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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = Guimin flag.jpg | |||
|name = Guimin | |name = Guimin | ||
|nativename = гӯймин | |nativename = гӯймин | ||
| Line 22: | Line 23: | ||
Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script. | Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script. | ||
{| class="wikitable | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Guimin Cyrillic alphabet | |+ Guimin Cyrillic alphabet | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 29: | Line 30: | ||
| /ɑ/ || /ɑː/ || /ɑu/ || /ɑuː/ || /ɑuˤ/ || /ɑuˤː/ || /ɑi/ || /ɑiː/ || /ɑiˤ/ || /ɑiˤː/ | | /ɑ/ || /ɑː/ || /ɑu/ || /ɑuː/ || /ɑuˤ/ || /ɑuˤː/ || /ɑi/ || /ɑiː/ || /ɑiˤ/ || /ɑiˤː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Б б !! В в !! Г г !! Гъ гъ !! Гь гь !! Д д !! Дж дж !! Дз дз !! | ! Б б !! В в !! Г г !! Гъ гъ !! Гь гь !! Д д !! Дж дж !! Дз дз !! Э э !! Э̄ э̄ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /b/ || /w/ || /g/ || /ʁ/ || /h/ || /d/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /d͡z/ || / | | /b/ || /w/ || /g/ || /ʁ/ || /h/ || /d/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /d͡z/ || /e/ || /eː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ё ё !! Ё̄ ё̄ !! Ж ж !! З з !! И и !! Ӣ ӣ !! Иъ иъ !! Ӣъ ӣъ !! Й й !! К к | ! Ё ё !! Ё̄ ё̄ !! Ж ж !! З з !! И и !! Ӣ ӣ !! Иъ иъ !! Ӣъ ӣъ !! Й й !! К к | ||
| Line 57: | Line 58: | ||
| /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡ʃː/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /ʃː/ || /ɨ/ | | /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡ʃː/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /ʃː/ || /ɨ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ы̄ ы̄ !! Ыъ ыъ !! Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ !! | ! Ы̄ ы̄ !! Ыъ ыъ !! Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ !! Ӏ ӏ !! Ә ә !! Ә̄ ә̄ !! Әъ әъ !! Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ !! Әв әв !! Ә̄в ә̄в | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ɨː/ || /ɨˤ/ || /ɨˤː/ || / | | /ɨː/ || /ɨˤ/ || /ɨˤː/ || /ʔ/ || /æ/ || /æː/ || /æˤ/ || /æˤː/ || /æu/ || /æuː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Әвъ әвъ !! Ә̄въ ә̄въ !! Әй әй !! Ә̄й ә̄й !! Әйъ әйъ !! Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| / | | /æuˤ/ || /æuˤː/ || /æi/ || /æiː/ || /æiˤ/ || /æiˤː/ | ||
|} | |||
*⟨й⟩+⟨а,э,у⟩ (including other letters and digraphs containing ⟨а,э,у⟩) have combining forms ⟨я,е,ю⟩. | |||
*⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Latin Guimin | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! A a !! Ā ā !! Ä ä !! Ǟ ǟ !! B b !! C c !! Cc cc !! C' c' !! Cc' cc' !! Č č | ||
|- | |- | ||
| / | | /ɑ/ || /ɑː/ || /æ/ || /æː/ || /b/ || /t͡s/ || /t͡sː/ || /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/ | ||
|- | |||
! Čč čč !! Č' č' !! Čč' čč' !! D d !! E e !! Ē ē !! F f !! Ff ff !! G g !! Ğ ğ | |||
|- | |||
| /t͡ʃː/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /d/ || /e/ || /eː/ || /f/ || /fː/ || /g/ || /ʁ/ | |||
|- | |||
! H h !! I i !! Ī ī !! J j !! K k !! Kk kk !! K' k' !! Kk' kk' !! L l !! Ł ł | |||
|- | |||
| /h/ || /i/ || /iː/ || /j, i̯/ || /k/ || /kː/ || /kʼ/ || /kʼː/ || /l/ || /ɬ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Łł łł !! M m !! N n !! O o !! Ō ō !! P p !! Pp pp !! P' p' !! Pp' pp' !! Q q | |||
|- | |||
| /ɬː/ || /m/ || /n/ || /o/ || /oː/ || /p/ || /pː/ || /pʼ/ || /pʼː/ || /qː/ | |||
|- | |||
! Q' q' !! R r !! Rh rh !! Rr rr !! S s !! Ss ss !! Š š !! Šš šš !! T t !! Tt tt | |||
|- | |||
| /qʼː/ || /r/ || /r̥/ || /r̥ː/ || /s/ || /sː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /t/ || /tː/ | |||
|- | |||
! T' t' !! Tt' tt' !! Tł tł !! Tłł tłł !! Tł' tł' !! Tłł' tłł' !! U u !! Ū ū !! W w !! X x | |||
|- | |||
| /tʼ/ || /tʼː/ || /t͡ɬ/ || /t͡ɬː/ || /t͡ɬʼ/ || /t͡ɬʼː/ || /u/ || /uː/ || /w, u̯/ || /x/ | |||
|- | |||
! Xx xx !! X̌ x̌ !! Y y !! Ȳ ȳ !! Z z !! Ž ž !! Ʒ ʒ !! Ǯ ǯ !! ʔ !! ◌ˤ | |||
|- | |||
| /xː/ || /χː/ || /ɨ/ || /ɨː/ || /z/ || /ʒ/ || /d͡z/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /ʔ/ || /ˤ/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | class=" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Guimin | |+ Arabic Guimin | ||
|- | |||
! آ !! آو !! آوع !! آي !! آيع !! ئ !! ا !! او !! اي !! ب | |||
|- | |||
| /ɑ, ɑː/ || /ɑu, ɑuː/ || /ɑuˤ, ɑuˤː/ || /ɑi, ɑiː/ || /ɑiˤ, ɑiˤː/ || /ʔ/ || /æ, æː/ || /æu, æuː/ || /æi, æiː/ || /b/ | |||
|- | |||
! ت !! تّ !! ج !! ڃ !! ڃّ !! چ !! چّ !! ح !! خ !! خّ | |||
|- | |||
| /t/ || /tː/ || /d͡ʒ, ʒ/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡ʃː/ || /χː/ || /x/ || /xː/ | |||
|- | |||
! څ !! د !! ر !! رّ !! ز !! س !! سّ !! ش !! شّ !! ص | |||
|- | |||
| /qː/ || /d/ || /r̥, r/ || /r̥ː/ || /d͡z, z/ || /s/ || /sː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /t͡s/ | |||
|- | |||
! صّ !! ض !! ضّ !! ڝ !! ڝّ !! ط !! طّ !! ع !! عو !! عي | |||
|- | |||
| /t͡sː/ || /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /ɬ/ || /ɬː/ || /tʼ/ || /tʼː/ || /æˤ, æˤː/ || /æuˤ, æuˤː/ || /æiˤ, æiˤː/ | |||
|- | |||
! غ !! ف !! فّ !! ڣ !! ڣّ !! ق !! ڨ !! ڨّ !! ك !! كّ | |||
|- | |||
| /ʁ/ || /p, f/ || /pː, fː/ || /pʼ/ || /pʼː/ || /qʼː/ || /t͡ɬʼ/ || /t͡ɬʼː/ || /k/ || /kː/ | |||
|- | |||
! گ !! ࢰ !! ࢰّ !! ل !! ڸ !! ڸّ !! م !! ن !! ە !! و | |||
|- | |||
| /g/ || /kʼ/ || /kʼː/ || /l/ || /t͡ɬ/ || /t͡ɬː/ || /m/ || /n/ || /h/ || /w, u, uː/ | |||
|- | |||
! وع !! ۈ !! ي !! يع !! ێ !! ێع !! ې | |||
|- | |||
| /uˤ, uˤː/ || /o, oː/ || /j, i, iː/ || /iˤ, iˤː/ || /ɨ, ɨː/ || /ɨˤ, ɨˤː/ || /e, eː/ | |||
|} | |||
*Arabic and Persian loanwords may instead be written as in the original language unadapted. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Mkhedruli Guimin (credit to Discord user @leikaisho) | |||
|- | |||
! ა !! ა̈ !! აჲ !! ა̈ჲ !! ავ !! ა̈ვ !! ბ !! გ !! დ | |||
|- | |||
| /ɑ/ || /æ/ || /ɑi/ || /æi/ || /ɑu/ || /æu/ || /b/ || /g/ || /d/ | |||
|- | |||
! ე !! ზ !! თ !! თჺ !! ი !! ი̈ !! კ !! ლ !! მ | |||
|- | |||
| /e/ || /z/ || /t/ || /t͡ɬ/ || /i/ || /ɨ/ || /kʼ/ || /l/ || /m/ | |||
|- | |||
! ნ !! ჲ !! ო !! პ !! ჟ !! რ !! ს !! ტ !! ტჺ | |||
|- | |||
| /n/ || /j/ || /o/ || /pʼ/ || /ʒ/ || /r/ || /s/ || /tʼ/ || /t͡ɬʼ/ | |||
|- | |||
! ვ !! უ !! ფ !! ქ !! ყ !! შ !! ჩ !! ც !! ძ | |||
|- | |||
| /w/ || /u/ || /p/ || /k/ || /qʼː/ || /ʃ/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡s/ || /d͡z/ | |||
|- | |||
! წ !! ჭ !! ხ !! ჴ !! ჯ !! ჰ !! ღ !! ჶ !! ჸ | |||
|- | |||
| /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /χː/ || /qː/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /h/ || /ʁ/ || /f/ || /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
! ჹ !! ჺ !! ჿ !! ◌̄ !! ◌◌ !! ◌ჾ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | /ɬ/ || /x/ || /r̥/ || /Vː/ || /Cː/ || /ˤ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
*/t͡ɬː, t͡ɬʼː/ are doubled as ⟨თთჺ, ტტჺ⟩; /qː, qʼː, χː/ are not doubled. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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*Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected. | *Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected. | ||
*Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected. | *Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected. | ||
**Word-initial /qː, qʼː/ are realized as [q, qʼ]. | **Word-initial /qː, qʼː, χː/ are realized as [q, qʼ, χ]. | ||
*/l/ | */l/ and [lˤ] are in free variation with [ɫ], especially for younger speakers. | ||
*/w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels. | */w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels and /j/. | ||
**/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels and /j/ are realized as [v]. | **/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels and /j/ are realized as [v]. | ||
| Line 183: | Line 269: | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. | Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. C[C,!{w,j}] clusters cannot occur word-initially. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
|} | |} | ||
The core arguments of the copula are both variably marked as equative or absolutive; this does not apply when the ''to be'' is used in non-copular constructions, in which case ergative and absolutive marking are used as usual. | |||
====Demonstratives and pronouns==== | ====Demonstratives and pronouns==== | ||
| Line 709: | Line 797: | ||
=====Questions===== | =====Questions===== | ||
Questions are marked either with interrogative proforms or an interrogative verb suffix: ''-ма'' for polar questions, and ''-май'' for mediative questions. | Questions are marked either with interrogative proforms or an interrogative verb suffix: ''-ма'' for polar questions, and ''-май'' for mediative and rhetorical questions. | ||
====Verb affix order==== | ====Verb affix order==== | ||
| Line 820: | Line 908: | ||
===Evidentiality=== | ===Evidentiality=== | ||
Witness and nonwitness evidence are marked with clause-initial particles ''ыг'' and ''гӯ'' respectively. Gnomic clauses use neither particle. | Witness and nonwitness evidence are marked with clause-initial particles ''ыг'' and ''гӯ'' respectively. Gnomic and direct participant clauses use neither particle, and either particle is omitted if already present earlier in an utterance unless the type of evidence changes. | ||
Reportative clauses use a separate particle that agrees in gender with the reportee: masculine ''кӏу'', feminine ''кӏо'', neuter ''ккӏа''. If the reportee is included in or near the clause the reportative particle follows the reportee, otherwise it is clause-initial. | Reportative clauses use a separate particle that agrees in gender with the reportee: masculine ''кӏу'', feminine ''кӏо'', neuter ''ккӏа''. If the reportee is included in or near the clause the reportative particle follows the reportee, otherwise it is clause-initial. | ||
Evidence marking is optional except in non-future perfective declarative utterances. Evidentials are often omitted entirely from translations, especially from text. | |||
===Negation and prohibitives=== | ===Negation and prohibitives=== | ||
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==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[https://cals.info/language/guimin/ CALS] | *[https://cals.info/language/guimin/ CALS] | ||
*[[Guimin/Swadesh]] | |||
[[Category:Guimin language]] | [[Category:Guimin language]] | ||