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'''Pandorar''' (or Pxantoran) is a auxlang made by the European Space agency to function as a middle ground between [[Na'vi]] and the [[Romance languages]].  The Académie Langues Extraterrestres was commissioned by the EU and NASA in 2203 and the language was completed in 2209.  Testing showed the same level of difficulty for Na'vi and human learners, and massive improvement in learning the others' language(s) after acquiring Pxantoran.
== Proto ==
 
{| class="bluetable"
== Categories ==
|+ Consonants of the Proto
Pandorar is largely agglutinative, with many fusional elements.  It is reasonably balanced, but with a slight tendency towards right-branching.  It has three numbers, three persons, 5-way agreement (like genders or noun classes), six cases, and follows nominative-accusative alignment.  Honorifics are a smaller part of the language. There is no grammatical evidentiality, nor mirativity.  There are two orthographies commonly in use.  The sound system is unusual (in human terms) in that makes frequent use of ejectives and a glottal consonant, and has many uncommon consonantal clusters.
! !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Dorsal
 
== Phonology ==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
|-
! Nasals
! Nasal
| /m/ || /n/ || || /ŋ/ ||
| m || n || || N
|-
|-
! Ejective Stops
! Stop
| /pʼ/ || /tʼ/ || || /kʼ/ ||
| p b || t d || k g || q ʔ
|-
|-
! Voiceless Stops
! Sibilant
| /p/ || /t/ || || /k/ || /ʔ/
| f || s z || || x
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Fricative
| || /ts/ || || ||
| þ || ł ɮ || || h
|-
! Voiceless Fricatives
| /f/ || /s/ || || || /h/
|-
! Voiced Fricatives
| /v/ || /z/ || || ||
|-
|-
! Rhotic
! Rhotic
| || /r/ || || ||
| || r   ɻ || ||
|-
|-
! Lateral
! Approximant
| || /l/ || || ||
| || j || w
|-
! Glides
| /w/ || || /j/ || ||
|}
|}
The voiceless stops are unaspirated at the beginning and middle of a word. They are also unreleased at the end of a word, as well as at the end of a syllable when followed by another consonant.


{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center;"
 
! !! Front !! Mid !! Back
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Vowels of the Proto
! !! Front !! !! Back
|-
|-
! High
! High
| /i/ || || /u/
| i ī || || u ū
|-
! Near-high
| /I/ || ||
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| /e/ || || /o/
| || ǝ ||
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| /æ/ || /a/ ||  
| || a ā ||
|}
|}
aj, aj, ew, and ej are diphthongs.  r and l are also syllabic consonants.


Syllable structure is highly unusual. 
no vowel hiatus
* A syllable is permitted to have no onset consonant (i.e., it may start with a vowel).
* A syllable is permitted to have no coda consonant (i.e., it may end with a vowel).
* Any consonant may start a syllable.
* A consonant cluster of {f, s, or ts} + {p, t, k, pʼ, tʼ, kʼ, m, n, ŋ, r, l, w, or j} may start a syllable.
• p, t, k, pʼ, tʼ, kʼ, ʔ, m, n, l, r, or ŋ may occur in syllable-final position.
• ts, f, s, h, v, z, w, and j may not occur in syllable-final position.
• There are no consonant clusters in syllable-final position.
• A syllable with a syllabic consonant must start with a consonant or consonant cluster and must not have a final consonant.
== Orthography ==
Two orthographies are maintained in different contexts.  Signage on Pandora is in the Na'vi-writing style (distinguished by its use of '''x''' for ejective-consonants) while human beings continue to text and chat in European-style (distinguished the use of '''ñ''' for the velar nasal).  This is current area of debate, and we will present both styles here in an effort to remain unbiased.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; float: left;"
was SOV
|+ "Na'vi Style" Consonants
== Now ==
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
Super-fusional=polysynthetic
|-
* z --> ʃ
! Nasals
* ɮ --> č
| '''m''' || '''n''' || || '''ng''' ||
* ɻ --> ɚ
|-
* ? --> ø
! Ejective Stops
<pre>
| '''px''' || '''tx''' || || '''kx''' ||
  m  n  ŋ        ܡo    ܢo    ܥ              MNŊ
  p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo  ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ.  PBTDKGQ
  ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo    ܙo    ܚo    (FV)(SZ)(ŠŽ)(XĦ)
  θ̼  ɬ  t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo    ܨo    ܗo      þ   Ł  Č  H
      r  l              ݍo    ܠo              R  L
      j  w              ܝo      ܘo              Y  W
</pre>
 
<pre>
i=j    u=w      ܐܺorܐܻ  x  ܐܽorܐܾ
e=h    o=ħ      ܐܶorܐܷ  x  ܐܳorܐܴ
ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄
</pre>
==== Diphthongs ====
First: ey, ai, ow, aw. Second: all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ). 
 
Morae: (C)V = 1, CVV/CVC = 2, CVVC = 3.  Stress is on the third from the end mora (or the first syllable – obviously – if its too short).  This is easiest to remember in the writing without vowels: stress is on the third to last letter.
 
yes gemination
=== Nouns ===
Genders: three big groups, with five in the last
# Eternal: these are all (attributes of) God, '''O Righteousness''', '''God of Love''', '''Geometry in the Mind of God'''
# Forms: these are the Forms as they existed embodied before the Fall, '''True Man=Adam''', '''table-ness''', some angels
# Natural: these are all here and now, after the Fall, maybe sinful, maybe not
## People - man, woman, spiritual beings
## Animals - domestic animals, occupations, highly-complex tools, faces, hands, families, cities
## Beasts - non-domestic animals, moving things (water, fire), medium tools, body part*
## Seeds - technically alive, inert tools, homes, regions/places,
## Rocks - not alive, verbal nouns, mass nouns
Numbers: there are three
# Singulative - takes the place of definiteness, "THE ONE"
# Paucal - a few, some, a couple
# Collective - unmarked, quasi-plural
 
{| class="bluetable"
|+ '''Prefixes'''
! !! Eternal !! Form !! Person !! Animal !! Beast !! Seed !! Rock
|-
|-
! Voiceless Stops
! S
| '''p''' || '''t''' || || '''k''' || ''' ' '''
| rowspan="3" | š(a)-
| ??
| ??
| ??
| ??
| ??
| rowspan="3" | ??
|-
|-
! Affricate
! P
| || '''ts''' || || ||  
<!-- Eternal //-->
| rowspan="2" | ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| rowspan="2" | ?
|-
|-
! Voiceless Fricatives
! C
| '''f''' || '''s''' || || || '''h'''
<!-- Eternal//-->
|-
|  
! Voiced Fricatives
|
| '''v''' || '''z''' || || ||
|
|-
<!--Seed//-->
! Rhotic
<!--Rock//-->
| || '''r''' || || ||
|-
! Lateral
| || '''l''' || || ||
|-
! Glides
| '''w''' || || '''y''' || ||
|}
|}
Case: there are three -- '''suffixes'''
# Nominative: (also doubles as vocative) -ø
# Accusative: -(u)L
# Oblique: (mainly genitive and dative) -(w)o


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders.  There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, 1C, 2C
|+ "European Style" Consonants
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasals
| '''m''' || '''n''' || || '''ñ''' ||
|-
! Ejective Stops
| '''p''' || '''t''' || || '''k''' ||
|-
! Voiceless Stops
| '''b''' || '''d''' || || '''g''' || ''' q '''
|-
! Affricate
| || '''c''' || || ||
|-
! Voiceless Fricatives
| '''f''' || '''s''' || || || '''h'''
|-
! Voiced Fricatives
| '''v''' || '''z''' || || ||
|-
! Rhotic
| || '''r''' || || ||
|-
! Lateral
| || '''l''' || || ||
|-
! Glides
| '''w''' || || '''j''' || ||
|}
<br clear="both" />
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ "Na'vi Style" Vowels
! !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' || || '''u'''
|-
! Near-high
| '''ì''' || ||
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' || || '''o'''
|-
! Low
| '''æ''' || '''a''' ||
|}


{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center;"
Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed.  Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences.  The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.
|+ "European Style" Vowels
! !! Front !! Mid !! Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' || || '''u'''
|-
! Near-high
| '''y''' || ||
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' || || '''o'''
|-
! Low
| '''æ''' || '''a''' ||
|}
== Derivational Pathways ==
A group of 400 words words imported directly from Na'vi, for concepts and species which do not exist in Latin.  Beyond this, all words are from Classical Latin.  Approximately 600 Neo-Latin words have been imported to date, with a very few from individual from Spanish.  Below are listed the procedures transmuting a word via Latin orthography into Pxantoran.  These require you to think through whether a given consonant would have palatalized in Vulgar Latin.  Recall that CiV or CeV changed into CjV, or that Ce or Ci changed into Cje or Cji.  Latin c's, x's, and q's are not written here.  Remember that nasals assimilated to place of articulation of the following consonant.  u and w's are not distinguished.


* ī -> i
=== Verbs ===
* ì -> ì
_ uses normal Nominative-Accusative morphosyntactic alignment.  Verbs are marked for
* a -> ä
# (if transitive) object person slot
* ā -> a
# (optional) applicative slot
* ū -> u
## ''passive''
* ō -> o
## ''mediopassive''
* ē -> e
## benefactive
* gn -> ng
## instrumental
* Nf -> fN
## locative
* gu -> p
## comitative
* [pbv][rlN] -> f[rlN]
# (optional) noun-incorporation slot
* geminate stop -> -voice ejective
# lexical verb, which inflects for
* [kg][rlw] -> ts[rlw]
## subject person
* ps -> sp
##* there 12 of these!
* [td][rl] -> ts[rl]
## aspect --- like Hebrew perfect vs imperfect
* strV -> tsyV
### continuous
### aorist (perfective)
### future (irrealis)
## evidentiality --- like Qal vs Piel vs Hiphil
### direct
### hearsay
### inferential
### ''imperative/cohortative/optative''
# (optional) auxiliary slot --- these are old "to be equal (是)", "to be at/exist (在)", and "to have (有)".  These three times the three aspects make nine conjugations
## <pre>         : Continuous Aorist      Irrealis</pre>
## <pre>Not one  : present.  past.      subjunctive.</pre>
## <pre>ye old be: pres. cont past cont.  conditional</pre>
## <pre>ye old at: imperfect  past. impf. fut. imperf.</pre>
## <pre>old have : perfect.  plurperf.  fut. perf.</pre>
# (optional) indirect object person slot
# (optional) negation slot


* b -> p vs bj -> fp
Participles and infinitives are handled completely separately, like other stems (a la Hebrew)
* p -> px vs pj -> fpx
=== Syntax ===
* [vw] -> [vw] vs [vw]j -> fw
Word order is totally free, but it used to be SOV, so there is some tendency for the verb to come at the end.
* N -> N vs Nj -> fN
=== Derivation ===
* d -> t vs dj -> z
_ is a triconsonantal language, like Hebrew or Akkadian.  It is largely spell-able without the vowels, once you know the language. 
* t -> tx vs tj -> tstx
* g -> k vs gj -> iy
* k -> kx vs kj -> skx


== Verbs ==
There are very regular patterns for noun and verb creation, which we will document with the very regular word BáLrM, ''to hate''.  The lexical form is BóLeM.  Where there are two in a slot, the top is exclusive and the bottom is inclusive
Verbs are classified by their theme vowel, which is A, E, I, or U.  It is written in the pattern as V.
==== Direct ====
<!-- The direct aorist is basically o-e+suffix, call it the Poel //-->
<!-- The direct continuous is basically prefix+i-e //->
<!-- The direct subjunctive is basically o-infix-a //-->


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Active endings
|+ BóLeM
! !! Singular !! Non-Singular
!
! colspan="3" | Aorist
! colspan="3" | Continuous
! colspan="3" | Subjunctive
|-
|-
! 1
! !! sg !! pauc !! collect !! sg !! pauc !! collect
| -Vm || -Vmus
|-
|-
! 2
! rowspan="2" | 1
| -Vt || -Vtxit
| rowspan="2" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''oÞ
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''iQ || '''B'''ó'''LM'''iM
|-
|-
! 3
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''oS || '''B'''ó'''LM'''oŊe
| -Vtx || -Vng
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Passive endings
! !! Singular !! Non-Singular
|-
|-
! 1
| -Vr || -Vmur
! 2
! 2
| -Vrìt || -Vmìni
| '''B'''o'''L'''éY'''M''' || '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''rĦ || '''B'''ó'''LM'''iN
|-
! 3
| -Vtxur || -Vntxur
|}
 
{| class="bluetable"
! !! Aorist !! Perfective !! Imperfect
|-
! Future
| <äs> || <är> || <äp>
|-
|-
! Present
! 3E
| <nowiki><s></nowiki> || <r> || <nowiki><p></nowiki>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''ó'''L'''e'''M'''
|-
|-
! Past
! 3F
| <ìs> || <ìr> || <ìp>
| '''B'''o'''LM'''ŕPoŠ
|}
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''aŠe
 
== Nouns ==
Nouns are also characterized by there theme vowel, V.  It may be A, E, I, or U.
* Nominative: -(V)
* Accusative: -(V)m
* Genitive: -(V)r , (-rum)
* Dative: -(V)p
* Topical: -(V)tswe
 
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! 1st excl
! 3P
| me || pin || no
| '''B'''ó'''LM'''iŁ || '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''ŁeY || '''B'''o'''L'''Łé'''M'''uW
|-
|-
! 1st incl
! 3A
| {{No|ø}} || 'äm || ngo
| '''B'''o'''L'''e'''M'''KoŊ || '''B'''o'''L'''ŕŊ'''M'''o || '''B'''o'''LM'''oŊ
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 3B
| txu || tutx || vo
| '''B'''o'''L'''e'''M'''ČeT || '''B'''o'''LM'''eTu || '''B'''o'''LM'''rÇ
|-
|-
! 3rd sent
! 3S
| fru || colspan="2" | kxor
| '''B'''o'''L'''é'''M'''ZrŽ
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''ó'''LM'''rŽ
! 3rd anim
 
| an || colspan="2" | pxek
|-
|-
! 3rd inanim
! 3R
| fpe || colspan="2" | tsla
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''B'''o'''L'''í'''M'''ÞiM
|}
|}
==== Hearsay ====
<!-- The hearsay aorist is basically þ+i-u+suffix //-->
<!-- The hearsay continuous is basically prefix+þ+i-r //->
<!-- The hearsay subjunctive is basically þa+infix-u //-->
==== Inferential ====
<!-- The inferential aorist is basically :a-e-suffix //-->
<!-- The inferential continuous is basically prefixr:-e //->
<!-- The inferential subjunctive is basically :a-infix-r //-->
==== Imperative ====
<!-- The imperative aorist is basically aorist direct pared down//-->
<!-- The imperative continuous is basically continuous direct pared down//->
=== Nouns ===
Base noun form: aBLuM

Latest revision as of 03:00, 24 January 2025

Proto

Consonants of the Proto
Labial Dental Alveolar Dorsal
Nasal m n N
Stop p b t d k g q ʔ
Sibilant f s z x
Fricative þ ł ɮ h
Rhotic r ɻ
Approximant j w


Vowels of the Proto
Front Back
High i ī u ū
Mid ǝ
Low a ā

no vowel hiatus

was SOV

Now

Super-fusional=polysynthetic

  • z --> ʃ
  • ɮ --> č
  • ɻ --> ɚ
  • ? --> ø
  m   n   ŋ        ܡo    ܢo     ܥ              MNŊ
  p b t d k g q ʔ  ܦoܒo  ܛoܖo  ܟoܓo ܩo ܐ.   PBTDKGQ
  ɸ~β s~z ʃ~ʒ χ~ʁ  ܧo    ܣo     ܙo     ܚo     (FV)(SZ)(ŠŽ)(XĦ)
  θ̼   ɬ   t͡ʃ  h    ܬo    ܫo     ܨo    ܗo      þ   Ł  Č   H
      r   l               ݍo     ܠo              R  L
      j   w               ܝo      ܘo              Y  W

 i=j     u=w      ܐܺorܐܻ  x  ܐܽorܐܾ
 e=h     o=ħ      ܐܶorܐܷ  x  ܐܳorܐܴ
 ɚ=r a=ʔ ǝ=ø      ܐ݅orܐ݆  x  ܐܰorܐܱ  x  ܐ݃orܐ݄

Diphthongs

First: ey, ai, ow, aw. Second: all long vowels (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ɚɚ).

Morae: (C)V = 1, CVV/CVC = 2, CVVC = 3. Stress is on the third from the end mora (or the first syllable – obviously – if its too short). This is easiest to remember in the writing without vowels: stress is on the third to last letter.

yes gemination

Nouns

Genders: three big groups, with five in the last

  1. Eternal: these are all (attributes of) God, O Righteousness, God of Love, Geometry in the Mind of God
  2. Forms: these are the Forms as they existed embodied before the Fall, True Man=Adam, table-ness, some angels
  3. Natural: these are all here and now, after the Fall, maybe sinful, maybe not
    1. People - man, woman, spiritual beings
    2. Animals - domestic animals, occupations, highly-complex tools, faces, hands, families, cities
    3. Beasts - non-domestic animals, moving things (water, fire), medium tools, body part*
    4. Seeds - technically alive, inert tools, homes, regions/places,
    5. Rocks - not alive, verbal nouns, mass nouns

Numbers: there are three

  1. Singulative - takes the place of definiteness, "THE ONE"
  2. Paucal - a few, some, a couple
  3. Collective - unmarked, quasi-plural
Prefixes
Eternal Form Person Animal Beast Seed Rock
S š(a)- ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
P ? ? ? ? ?
C

Case: there are three -- suffixes

  1. Nominative: (also doubles as vocative) -ø
  2. Accusative: -(u)L
  3. Oblique: (mainly genitive and dative) -(w)o

Person: 3rd person always agrees with one of the 7 genders. There is 1S, 2S, 1PX, 1PI, 2P, 1C, 2C

Pronouns: As in Hebrew, they can be independent or affixed. Independent is only used in simple (copulative) sentences. The prefixes attach to postpositions (like Hebrew), they attach to nouns to mark possession, and the verbs to mark the accusative.

Verbs

_ uses normal Nominative-Accusative morphosyntactic alignment. Verbs are marked for

  1. (if transitive) object person slot
  2. (optional) applicative slot
    1. passive
    2. mediopassive
    3. benefactive
    4. instrumental
    5. locative
    6. comitative
  3. (optional) noun-incorporation slot
  4. lexical verb, which inflects for
    1. subject person
      • there 12 of these!
    2. aspect --- like Hebrew perfect vs imperfect
      1. continuous
      2. aorist (perfective)
      3. future (irrealis)
    3. evidentiality --- like Qal vs Piel vs Hiphil
      1. direct
      2. hearsay
      3. inferential
      4. imperative/cohortative/optative
  5. (optional) auxiliary slot --- these are old "to be equal (是)", "to be at/exist (在)", and "to have (有)". These three times the three aspects make nine conjugations 
    1.          : Continuous Aorist      Irrealis
    2. Not one  : present.   past.       subjunctive.
    3. ye old be: pres. cont past cont.  conditional
    4. ye old at: imperfect  past. impf. fut. imperf.
    5. old have : perfect.   plurperf.   fut. perf.
  6. (optional) indirect object person slot
  7. (optional) negation slot

Participles and infinitives are handled completely separately, like other stems (a la Hebrew)

Syntax

Word order is totally free, but it used to be SOV, so there is some tendency for the verb to come at the end.

Derivation

_ is a triconsonantal language, like Hebrew or Akkadian. It is largely spell-able without the vowels, once you know the language.

There are very regular patterns for noun and verb creation, which we will document with the very regular word BáLrM, to hate. The lexical form is BóLeM. Where there are two in a slot, the top is exclusive and the bottom is inclusive

Direct

BóLeM
Aorist Continuous Subjunctive
sg pauc collect sg pauc collect
1 BóLMoÞ BóLMiQ BóLMiM
BóLMoS BóLMoŊe
2 BoLéYM BoLéMrĦ BóLMiN
3E BóLeM
3F BoLMŕPoŠ BóLMaŠe
3P BóLMiŁ BoLéMŁeY BoLŁéMuW
3A BoLeMKoŊ BoLŕŊMo BoLMoŊ
3B BoLeMČeT BoLMeTu BoLMrÇ
3S BoLéMZrŽ BóLMrŽ
3R BoLíMÞiM

Hearsay

Inferential

Imperative

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