k, m, n, ñ, r, l, w, j} | ||
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| b || d || g || f || s || x || s || ø | | b || d || g || f || s || x || s || ø | ||
|} | |} | ||
Affixes that cause mutation are marked with a + sign, instead of a - sign for merely attaching. | |||
==== Simplifications ==== | ==== Simplifications ==== | ||
* Because identical vowels cannot occur next to each other, they contract. | * Because identical vowels cannot occur next to each other, they contract. | ||
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== Grammar == | == Grammar == | ||
=== Affixes === | === Affixes === | ||
Ckul has singular, dual, plural. All are formed by prefix: | Ckul has singular, dual, plural. All are formed by prefix: | ||
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The vocative is accomplished through intonation or the particle '''{{C|ma}}'''. | The vocative is accomplished through intonation or the particle '''{{C|ma}}'''. | ||
=== Nouns === | === Nouns === | ||
Ckul nouns show three case endings (absolutive, ergative, and dative), and two case-like structures (genitive and topical). There are three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. | Ckul nouns show three case endings (absolutive, ergative, and dative), and two case-like structures (genitive and topical). There are three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. Note that the forms without the dual or plural are ungrammatical in an utterance (requiring a determiner). | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Absolutive | ! Absolutive | ||
| '''{{C|pædrr}}''' - '' | | '''{{C|pædrr}}''' - ''*father'' || '''dubædrr''' - ''two fathers'' || '''flubædrr''' - ''fathers'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ergative | ! Ergative | ||
| '''pædrun''' - '' | | '''pædrun''' - ''*father'' || '''dubædrun''' - ''two fathers'' || '''flubædrun''' - ''fathers'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| '''pædri''' - ''to | | '''pædri''' - ''*to father'' || '''dubædrri''' - ''to two fathers'' || '''flubædri''' - ''to fathers'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{C|de}} | ! {{C|de}} | ||
| '''de pædrr''' / '''pædrrde''' - ''of | | '''de pædrr''' / '''pædrrde''' - ''*of father'' || '''de dubædrr''' / '''dubædrrde''' - ''of two fathers'' || '''de flubædrr''' / '''flubædrrde''' - ''of fathers'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{C|fbi+}} | ! {{C|fbi+}} | ||
| '''fbibædrr''' - ''as for | | '''fbibædrr''' - ''*as for father'' || '''fbidubædrr''' - ''as for two fathers'' || '''fbiflubædrr''' - ''as for fathers'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The | The noun-phrase in Ckul is both slotted and non-configurational. See the table below for the full schema. Basically, the main determiners affix to the noun, either to the left or the right, in a certain order. | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Specifier <br> +FOCUS | ||
! colspan="2" | Quantifier <br> + FOCUS | |||
! colspan="2" | Number | |||
! colspan="2" | Genus <br> + FOCUS | |||
! NOUN + CASE | |||
! colspan="2" | Genus <br> -focus | |||
! colspan="2" | Quantifier <br> -focus | |||
! colspan="2" | Specifier <br> -focus | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 1. the/this || '''{{C|hyl-}} ''' | ||
| ' | | 1. all/every || '''{{C|tod-}}''' | ||
| | | 1. dual || '''{{C|du+}}''' | ||
| | | 1. kind || '''{{C|gen-}}''' | ||
| | | rowspan="4" | | ||
| | | 1' kind || '''{{C|-ner}}''' | ||
| 1' all/every || '''{{C|-dal}}''' | |||
| 1' the/this || '''{{C|-ll}}''' | |||
|- | |||
| 2. this/that || '''{{C|sde-}}''' | |||
| 2. each/per || '''{{C|kæd-}}''' | |||
| 2. plural || '''{{C|flu+}}''' | |||
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | | |||
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | | |||
| 2' each/per || '''{{C|-dæ}}''' | |||
| 2' this/that || '''{{C|-ce}}''' | |||
|- | |||
| 3. what/which || '''{{C|cwi+}}''' | |||
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" | | |||
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
| 3' what/which || '''{{C|-cwi}}''' | |||
|- | |||
| 4. an/some || '''{{C|hal-}}''' | |||
| 4' an/some || '''{{C|-lyg}}''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
For a given morpheme pair, to occur on the left brings it into focus. Compare this to putting its partner on the right, which does not attract focus. For example, '''cwisuk''' is ''WHICH captain?'', whereas '''dukcwi''' is ''Which CAPTAIN?''. | |||
Certain English words require two of these bound morphemes to translate. For example 'all' + 'dual' = 'both'. | |||
=== Pronoun === | === Pronoun === | ||
Pronouns inflect as noun do, but also have a dedicated genitive adjective. [[Contionary:≪he≫|≪he≫]] is the infix of honor/humility for pronouns, and always appear just before the case ending (or at the end for the absolutive). | Pronouns inflect as noun do, but also have a dedicated genitive adjective. [[Contionary:≪he≫|≪he≫]] is the infix of honor/humility for pronouns, and always appear just before the case ending (or at the end for the absolutive). | ||
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! 3rd ani | ! 3rd ani | ||
| '''{{C|sa}}''' || '''{{C|san}}''' || '''{{C|saj}}''' | | '''{{C|sa}}''' || '''{{C|san}}''' || '''{{C|saj}}''' | ||
| '''{{C| | | '''{{C|dup}}''' || '''{{C|dupan}}''' || '''{{C|dupaj}}''' | ||
| '''{{C|lor}}''' || '''{{C|lon}}''' || '''{{C|loj}}''' | | '''{{C|lor}}''' || '''{{C|lon}}''' || '''{{C|loj}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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* '''{{Infix|fæ}}''' - causative | * '''{{Infix|fæ}}''' - causative | ||
* '''{{Infix|se}}''' - reflexive/middle | * '''{{Infix|se}}''' - reflexive/middle | ||
* '''{{Infix|hi}}''' - passive | * '''{{Infix|hi}}''' - anti-passive | ||
In the same slot, the subjunctive affixes may co-occur with the previous (or not): | In the same slot, the subjunctive affixes may co-occur with the previous (or not): | ||
* '''{{Infix|sì}}''' - positive irrealis | * '''{{Infix|sì}}''' - positive irrealis | ||
* '''{{Infix|ne}}''' - negative irrealis | * '''{{Infix|ne}}''' - negative irrealis | ||
Subjunctives are considered the polite imperative. | Subjunctives are considered the polite imperative. True imperatives take no such infix. | ||
=== Deverbals === | |||
Unlike all the other verbal infixes, these occur after a '''''consonant''''', not after a vowel. The cannot co-occur with any others and turn a verb into an adjective or noun. They all lack aspect, and the first two lack tense. | |||
* '''{{Infix|ar}}''' - active infinitive (no tense or aspect, verbal noun) | |||
* '''{{Infix|ad}}''' - anti-passive infinitive (no tense or aspect, verbal noun) | |||
* '''{{Infix|añ}}''' - non-past participle (no aspect, verbal adjective) | |||
* '''{{Infix|am}}''' - past participle (no aspect, verbal adjective) | |||
After becoming an adjective or noun, these may take normal morphology (e.g. plural, definiteness, etc.). | |||
=== Slot 2 === | === Slot 2 === | ||
Typically coming after the first vowel of the verb, slot 2 conveys tense and aspect. ≪null≫ is present imperfective. | Typically coming after the first vowel of the verb, most of slot 2 infixes conveys tense and aspect. ≪null≫ is present imperfective. | ||
* '''{{Infix|wy}}''' - simple past (preterite) | * '''{{Infix|wy}}''' - simple past (preterite) | ||
* '''{{Infix|wa}}''' - imperfective past (imperfect) | * '''{{Infix|wa}}''' - imperfective past (imperfect) | ||
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* '''{{Infix|wi}}''' - future imperfective (future) | * '''{{Infix|wi}}''' - future imperfective (future) | ||
* '''{{Infix|weri}}''' - future perfective (future perfect) | * '''{{Infix|weri}}''' - future perfective (future perfect) | ||
=== Slot 3 === | === Slot 3 === | ||
Almost always simply suffixing, slot 3 conveys mirativity, honor, and/or evidentiality. | Almost always simply suffixing, slot 3 conveys mirativity, honor, and/or evidentiality. | ||
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== Sample Texts == | == Sample Texts == | ||
=== Our Father === | === Our Father === | ||
{{Col-begin| | {{Col-begin|100%}} | ||
{{col-n| | {{col-n|3}} | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
Ma sembu-ñojcrr cwo sdar skæl-l-yn, | |||
sysasdiñcyfyg nom tu | sysasdiñcyfyg nom-tu, | ||
syædwen reñ-tu, | |||
syfi wolunda tu, | syfi wolunda-tu, | ||
frecwom | frecwom skæl-l-yn cwom trr-l-yn. | ||
Pan-ñojcrr kodizan sydon nowi oz, | |||
ut syperdon nowi flufkád-ñojcrr, | |||
frecwom ñon perdon fluberamdonll nowi; | |||
ut neynduk ño yn-sentacton, | |||
gi syfælyfre ño de hylmæl. | |||
Amen. | Amen. | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{col-n| | {{col-n|3}} | ||
<poem style="font-style: italic"> | <poem style="font-style: italic"> | ||
Our Father, who art in heaven, | Our Father, who art in heaven, | ||
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Give us this day our daily bread, | Give us this day our daily bread, | ||
and forgive us our sins, | and forgive us our sins, | ||
as we forgive | as we forgive whoever sins against us; | ||
and lead us not into temptation, | and lead us not into temptation, | ||
but deliver us from evil. | but deliver us from evil. | ||
Amen. | |||
</poem> | |||
{{col-n|3}} | |||
<poem> | |||
Ma <u>sem</u>pu <u>ngoy</u>tsrr tswo star <u>skxäl</u>-lìn, | |||
sìsasting<u>tsì</u>fìk nom txu, | |||
sìät<u>wen</u> reng txu, | |||
sì<u>fi</u> wo<u>lun</u>ta txu, | |||
fre<u>tswon</u> <u>skxäl</u>lìn tswom <u>txrr</u>lìn. | |||
Pxan <u>ngoy</u>tsrr kxoti<u>zan</u> sì<u>ton</u> <u>no</u>wi oz, | |||
utx sì<u>pxer</u>ton <u>no</u>wi flu<u>fkxat</u> <u>ngoy</u>tsrr, | |||
fre<u>tswom</u> ngon <u>pxerton</u> flu<u>per</u>amtonll <u>no</u>wi; | |||
utx neìn<u>tukx</u> ngo ìn sen<u>txa</u>tstxon, | |||
ki sìfä<u>lì</u>fre ngo te 'ìl<u>mäl</u>. | |||
Amen. | Amen. | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||