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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
====Nasals====
====Nasals====
Velshaj has three nasals: /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/. The sequence /n/ + /ĭ/ yields a palatal nasal [ɲ], but this is not regarded as a separate phoneme.
Velshaj has three nasals: /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/. The sequence /n/ + /ĭ/ yields a palatal nasal [ɲ], but this is not regarded as a separate phoneme.
====Fricatives====
====Fricatives====
Velshaj has five voiced fricatives /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, and /ɣ/. Although they each appear in complimentary distribution with their voiceless counterparts (/f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, and /x/), they are often regarded as separate phonemes.
Velshaj has five voiced fricatives /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, and /ɣ/. Although they each appear in complimentary distribution with their voiceless counterparts ([f], [θ], [s], and [x]), they are often regarded as separate phonemes. The voiceless postalveolar fricative (/ʃ/) is unique in that it clearly exists in contrastive distribution with /ʒ/, especially in syllable-initial position.
 
====Plosives====
====Plosives====
Velshaj has five plosives /p/, /t̪/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and one affricate /tʃ/. There are very few minimal pairs between /t̪/ and /t/. One such pair is /t̪e/ "know", and /te/ "turned".
Velshaj has four plosives /p/, /t̪/, /t/, /k/, and one affricate /tʃ/. There are very few minimal pairs between dental /t̪/ and alveolar /t/. One such pair is t̪e "know", and te "turned". Also, alveolar /t/ can only occur in CV syllables (where C is /t/ and V is any vowel or diphthong), but /t̪/ may occur in consonant clusters or at the end of a syllable. The affricate /tʃ/ is also slightly restricted. It cannot occur before another consonant in the same syllable, but it can end a syllable.
 
====Liquids====
====Liquids====
Velshaj has one lateral /l/, and one rhotic /r/. Like its nasal counterpart, the sequence /l/ + /ĭ/ yields a lateral palatal approximant [ʎ], but this is not regarded as a separate phoneme. Semivowels /ŭ/ and /ĭ/ exist, but are not regarded as consonants.
Velshaj has one lateral /l/, and one rhotic /r/. Like its nasal counterpart, the sequence /l/ + /ĭ/ yields a lateral palatal approximant [ʎ], but this is not regarded as a separate phoneme. Semivowels /ŭ/ and /ĭ/ exist, but are not regarded as consonants.
====Summary Chart====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 442px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Labial
!  style="width: 68px; "|Dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Postalveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Velar
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m
| n
|
|
| ŋ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| v
| ð
| z
| ʒ, ʃ
| ɣ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p
| t̪
| t
| tʃ
| k
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
|
| l
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Rhotic
|
|
| r
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Shaj has five cardinal vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/, and two semivowels /ĭ/ and /ŭ/. Semivowels form rising diphthongs /eĭ/, /aĭ/, /oĭ/, /ŭĭ/, /aŭ/; and falling diphthongs /ĭə/, /ĭe/, /ĭa/, /ĭo/, /ĭu/. Any time /u/ or /ŭ/ precedes /i/ or /ĭ/, the result is /ŭĭ/. There are also two rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, one open front vowel /æ/, a homogenous diphthong /ĭĭ/, and a schwa /ə/. There is no length distinction in Velshaj, but there used to be in its parent languages.
Shaj has five cardinal vowels /i/, /e/, /ɑ/, /o/, /u/, and two semivowels /ĭ/ and /ŭ/. Semivowels form closing diphthongs /eĭ/, /ɑĭ/, /oĭ/, /ŭĭ/, /aŭ/; and opening diphthongs /ĭə/, /ĭe/, /ĭɑ/, /ĭo/, /ĭu/. Any time /u/ or /ŭ/ precedes /i/ or /ĭ/, the result is /ŭĭ/. There are also two rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, one open front vowel /æ/, a homogenous diphthong /ĭĭ/, and a schwa /ə/. There is no length distinction in Velshaj, but there used to be in its parent languages.
===Prosody===
====Summary Chart====
====Stress====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 442px; text-align:center;"
====Intonation====
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Front Unround
!  style="width: 68px; "|Front Round
!  style="width: 68px; "|Central Unround
!  style="width: 68px; "|Back Unround
!  style="width: 68px; "|Back Round
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Semivowel
| ĭ
|
|
|
| ŭ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|High
| i
| y
|
|
| u
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid
| e
| ø
| ə
|
| o
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Low
| æ
|
|
| ɑ
|
|}


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics and Prosody===
Syllable structure can be as large as CCCVC and as small as V (where V stands for any vowel or diphthong). Every word needs a vowel, and no word may end in more than one consonant. Typically, stress is on the first syllable of the root, or the penultimate syllable of a word. Morphemes with two syllables rarely end in a vowel.
Syllable structure can be as large as CCCVC and as small as V (where V stands for any vowel or diphthong). Every word needs a vowel, and no word may end in more than one consonant. Typically, stress is on the first syllable of the root, or the penultimate syllable of a word. Morphemes with two syllables rarely end in a vowel.
====Mutations and Assimilations====
====Mutations and Assimilations====
Occasionally, the phonemes within a morpheme will change depending on their phonetic environment.
Occasionally, the phonemes within a morpheme will change depending on their phonetic environment. The dental nasal will assimilate to the place of articulation of any consonant that directly follows it, or will completely mutate into any consonant that directly precedes it. For example, /ynken/ → /yŋken/ "walls"; and /unəkno/ → /unəkko/ "the wall". This affects spelling as well.
=====Nasals=====
=====Nasals=====
Stops that precede nasals become nasals, and /n/ will assimilate to the place of articulation of any adjacent consonant. For example: /ekni/ → /eŋni/ → /eŋŋi/ "the man".
Stops that precede nasals become nasals, and /n/ will assimilate to the place of articulation of any adjacent consonant. For example: /ekni/ → /eŋni/ → /eŋŋi/ "the man".
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Dental obstruents /t/ and /ð/ may not precede /l/. Thus /l/ changes to /ŭ/ in this context.
Dental obstruents /t/ and /ð/ may not precede /l/. Thus /l/ changes to /ŭ/ in this context.
=====Epenthesis=====
=====Epenthesis=====
In most registers of Shaj, sequences of VV (where V stands for any vowel or diphthong) are prohibited anywhere within a word, or across word boundaries. Thus /l/ (or /ŭ/ if the first vowel is either /u/ or /aŭ/) becomes inserted between the vowels. For example, /ʒax namballet aĭ ik/ → /ʒax namballet aĭ lik/ "I have red hair". Sequences of /uŭ/ or /ŭŭ/ reduce to /ŭ/. Since epenthesis is an aesthetic rule that makes no semantic difference, it is inconsistently ignored both in speech and in writing. More recently, VV sequences are seen more often, where /l/ or /ŭ/ would need to be inserted.
In most registers of Shaj, sequences of VV (where V stands for any vowel or diphthong) are prohibited anywhere within a word, or across word boundaries. Thus /l/ (or /ŭ/ if the first vowel is either /u/ or /ɑŭ/) becomes inserted between the vowels. For example, /ʒɑɣ nɑmvɑllet ɑĭ ĭk/ → /ʒɑɣ nɑmvɑllet ɑĭ lĭk/ "I have red hair". Sequences of /uŭ/ or /ŭŭ/ reduce to /ŭ/. Since epenthesis is an aesthetic rule that makes no semantic difference, it is inconsistently ignored both in speech and in writing. More recently, VV sequences are seen more often, where /l/ or /ŭ/ would need to be inserted.
 
=====Alternations=====
=====Alternations=====
Some words alternate velar and postalveolar consonants. This reflects palatalization in former stages of the language that have yielded some unpredictable irregularities. For example, /vorəx/ "mountain", becomes /vørʒen/ "mountains".
Some words alternate velar and postalveolar consonants. This reflects palatalization in former stages of the language that have yielded some unpredictable irregularities. For example, /vorəɣ/ "mountain", becomes /vørʒen/ "mountains".


==Phonetics==
==Phonetics==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
====Labials====
====Labials====
In older stages of Shaj, all labials were bilabial. However, labial fricatives in Velshaj are in free variation between their bilabial and labiodental counterparts. Thus, Velshaj may be pronounced [βelʃaĭ] or [velʃaĭ].
In older stages of Shaj, all labials were bilabial. However, labial fricatives in Velshaj are in free variation between their bilabial and labiodental counterparts. Thus, Velshaj may be pronounced [βelʃaĭ] or [velʃaĭ], with the latter pronunciation becoming more frequent.
 
====Coronals====
====Coronals====
Most coronal consonants are apico-dental. These include /l/, /t/, /ð/, and /n/. The lateral and nasal may be in free variation between their dental and alveolar counterparts. Otherwise, /z/, /r/, and /d/ are strictly apico-alveolar. For this reason, and because there is arguably no voicing contrast in Shaj, /d/ is sometimes reconstructed as /ʈ/ or /ṭ/.
Most coronal consonants are apico-dental. These include /l/, /t̪/, /ð/, and /n/. The lateral and nasal may be in free variation between their dental and alveolar counterparts. Otherwise, /z/, /r/, and /t/ are strictly apico-alveolar. /t/ is sometimes transcribed as /ʈ/ or /ṭ/ to further distinguish it from /t̪/.
The dental nasal will assimilate to the place of articulation of any consonant that directly follows it, or will completely mutate into any consonant that directly precedes it. For example, /ynken/ → /yŋken/ "walls"; and /unəkno/ → /unəkko/ "the wall".
The rhotic /r/ is usually a tap [ɾ], which devoices at the ends of words, or becomes a trill [r] at the beginnings of words, or when doubled.
The rhotic /r/ is typically a tap [ɾ], which devoices at the ends of words, or becomes a trill [r] at the beginnings of words, or when doubled.
 
====Palatals and Postalveolars====
====Palatals and Postalveolars====
The postalveolar consonants /ʒ/, /ʃ/, and /tʃ/ may alternatively be realized as retroflex, or apico-palatal consonants. The sequences /nĭ/, /lĭ/, and /ŭĭ/, may be realized as true dorso-palatal consonants [ɲ], [ʎ], and [ɥ], respectively before vowels.
The postalveolar consonants /ʒ/, /ʃ/, and /tʃ/ may alternatively be realized as retroflex, or apico-palatal consonants. The sequences /nĭ/, /lĭ/, and /ŭĭ/, may be realized as true dorso-palatal consonants [ɲ], [ʎ], and [ɥ], respectively before vowels.
====Velars and Uvualrs====
====Velars and Uvualrs====
The velar fricative /ɣ/ becomes pharyngeal [ʕ] between any two non-high back vowels. Additionally, a sequence of /ɣ/ + /r/ may yield a uvular fricative [ʁ] or trill [ʀ]. For example, /ɣroɣa/ "royal" → [ʁoʕa]. A geminated voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħː] occurs in rare cases (e.g. /ɣroxxa/ "the queen" → [ʁoħːa]).
The velar fricative /ɣ/ becomes pharyngeal [ʕ] between any two non-high back vowels. Additionally, a sequence of /ɣ/ + /r/ may yield a uvular fricative [ʁ] or trill [ʀ]. For example, /ɣroɣɑ/ "royal" → [ʁoʕɑ]. A geminated voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħː] occurs in rare cases (e.g. /ɣroɣɣɑ/ "the queen" → [ʁoħːɑ]).
 
====Voiced Stops====
====Voiced Stops====
Although voiced stops disappeared as phonemes early in the history of Shaj, they appear as allophones of other phonemes. Voiced stops are in free variation with their voiceless counterparts, except when beginning a word, or following /l/ or a nasal, in which case they are voiceless, and maybe aspirated. Voiced stops also occur in free variation with their voiced fricative counterparts when beginning a word, or following /l/ or a nasal. Otherwise, they are fricative. Voiced stops in loanwords are substituted by voiceless plosives.
Although voiced stops disappeared as phonemes early in the history of Shaj, they appear as allophones of other phonemes. Voiced stops are in free variation with their voiceless counterparts, except when beginning a word, or following /l/ or a nasal, in which case they are voiceless, and maybe aspirated. Voiced stops also occur in free variation with their voiced fricative counterparts when beginning a word, or following /l/ or a nasal. Otherwise, they are fricative. Voiced stops in loanwords are substituted by voiceless plosives.
=====Examples of Voiced Stops=====
=====Examples of Voiced Stops=====
/velʃaĭ/ = [βelʃaĭ] or [belʃaĭ]
/velʃɑĭ/ = [βelʃɑĭ] or [belʃɑĭ]
/namvellet/ = [namβellet] or [nambellet]
/nɑmvellet̪/ = [nɑmβellet] or [nɑmbellet̪]
/panðriʒen/ = [panðriʒen] or [pandriʒen], but not [banðridʒen]
/pɑnðriʒen/ = [pɑnðriʒen] or [pɑndriʒen], but not [bɑnðridʒen]
/ʒax/ = [ʒax] or [dʒax]
/ʒaɣ/ = [ʒax] or [dʒax]
/tʃarpel/ = [tʃarpel] or [tʃarbel], but not [dʒarpel] or [dʒarbel]
/tʃɑrpel/ = [tʃɑrpel] or [tʃɑrbel], but not [dʒɑrpel] or [dʒɑrbel]
/ɣaləm/ = [ɣaləm] or [ɡaləm]
/ɣɑləm/ = [ɣɑləm] or [ɡɑləm]
/kampel/ = [kampel], but not [ɡambel]
/kɑmpel/ = [kɑmpel], but not [ɡɑmbel]
 
====Gemination====
====Gemination====
When two of the same consonant are next to each other, they are geminated. Obstruents are voiceless and sonorants are voiced. The phoneme /ɾ/ becomes a trill [r(ː)] when geminated.
When two of the same consonant are next to each other, they are geminated. Obstruents are voiceless and sonorants are voiced. The phoneme /ɾ/ becomes a trill [r(ː)] when geminated.
====Summary Chart (WOP)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 442px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Labial
!  style="width: 68px; "|Dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Postalveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Velar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Uvular
!  style="width: 68px; "|Pharyngeal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| /m/
| /n/
|
|
| [ɲ]
| /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Voiced Fricative
| /v/
| /ð/
| /z/
| /ʒ/
|
| /ɣ/
| [ʁ]
| [ʕ]
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Voiceless Fricative
| [f]
| [θ]
| [s]
| /ʃ/
|
| [x]
| [χ]
| [ħ]
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
|
| /l/
|
|
| [ʎ]
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels and Semivowels===
===Vowels and Semivowels===
====Open Vowels====
====Open Vowels====
Phonemically there are two open vowels /ɑ/ and /æ/. The open back vowel is in free variation with its central or front counterpart [a]. The falling diphthong /ĭɑ/ is often pronounced [jæ]. The open front vowel ranges between [æ], [ɛ], and [e], being more open in closed syllables.
Phonemically there are two open vowels /ɑ/ and /æ/. The open back vowel is in free variation with its central or front counterpart [a]. The falling diphthong /ĭɑ/ is often pronounced [jæ]. The open front vowel ranges between [æ], [ɛ], and [e], being more open in closed syllables.
====Lax Vowels====
====Lax Vowels====
Mid and high monophthongs in closed syllables tend to become lax. /ni/ → [ni], /niθ/ → [nɪθ].
Mid and high monophthongs in closed syllables tend to become lax. /ni/ → [ni], /nið/ → [nɪθ].
 
====Semivowels====
====Semivowels====
Semivowels are typically realized as consonants before vowels, or as non syllabic vowels in rising diphthongs. When /ĭ/ is the only vowel in a syllable, it is pronounced the same as /i/.
Semivowels are typically realized as consonants before vowels, or as non syllabic vowels in rising diphthongs. When /ĭ/ is the only vowel in a syllable, it is pronounced the same as /i/.
====Schwa====
====Schwa====
The schwa, though always written, may disappear after a consonant, or cause a following nasal or liquid to become syllabic. For example, /vorəx/ "mountain" → [vorx]; or /muʒər/ "cattle" → [muʒr̩]. The vowel itself is in free variation with any non-open, unround, back or centralized sound.
The schwa, though always written, may disappear after a consonant, or cause a following nasal or liquid to become syllabic. For example, /vorəɣ/ "mountain" → [vorx]; or /muʒər/ "cattle" → [muʒr̩]. The vowel itself is in free variation with any non-open, unround, back or centralized sound.
 
====Umlaut and Falling Diphthongs====
====Umlaut and Falling Diphthongs====
In younger, non-standard dialects, rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/ can alternatively be pronounced as falling diphthongs [wi] and [we], respectively. [wi] is still distinguished from the "rising" diphthong [uj].
In younger, non-standard dialects, rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/ can alternatively be pronounced as falling diphthongs [wi] and [we], respectively. [wi] is still distinguished from the "rising" diphthong [uj].
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===Nouns===
Most parts of Noun Phrases (NPs) in Velshaj merge together into a single word. For example /rɑnəɣtʃɑrpelloĭn/ is one word meaning "in the red hat". The adjective prefixes to the noun, the article suffixes to the noun, and the postposition suffixes to the entire NP:
/rɑnəɣ- tʃɑrpel -lo -ĭn/
red- hat -the -in
===Personal Pronouns===
Pronouns do not decline for case. Instead, position in the sentence determines part of sentence.
====Clusivity====
There are three first person pronouns, /ʒɑɣ/ 1sg., and /roz/ or /ez/ 1pl. /roz/ means "we" and includes the second person. /ez/ means "we" and excludes the second person.
====Register====
There are many second person pronouns, each with their own specific uses. /ĭĭt/ is singular and familiar. It is what to use when addressing someone well known like a friend. Von is plural and familiar. It is what to use when addressing many people at once, but like /ĭĭt/, it implies a certain degree of familiarity and informality. /ʒĭ/ is formal and either singular or plural. It is what to use when addressing any number of people who are not known very well, or who have a different social status.
====Summary Chart====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 442px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Singlar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Plural
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|First Person Exclusive
| ʒɑɣ
| ez
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|First Person Inclusive
|
| roz
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Second Person Familiar
| ĭĭt
| von
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Second Person Formal
| ʒĭ
| ʒĭ
|}
===Determiners and Gender===
Definite articles, distal demonstratives, and third-person pronouns are all the same in Shaj. /nĭɑ/ means "they" or "it" or "that" or "the". /nĭ/ means "this", and /nĭen/ means "these". Neither /nĭ/ nor /nĭen/ denote gender. Likewise, /ɑr/ means both "one" and "a/an", and also does not denote gender. Shaj has five "genders", which are only marked on definite articles, distal demonstratives, or third-person pronouns. They are as follow:
====Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter====
These three genders may refer to people or to animals. Groups of all masculine things are masculine, but groups of people or animals of different genders are neuter.
====Natural and Artificial Gender====
The "natural" gender refers to non-human, non-animal things and phenomena as they occur in their natural state. The category covers plant life like /kŭelennĭĭ/ "the trees", but also celestial bodies like /zĭellu/ "the sun", or forces of nature like /ĭĭrru/ "the wind". Natural gender is also used for geographical locations like /vorəɣɣu/ "the mountain". Sometimes totems or deities are natural gender, rather than masculine or feminine. Abstract nouns are neutral gender instead of artificial or natural.
====Summary Chart====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 442px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Singlar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Plural
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Masculine
| ni
| nin
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Feminine
| nɑ
| nɑn
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Neuter
| nĭɑ
| nen
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Natural
| nu
| nĭĭ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Artificial
| no
| net
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
====Agglutination====
Most parts of Noun Phrases (NPs) in Velshaj merge together into a single word. For example rɑnəɣtʃɑrpelloĭn is one word meaning "in the red hat". The adjective prefixes to the noun, the article suffixes to the noun, and the postposition suffixes to the entire NP:
rɑnəɣtʃɑrpelloĭn
rɑnəɣ- tʃɑrpel -lo -ĭn
red- hat -the -in
in the red hat
====Possession====
The possessum becomes attached to its possessor by means of the morpheme -u-. See the below examples:
vroĭuʒɑɣ
vroĭ -u- ʒɑɣ
friend -POS- 1SG
my friend
ðozuvroĭuʒɑɣ
ðoz -u- vroĭ -u- ʒɑɣ
dog -POS- friend -POS- 1SG
my friend's dog
====Adjuncts====
Adjectives typically prefix the noun that they modify. Otherwise, they take the suffix -ɑ and follow the noun phrase. Adverbs follow the verb, adjective, or adverb that they modify, and take the suffix -tɑ. Postpositions that do not have objects also take the suffix -tɑ.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
====Copula====
=====I=====
In the younger varieties of Shaj, the structural copula is not overt, like in Russian, Uzbek, or AAE. Therefore, eŋŋi urɑ ĭk means 'the man is tall,' but is literally "the man tall'. In more formal or archaic was of speaking, the verb i means "am, is, etc." Therefore, Eŋŋi urɑ i ĭk means 'The man is tall.'
=====Zu=====
Like Southwest Romance languages, Shaj has two words that mean to be. I (as stated above) correlates to Spanish ser, but zu correlates to Spanish estar. Zu is not omitted, and bears a more distinct meaning of feeling. Therefore, ʒɑɣ ɣovɑ zu can mean 'I am happy', or 'I feel happy'.
=====Izer=====
The word izer is a hold-over from Old Shaj (i-sêr) that litterally means 'he is' (or be-that). In modern Shaj, it means 'being', or 'to be'. It is used in the phrase etʃizeren, which means 'human beings'. It often takes the place of itu or zutu, both meaning 'to be' in modern Shaj.
====Lexical Verbs====
=====Tense=====
Verbs are not conjugated. Instead, the verb appears uninflected near the end of a clause, and all information about tense, aspect, or mood follow the verb as separate words. For example ʒɑɣ yŋkɑlĭɑɑ ŭĭr ur means, 'I'm going to go to the castle', but ʒɑɣ yŋkɑlĭɑɑ ŭĭr ɑĭ means 'I went to the castle'.
======Past======
Usually, the past tense is marked with the word ɑĭ after the verb. However, t̪rɑ is used in rare cases where the speaker is describing an event they have never experienced. Therefore, t̪rɑ is called the historic past, and is often used when telling stories.
======Present======
Usually, the present tense is left unmarked, but in younger, vernacular varieties of Shaj, u has come to mean present tense.
======Future======
Shaj splits the future into three parts: far, near, and imminent. The far future corresponds mostly with English's use of 'will', and describes an action that has not yet happened, but is sure to happen sometime. The near future corresponds mostly with English's 'going to', and describes an action that will happen soon, or within a relatively short period of time. The imminent future can be thought of as a subset of the near future, and is used to describe and event that is about to happen imminently or immediately. They are marked vi, ur, and tʃĭ, respectively.
=====Aspect=====
======Perfect and Imperfect======
Shaj distinguishes many aspects by using one of the following words between the verb and the tense. There is ɑv, which indicates perfect mood, just like english 'have'. For example, ʒɑɣ ĭe ɑv means 'I have eaten'. There is also ɑv ɑĭ, which indicates pluperfect mood, just like english 'had'. Therefore, ʒɑɣ ĭe ɑv ɑĭ means 'I had eaten'.
======Perfective and Imperfective======
There is also ĭk, which occurs at the end of many Shaj sentences. It is used to make the meaning of a sentence apply to all or any instance in time. Confused? It kind of means 'usually' or 'always'. When used in the past tense, it has a similar meaning to Spanish's imperfecto. However, unlike Spanish, Shaj can use ĭk in sentences of any tense. For example, nɑ ĭovɑ! means 'She is angry [because of something that just happened]', but Na ĭovɑ ĭk! means 'She is angry' as in 'she is an angry person'.
Imperfective aspect can co-occur with perfect aspect. For example, ni vorəɣɣĭɑ yvvŭĭr ɑv means 'he has [now] climbed the mountain, but ni vorəɣɣĭɑ yvvŭĭr ɑv ĭk means 'he did climb the mountain', or 'he has climbed the mountain at some point'.
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
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