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The Lefso Modernizations were a set of linguistic modernizations done under major Japonic influence, marked by the Great Vowel Declination, The Grammatical Slap, and the formation of Kanje and the Kanjik Restoration. Following modernizations, many European loanwords were introduced into Lefso, usually under a Slavic background. The Lefso Modernizations are split into three segments: Archive 1, Archive 2, and Archive 3. | The Lefso Modernizations were a set of linguistic modernizations done under major Japonic influence, marked by the Great Vowel Declination, The Grammatical Slap, and the formation of Kanje and the Kanjik Restoration. Following modernizations, many European loanwords were introduced into Lefso, usually under a Slavic background. The Lefso Modernizations are split into three segments: Archive 1, Archive 2, and Archive 3. | ||
'''The first Modernization'''–Archive 1; was marked by the Grammatical Slap–an informal name by Euprarian speakers that denoted the massive shift of grammatical structure within the language towards more Japanese-like grammatical structure, and away from Slavic influence. A notable modernization being the introduction of particles, which included both Hiragana and | '''The first Modernization'''–Archive 1; was marked by the Grammatical Slap–an informal name by Euprarian speakers that denoted the massive shift of grammatical structure within the language towards more Japanese-like grammatical structure, and away from Slavic influence. A notable modernization being the introduction of particles, which included both Hiragana and Katakana characters, however, these particles were used in a way English and Russian would use particles. Kanje around this time were stored in “resovoirs”, and were extremely unstable at the time. | ||
A notable decline of consonant clusters became apparent within the language, most likely due to many words having consonant clusters removed. | A notable decline of consonant clusters became apparent within the language, most likely due to many words having consonant clusters removed. | ||
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'''The second Modernization'''–Archive 2; was marked by the Kanjik Restoration. Kanje was incredibly volatile, and broke communication across once mutual dialects, this was due to the unregulated use of Kanje, with no standard in place, over 31 Million Kanje were being used, with completely different Kanje for the same word across regions. The Kanjik Restoration was a set of efforts done amongst the people and Euprarian Government to repair and establish a feasible Kanje system, reservoirs were removed, and a mass ban on over 99.9% of all Kanje was enacted. The remaining Kanje were divided into “blocks”, and rules were defined on how to properly form Kanje. | '''The second Modernization'''–Archive 2; was marked by the Kanjik Restoration. Kanje was incredibly volatile, and broke communication across once mutual dialects, this was due to the unregulated use of Kanje, with no standard in place, over 31 Million Kanje were being used, with completely different Kanje for the same word across regions. The Kanjik Restoration was a set of efforts done amongst the people and Euprarian Government to repair and establish a feasible Kanje system, reservoirs were removed, and a mass ban on over 99.9% of all Kanje was enacted. The remaining Kanje were divided into “blocks”, and rules were defined on how to properly form Kanje. | ||
'''The third Modernization'''–Archive 3; is marked by the | '''The third Modernization'''–Archive 3; is marked by the merging of Odinya and Odinye, with Odinye being renamed the Odinye Exclusion Rule. Hiragana was added, however, it’s only used for conjugation reference. | ||
==History (As an Artlang)== | ==History (As an Artlang)== | ||
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Lefso at the time, was facing a progressive shift towards better communication with the Japanese primarily due to the ease and efficiency of Japanese and declining influence from the Russian side within the linguistic ‘tug of war’. | Lefso at the time, was facing a progressive shift towards better communication with the Japanese primarily due to the ease and efficiency of Japanese and declining influence from the Russian side within the linguistic ‘tug of war’. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ Cyrillic Sounds and their Japanese Orthographical Origins | |+ Cyrillic Sounds and their Japanese Orthographical Origins | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !! Russian Sound !! Original Orthographic-Influential Japanese Character | ||
|- | |- | ||
| А /a/ || ア (Katakana, A) | | А /a/ || ア (Katakana, A) | ||
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| Я /ya/ || 少 (Kanji, Small) | | Я /ya/ || 少 (Kanji, Small) | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Russian Kuril Evacuation and Lefso Influence (1855)=== | |||
Prior to the Meiji Era, Hokkaidō was called Ezochi–roughly translating to “land of the barbarians” or “the land for people who did not obey the government”. Ainu living within Hokkaidō were regarded as “inhuman and the inferior descendants of dogs” by Japanese settlers. The Japanese government implemented regular assimilation programs on the Ainu people within Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and the southern Sakhalin Peninsula; such programs included the oppression of Ainu culture, language, and morals; including the Lefso language. | |||
Russians stayed within the Kuril Islands, learning Lefso to communicate with the rescued trapped Kuril Island inhabitants, who natively spoke Lefso. The development of tonal markers and Daitive pairs was made to help Russians better grasp the language and communicate with Lefso speakers. However, the Kanji system was heavily mistranslated, with Russians assigning meanings to Kanji based on their components instead of the many cultural tales behind each character. However, tensions were high, and writing was often riddled with fake Kanje, eventually forcing linguists to study patterns in Kanji (mistranscribed by English speakers as ‘Kanje’ by Russians, probably due to mistranslation from the Russian accent, however, was adopted as it humorously showed the similar but different meanings behind the two) and look for abnormalities in text. | |||
Russians began to affiliate the language with the Hokkaidō dog, soon becoming a topic of interest across Russia for being affiliated with an adorable companion, soon becoming a major secondary language, taught by some Russian schools. Lefso broke into two broad, geographical groups: Japonic Lefso and Eastern Lefso. Norwegians had deemed the Language “Lefso”, a play on their dish–Lefse, a flatbread, and how modifier characters and Hokkaidō dog pigments shared a similar resemblance to the dish. This was later adopted and used as the official internal and external language name. | |||
===Lefso Opression in Hokkaidō (1869 - 1899)=== | |||
Japanese proponents argued the strategic move of annexing Hokkaido enhanced Japan’s influence to better negotiate with Western powers. Hokkaido was also used as a power buffer and was viewed as a land of abundant resources–coal, timber, fish, and fertile land, and also as a way for Japan to present itself to Western powers as modern and formal (as colonial expansion was viewed as a symbol of prestige). At the time, Hokkaidō was known as ‘Ezo’ (“land of the barbarians, land of the people who do not obey the government). The primary purpose of the Development was to secure Hokkaidō before the Russians extended beyond the Far East (Vladivostok). The Japanese failed to settle in the interior lowlands due to aboriginal resistance, later destroyed. Following the downfall, Japanese migration spiked due to the inspirational teachings of William S. Clark (who visited an agricultural college in Sapporo), with his parting words “Boys, be ambitious!” found on Hokkaidō buildings to this day. Population counts rise from 58,000 to 240,000 that decade. | |||
Japanese leaders drew inspiration from American settler colonialism during their American visits. Japanese colonial officials learned settler colonial techniques from imperial powers (mainly the United States). These tactics involved declaring large portions of Hokkaido as ownerless land, providing a pretext for the dispossession of the Ainu people. Japan established the Hokkaido Colonization Board in 1869, a year after the start of the Meiji era, to settle Japanese in Hokkaido. | |||
Japanese settling and colonialization were also organized/supported by collaboration between the Japanese state and American experts. From 1870 to the 1880s, Japanese leaders placed efforts in Hokkaidō settling via migrating former samurai lords, retainers, and citizens (including farmers and peasants); providing “free” land (Land claimed terra nullis, which was still Ainu-occupied) and financial assistance. This transformation was facilitated with the expertise of American advisors who introduced various colonization technologies, transforming Hokkaido into land suitable for Japan's capitalist aspirations. The Ainu were heavily suppressed, with the Meiji government implementing land seizures and Japanese-biased land ownership laws, forcing many to flee. Following 1899– the Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Act, forced Ainu in Hokkaidō to flee toward mountainous regions, with some fleeing to the Sakhalin peninsula and entering the Russian Empire, the movement being deemed the Ainu Hokkaido Evacuation. | |||
Lefso was considered under the broad umbrella of ‘Ainu languages’ and therefore heavily oppressed around this time. The Meiji government embarked on assimilation campaigns aimed not only at assimilating the Ainu but also at eradicating their language and culture. They were forced to take on Japanese names and language, and gradually saw their culture and traditions eroded. The Ainu were forbidden to speak their language and taught only Japanese at school. Facing pervasive stigma, many Ainu concealed their heritage. During both wars, Ainu were considered ‘Japanese’, and sent off into the military. | |||
Japanese were evacuated from the Kuril Islands as the Soviets soon occupied the islands, claiming it. Reports of Hokkaidō dogs around the islands caused a secondary movement of adoption of the dogs, with some Lefso-speaking Soviets re-using the dogs to raise awareness about Eastern Lefso within Russia. | |||
===Lefso Restoration (1945 - 2024)=== | |||
Following World War Two, The Hokkaidō Utari Association (now the Ainu Association of Hokkaido) was created, dedicated to promoting and raising awareness of traditions; demanding the removal of injustice and acts to be lifted. In the 1960s, the government aimed towards various welfare programs for Ainu living standards, employment, and education initiatives. | |||
Lefso remains one of the most culturally preserved Ainu-related languages. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1000px; text-align:center;" | ||
! style="width: 68px; "| | ! style="width: 68px; "| | ||
! style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial | ! style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial | ||
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The usage of Toners and Blank Lefses has varying influence on sounds depending on their placement and usage. A Blank Lefse, if used for tone, indicates that all components succeeding it must rise/fall in tone; exceptions being if it’s being alternated with a Toner for a complex tone, or if two Lefses are marked in the same direction downwards. A toner only affects its preceding character. When tone changes are marked, tone shifts 30 - 40% from its starting point. Aspiration is also affected by tone. | The usage of Toners and Blank Lefses has varying influence on sounds depending on their placement and usage. A Blank Lefse, if used for tone, indicates that all components succeeding it must rise/fall in tone; exceptions being if it’s being alternated with a Toner for a complex tone, or if two Lefses are marked in the same direction downwards. A toner only affects its preceding character. When tone changes are marked, tone shifts 30 - 40% from its starting point. Aspiration is also affected by tone. | ||
==Writing Systems== | |||
===Odinya=== | |||
After the rapid modernization of Allavian, which deemed many characters obsolete, and moved many characters to other systems, the Odin writing system consists of 45 characters: | |||
#5 singular vowels: / (a), J (e), I (i), し (o), \ (u) (respectively pronounced either [a], [e], [i], [o], and [u]) | |||
#5 non-singular vowels: /” (ya), J” (ye), I” (yi), し” (yo), \” (yu) (respectively pronounced either [ja], [je], [ji], [jo], and [jɯ] when unstressed, or [jeɪ], [jiː], [jaɪ], [joʊ], and [jjuː] when stressed. | |||
#2 semivowels: Й, Ы (respectively pronounced as [j] and [ɨ]). | |||
#15 single consonants: for example 先 (b), の (n), 中 (f). | |||
#5 double consonants: for example 一 (Sh), 上 (Ts). | |||
#10 consonant-vowel unions: for example び (pu), ガ (lu). | |||
#5 modifier characters. | |||
These are conceived as an 8x6 grid, as illustrated in the table below. All modifier characters are positioned outside of the grid. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Odinya Scirpt (Romaje - Character Approximation) - 金字門 (Kinjide) Format | |||
|- | |||
! Row 1 !! Row 2 !! Row 3 !! Row 4 !! Row 5 !! Row 6 !! Row 7 | |||
|- | |||
| A (/) || E (J) || Й (十) || Lo (ガ) || Pa (び) || S: Cut || Ye (J”) | |||
|- | |||
| B (先) || F (中) || Zh (山) || Lu (ガ) || Pe (び) || T (尤 || Yi (I”) | |||
|- | |||
| Sh (一) || G (χ) || L (カ) || M (の) || Pi (び) || Ts (上) || Yo (し”) | |||
|- | |||
| Sh(sh/ch) (=) || Kh/K (キ) || La (ガ) || N (の) || Po (び) || U (\) || Yu (\”) | |||
|- | |||
| Ch (匸) || H: Cut || Le (ガ) || O (し) || Pu (び) || V: Cut || Ы (ン) | |||
|- | |||
| D (え) || I (I) || Li (ガ) || P (ひ) || R (大) || Ya (/”) || Z: Cut | |||
|} | |||
There are four types of vowels: Hard vowels, Soft vowels, Liquid vowels, and Extension Vowels. Hard vowels are the standard /a e i o u/ seen in most if not languages. Soft vowels consist of a preceding y, where a marking visually identified by a quotation mark-looking symbol located at the top-right of the character changes the vowel by adding a preceding “y” to the vowel, The addition of the y-marker is called “yittering”. Extension Vowels are mostly inferred by context unless marked. | |||
Liquid vowels are the synonymous term for the semivowels й and Ы. | |||
A process known as “vowel dragging” is commonly used for all characters (vowels included). In this process, a succeeding vowel is identified and marked at the top left of the character. However,for letters /l/ and /p/, they are placed on the top-right side. This is considered a major cultural nuance caused by the vast conflict over what symbol would take charge of the letter, and because it looked much better on the right. | |||
The vowel dragging process leads many to the conclusion that Odinya is an abugida, however, Odinya contains individual vowels that do not have diacritic-counterparts in Yittering, leading to the consensus that Odinya is a gradient between an alphabet and abugida. | |||
Stress is marked via a strikethrough-form Bowl that intersects the character. The type of strike indicates either added stress or lenition. In addition, vowel draggers may have strikethrough attached to them. A single line is lenition, and three lines on a vowel dragger are stressed. Tones are marked either via a Lefse or a Toner. | |||
====Odinye Exclusion Rule==== | |||
The Odinye Exclusion is a cultural nuance used when writing in digital format. All Occupied Lefse’s are disregarded–all modifier characters used on an Occupied Lefse (excluding the Tie) are pushed to succeed the character in the following order. | |||
(Vowel Dragging Vowel, Stress Marker, Toner, Lefse) | |||
The Odinye Exclusion Rule is named after Odinye, a digital form of writing Odinya, however, eventually turned into a mannerism. | |||
===Hiragana=== | |||
Hiragana is the second writing system of Lefso, it isn’t used within Modernized Lefso as in the manner of Odin. Hiragana is usually called “Obinya” in Modernized Lefso due to its major purpose as grammatical particles and conjugation, serving no purpose outside of these roles. | |||
===Katakana=== | |||
Katakana is the third writing system of Odinya and was introduced via intense contact with the Japanese language. Used almost exclusively within quotation marks unless writing names, loanwords, transcriptions, or onomatopoeia. Katakana also has several letters that act as grammatical particles. | |||
Of the 48 Katakana syllabograms described above, only 46 are used in Modernized Lefso, and one of these is preserved for only a single use: | |||
wi and we are pronounced as vowels in Modernized Japanese and are therefore obsolete, supplanted by i and e, respectively - the same applies to Modernized Lefso. | |||
wo is now used only as a topping, and is normally pronounced the same as the vowel オ o. As a topping, it’s usually written as it would be in Hiragana (を) with the katakana form being nearly obsolete. | |||
A small version of the Katakana ya, yu, or yo (ャ, ュ, or ョ, respectively) may be added to the Katakana ending in i. This changes the i vowel sound to a glide (palatalization) to a, u, or o, e.g. キャ (ki + ya) /kja/. The addition of the small y kana is called yōon. | |||
A character called a sokuon, visually identical to a small tsu ッ, indicates that the following consonant is geminated (doubled). This is represented in romaje by doubling the consonant that follows the sokuon. In Katakana this is an important distinction in pronunciation; for example, compare サカ saka "hill" with サッカ Sakka "author". Geminated consonants are common in transliterations of foreign loanwords; for example, English "bed" is represented as ベッド (beddo). The sokuon also sometimes appears at the end of utterances, denoting a glottal stop. However, it cannot be used to double the na, ni, nu, ne, no syllables' consonants; to double these, the singular n (ン) is added in front of the syllable. The sokuon may also be used to approximate a non-native sound: Bach is written バッハ (Bahha); Mach as マッハ (Mahha). | |||
Odin and Katakana both have elongation markings, however, Katakana does not use the Lefse mark (or any Odin-related marker at all) and instead uses a vowel extender mark, called a chōonpu ("long vowel mark"). This is a short line (ー) following the direction of the text, horizontal for locotexta (horizontal text), and vertical for odiverba (vertical text). For example, メール mēru is e-mail taken from the English word "mail"; the ー lengthens the e. | |||