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Gwaxol: Difference between revisions
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|image = Gwaxol.png | |image = Gwaxol.png | ||
|imagesize = 185px | |imagesize = 185px | ||
|imagecaption = ''xazat³ gwaxolsa⁵'' in the | |imagecaption = ''xazat³ gwaxolsa⁵'' in the Hanoehn script | ||
|name = Gwaxol | |name = Gwaxol | ||
|nativename = gwaxol⁵ | |nativename = gwaxol⁵ | ||
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|familycolor = Creole | |familycolor = Creole | ||
|creator = Dillon Hartwig | |creator = Dillon Hartwig | ||
|script = | |era = -800 to 200 MT | ||
|script = Hanoehn | |||
|nation = N/A | |nation = N/A | ||
|map = | |map = GwaxolMap.png | ||
|mapsize = 280px | |mapsize = 280px | ||
|mapcaption = Range Map of Gwaxol (brown), alongside Khelaj (white), 'Oa (pink), Ku Te Kui (green), and Thuosha' (purple) | |mapcaption = Range Map of Gwaxol (brown), alongside Khelaj (white), 'Oa (pink), Ku Te Kui (green), and Thuosha' (purple), c. -600 MT | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Gwaxol is written with the | Gwaxol is written with the Hanoehn script. Its romanization is as follows. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Gwaxol script and romanization | |+ Gwaxol script and romanization | ||
|- | |- | ||
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! A a || Ä ä || D d || E e || Ë ë || G g || Gw gw || Ğ ğ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ɑ/ || /ɛ/ || /d/ || /e/ || /ə/ || /g/ || /gʷ/ || /ɣ/ | | /ɑ/ || /ɛ/ || /d/ || /e/ || /ə/ || /g/ || /gʷ/ || /ɣ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! H h || I i || Ï ï || K k || Kw kw || L l || Ł ł || M m | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /h/ || /i/ || /ɨ/ || /k/ || /kʷ/ || /ɮ/ || /ɬ/ || /m/ | | /h/ || /i/ || /ɨ/ || /k/ || /kʷ/ || /ɮ/ || /ɬ/ || /m/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! N n || Ng ng || Nw nw || Nz nz || O o || Ö ö || R r || S s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /n/ || /ŋ/ || /ŋʷ/ || /z̃/ || /o/ || /ɵ/ || /r/ || /s/ | | /n/ || /ŋ/ || /ŋʷ/ || /z̃/ || /o/ || /ɵ/ || /r/ || /s/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! T t || Th th || U u || Ü ü || W w || X x || Xw xw || Y y | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /s/ || /θ/ || /u/ || /ʉ/ || /ɣʷ/ || /x/ || /xʷ/ || /ʝ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) || (img) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Z z || ¹ || ² || ³ || ⁴ || ⁵ || ⁶ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /z/ || /˥-˥/ || /˩-˩/ || /˥-˧/ || /˧-˩/ || /˩-˥/ || /˥-˩-˧/ | | /z/ || /˥-˥/ || /˩-˩/ || /˥-˧/ || /˧-˩/ || /˩-˥/ || /˥-˩-˧/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Hyphens disambiguate /Cʷ, θ, ŋ, z̃/ ⟨Cw, th, ng, nz⟩ from /Cɣʷ, th, ng, nz/ ⟨C'w, t'h, n'g, n'z⟩ | |||
*Hyphens disambiguate /Cʷ, θ, ŋ, z̃/ ⟨Cw, th, ng, nz⟩ from / | |||
*Tone numbers are written word-finally | *Tone numbers are written word-finally | ||
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*/ŋ, z̃, θ/ only occur in loanwords. | */ŋ, z̃, θ/ only occur in loanwords. | ||
*All consonants can be geminated intervocalically | *All consonants can be geminated intervocalically | ||
*All consonants assimilate in voicing to following consonants and all voiced consonants devoice word-finally, but this voicing change does not | *All consonants assimilate in voicing to following consonants and all voiced consonants devoice word-finally, but this voicing change does not come with fortition/lenition; for example /ɮ/ devoices to [ɮ̊] rather than [ɬ], and /ɬ/ voices to [ɬ̬] rather than [ɮ]. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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Pronouns are marked for case, class, and number. | Pronouns are marked for case, class, and number. | ||
In familial and very informal speech, these possessive pronouns are also used as ergative and intransitive pronouns. | |||
{| style="background: none" | {| style="background: none" | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are marked for class, case, number, and definiteness. | Nouns are marked for class, case, number, and definiteness. Proper nouns are not marked for class. | ||
{| style="background: none" | {| style="background: none" | ||
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*Ergative ''-ngë'' is ''-ng'' after vowels | *Ergative ''-ngë'' is ''-ng'' after vowels | ||
*Definite case particles can either precede or follow their nouns, but more often precede. | *Definite case particles can either precede or follow their nouns, but more often precede. | ||
**With a demonstrative, case particles must follow, and the demonstrative is placed between the noun and article | |||
*{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}} marking is omitted in derived verbs. | |||
All core arguments of ''hën¹'' are marked as intransitive. | |||
====Possession==== | |||
Possessed nouns are marked with a preceding possessive pronoun agreeing in class. Possessor-possessum pairs are each marked with the same case. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ Tense particles | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! {{gcl|PST}} !! {{gcl|PRES}} !! {{gcl|FUT}} | ! !! {{gcl|PST}} !! {{gcl|PRES}} !! {{gcl|FUT}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
| | | dïh || lëh || sëh | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|Q}} | ! {{gcl|Q}} | ||
| | | dïs || lënz || sës | ||
|} | |} | ||
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====Reduplication==== | ====Reduplication==== | ||
Full stem reduplication is used to derive diminutive adjectives (for example ''töngtöng²'' "somewhat narrow" from ''töng²'' "narrow"), new iterative or reflexive meanings from some verbs (for example ''harar³'' "it returns to it" from ''har³'' "it goes to it" (stem ''-ar³-''), collectivize nouns (for example ''kotkotol³'' "fishes (collective)" from ''kotol³'' "fish"), and generalize pronouns (for example ''xöxö¹'' "one of them" from ''xö¹'' "him/her/them"). | Full stem reduplication is used to derive diminutive adjectives (for example ''töngtöng²'' "somewhat narrow" from ''töng²'' "narrow"), new iterative or reflexive meanings from some verbs (for example ''harar³'' "it returns to it" from ''har³'' "it goes to it" (stem ''-ar³-''), collectivize nouns (for example ''kotkotol³'' "fishes (collective)" from ''kotol³'' "fish"), and generalize pronouns (for example ''xöxö¹'' "one of them" from ''xö¹'' "him/her/them"). In compound terms only the first stem is generally reduplicated. | ||
Full reduplication (including any affixes) with dipping tone can be used to convey uncertainty, especially in response to questions. | Full reduplication (including any affixes) with dipping tone can be used to convey uncertainty, especially in response to questions. | ||
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|Kwëng-ngur¹ ra⁵-ngä rox¹-at-ro käx¹-tikw-sa käm rewax³-xat-sa xam⁴ mägwe¹. | |Kwëng-ngur¹ ra⁵-ngä rox¹-at-ro käx¹-tikw-sa käm rewax³-xat-sa xam⁴ mägwe¹. | ||
|HUM.INTR-free same-CVB birth-{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}}-CVB honorable-NZ-GEN.INDEF and right-{{gcl|INAN1|inanimate 1}}.PL-GEN.INDEF all mortal | |HUM.INTR-free same-CVB birth-{{gcl|INAN2|inanimate 2}}-CVB honorable-NZ-GEN.INDEF and right-{{gcl|INAN1|inanimate 1}}.PL-GEN.INDEF all mortal | ||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no | ||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
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==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[https://cals.info/language/gwaxol/ CALS] | *[https://cals.info/language/gwaxol/ CALS] | ||
*[[Gwaxol/Swadesh]] | |||
[ | |||
[[Category:Gwaxol language]] | [[Category:Gwaxol language]] | ||
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[[Category:Wasc languages]] | [[Category:Wasc languages]] | ||
[[Category:Nentammmi languages]] | [[Category:Nentammmi languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages of Pollasena]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||