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[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Italic languages]][[Category: Romance]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Italic languages]][[Category: Romance]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
{{privatelang}}
{{privatelang}}{{movedon}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
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|imagecaption      = Flag of the Republic of Valtamia
|imagecaption      = Flag of the Republic of Valtamia
|name              = Valtamic
|name              = Valtamic
|nativename        = Äljämhar, Аьляьмхар
|nativename        = Äljämhar, Əльәмхар
|pronunciation    = ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχʌɾ̥
|pronunciation    = ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχʌɾ̥
|states            = Valtamia
|states            = Valtamia
Line 41: Line 41:


===Comparison with Romance languages===
===Comparison with Romance languages===
Due to Valtamic being the only continuously surviving Italic language, it may be erroneously grouped with the [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], which are directly descended from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], as opposed to Valtamic being directly descended from [[w:Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]. Even though, evolutionarily, Valtamic much older and more conservative than modern Romance languages, its evolutionary path made quite different from even [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]].
Due to Valtamic being the only continuously surviving Italic language, it may be erroneously grouped with the [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], which are directly descended from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], as opposed to Valtamic being directly descended from [[w:Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]. Even though, evolutionarily, Valtamic is much older and more conservative than modern Romance languages, its evolutionary path made quite different from even [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| lengua, idioma
| lengua, idioma
| limbă
| limbă
| {{c|ljicür}}, {{c|tämva}}
| {{c|lïcür}}, {{c|tämva}}
|-
|-
| style="font-style:italic;" | cow
| style="font-style:italic;" | cow
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===Proto-Valtamic===
===Proto-Valtamic===
Italic tribes are speculated to have begun migrating westwards as early as the 12<sup>th</sup> century BC, initially settling near modern-day [[w:Austria|Austria]]. Due to such an early split, the language of said Italic peoples would retain some archaic features such as the dental fricatives ''*θ'' and ''*ð''. It would not be until the 9<sup>th</sup> century BC that the now-linguistically-diverged Valtamic peoples would further migrate westward and settle near the [[w:Vistula|Vistula]] for another century, then migrating one last time and settling in the [[w:Baltic|Baltic region]].
Throughout the migratory path of the Valtamic peoples, Proto-Valtamic would have been in contact with languages such as Proto-Celtic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Baltic, Proto-Slavic, and even Proto-Finnic, which is very apparent through heavy lexical, morphological, and syntactical loans present in Valtamic:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Modern Valtamic
! Proto-Valtamic
! Etymology
|-
| {{c|vicou}} (''to injure'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *βicu
| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bītaną|*bītaną]]''
|-
| {{c|väzän}} (''beer'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *βäzën
| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuzą|*beuzą]]''
|-
| {{c|wëslez}} (''which'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *ʍëc(e)lëz
| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwaþeraz|*hwaþeraz]]''
|-
| {{c|lïcür}} (''language'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *ľähcɨr
| < PC ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/yextis|*yextis]]''
|-
| {{c|mytlujou}} (''to remember'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *mʉľcu
| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/muistadak|*muista-]]''
|-
| {{c|ġëhrët}} (''snow'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëḥrët, *ɦëlḳët
| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/valkëda|*valkëda]]''
|-
| {{c|lyhy}} (''year'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *lëḳʉ
| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rokъ|*rȍkъ]]''
|-
| {{c|ġëfë}} (''water'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëṗë
| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vapa|*vapa]]''
|-
| {{c|rycyrh}} (''glass'')
| style="font-style:italic;" | *rëcɨḥr
| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/stьklo|*stьklo]]''
|}


===Modern Valtamic===
===Modern Valtamic===
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Valtamic is a fusional SVO language, inflecting nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. Its adjectives, adpositions, and adverbs also go before the head.


===Vowel harmony===
===Vowel harmony===
Valtamic exhibits a simple vowel height harmony, with high, middle, and low vowels. It has no neutral vowels, apart from ''ö'', though it is grammatically classified as a middle vowel.
Valtamic exhibits simple vowel height harmony, with high, middle, and low vowels. It has no neutral vowels, apart from ''ö'', though it is grammatically classified as a middle vowel.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
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*dikt'''ä'''tër + {{c|-cer}} → diktä'''cär''' → diktä'''cäm''' (''accusative'')
*dikt'''ä'''tër + {{c|-cer}} → diktä'''cär''' → diktä'''cäm''' (''accusative'')
*maṡ'''y'''na + {{c|-elër}} → maṡyn'''ilur''' → maṡyn'''ilunu''' (''essive'')
*maṡ'''y'''na + {{c|-elër}} → maṡyn'''ilur''' → maṡyn'''ilunu''' (''essive'')
Affixes also obey vowel harmony, with the general dictionary forms of affixes being the middle harmonic form.


===Nominals===
===Nominals===
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Nominals decline according to four declension paradigms: '''''type-I''''', '''''type-II''''', '''''type-III''''', and '''''regular paradigms'''''.
Nominals decline according to four declension paradigms: '''''type-I''''', '''''type-II''''', '''''type-III''''', and '''''regular paradigms'''''.


====Type-I nouns====
====Type-I nominals====
This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic o-stem & Latin 2<sup>nd</sup> declension. Nominals of this type are characterized as ending with ''-r'', which changes throughout the paradigm. Mono-syllabic nominals of this type are known as ''true type-I'' nominals, since they exhibit vowel height alteration throughout the paradigm.
This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic o-stem & Latin 2<sup>nd</sup> declension. Nominals of this type are characterized as ending with ''-r'', which changes throughout the paradigm. Mono-syllabic nominals of this type are known as ''true type-I'' nominals, since they exhibit vowel height alteration throughout the paradigm.


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| mëkë<span style="color:purple">ľ</span>
| mëkë<span style="color:purple">ľ</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span>
| tl<span style="color:purple">ouṅ</span>
| tl<span style="color:purple">ouṅ</span>
| tl<span style="color:purple">ounjuľ</span>
| tl<span style="color:purple">ounjuľ</span>
Line 819: Line 868:
|}
|}


====Type-II nouns====
====Type-II nominals====
This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic ā- & u-stems & Latin 1<sup>st</sup> & 4<sup>th</sup> declensions. Most nominals of this type end with a vowel, which changes throughout the paradigm. There has also been an increase in declining Type-II nominals according to the regular paradigm instead of the type-II paradigm.
This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic ā- & u-stems & Latin 1<sup>st</sup> & 4<sup>th</sup> declensions. Most nominals of this type end with a vowel, which changes throughout the paradigm. There has also been an increase in declining Type-II nominals according to the regular paradigm instead of the type-II paradigm.


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| cäto<span style="color:green">ľ</span>
| cäto<span style="color:green">ľ</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span>
| ṡynu<span style="color:green">ṅ</span>
| ṡynu<span style="color:green">ṅ</span>
| ṡynu<span style="color:green">njuľ</span>
| ṡynu<span style="color:green">njuľ</span>
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|}
|}


====Type-III nouns====
====Type-III nominals====
This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic consonant-stems & Latin 3<sup>rd</sup> declension. Most nominals of this type exhibit stem alteration from the nominative singular.
This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic consonant-stems & Latin 3<sup>rd</sup> declension. Most nominals of this type exhibit stem alteration from the nominative singular.


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| gelw<span style="color:brown">eľ</span>
| gelw<span style="color:brown">eľ</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span>
| fëtre<span style="color:brown">ṅ</span>
| fëtre<span style="color:brown">ṅ</span>
| fëtre<span style="color:brown">njël</span> / fëtre<span style="color:brown">njëľ</span> <sup>[a]</sup>
| fëtre<span style="color:brown">njël</span> / fëtre<span style="color:brown">njëľ</span> <sup>[a]</sup>
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<sup>[a]</sup> Southern Valtamic variants
<sup>[a]</sup> Southern Valtamic variants


====Regular nouns====
====Regular nominals====


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! colspan="2" | {{c|tämrä}}, "girl"
! colspan="2" | {{c|tämrä}}, "girl"
! rowspan="2" | {{c|tänar}}, "good, well"
! rowspan="2" | {{c|ljux}}, "delux"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Singular
! Singular
Line 983: Line 1,032:
| tämrä
| tämrä
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">r</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">r</span>
| tänar
| ljux
|-
|-
! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Accusative
! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Accusative
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">m</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">m</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">n</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">n</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">am</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">um</span>
|-
|-
! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">r</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">r</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">m</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">m</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">är</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">ir</span>
|-
|-
! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Dative
! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Dative
| colspan="2" | tämrä<span style="color:blue">ľ</span>
| colspan="2" | tämrä<span style="color:blue">ľ</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">äľ</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">iľ</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ṅ</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ṅ</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">njal</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">njal</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">äṅ</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">iṅ</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Locative<br><span style="color:grey">"in, on, at, by..."</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Locative<br><span style="color:grey">"in, on, at, by..."</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ľ</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ľ</span>
| fëtre<span style="color:blue">ljaľ</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ljaľ</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">äľ</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">iľ</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Separative<br><span style="color:grey">"out of, away from"</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Separative<br><span style="color:grey">"out of, away from"</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">t</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">t</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">daľ</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">daľ</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">at</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">ut</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Essive<br><span style="color:grey">as/in a certain state</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Essive<br><span style="color:grey">as/in a certain state</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">na</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">na</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">nano</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">nano</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">na</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">unu</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Translative<br><span style="color:grey">change of/into a state</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Translative<br><span style="color:grey">change of/into a state</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">c</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">c</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ca</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ca</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">c</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">uc</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Privative<br><span style="color:grey">"without, absence of"</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Privative<br><span style="color:grey">"without, absence of"</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">däk</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">däk</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">dok</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">dok</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">däk</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">udik</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Comitative<br><span style="color:grey">"with, alongside"</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Comitative<br><span style="color:grey">"with, alongside"</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">näk</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">näk</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">nok</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">nok</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">näk</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">unik</span>
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Instrumental<br><span style="color:grey">"with, using"</span>
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Instrumental<br><span style="color:grey">"with, using"</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">jo</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">jo</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">jämä</span>
| tämrä<span style="color:blue">jämä</span>
| tänar<span style="color:blue">jo</span>
| ljux<span style="color:blue">ujou</span>
|}
 
===Pronouns===
 
====Personal pronouns====
Valtamic personal pronouns decline for the same aforementioned cases except for the essive and translative cases. They also retain the three gender system with some modification (''masculine'', ''feminine'', and ''inanimate/epicene'').
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Pronouns'''
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="3" | 3rd
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | 3rd
|- style="text-align:left;"
! masculine
! feminine
! inanimate<br>epicene
|-
! Nominative
| äk
| our
| ü
| o
| ä
| nour
| ġë
| i
|-
! Accusative
| mä
| cän / our <sup>[b]</sup>
| nü
| no
| nä
| ġä / vä <sup>[a]</sup> / nour <sup>[b]</sup>
| cät / ġë <sup>[b]</sup>
| ni
|-
! Genitive
| mäm
| äsäm
| ljäk
| ljäľ
| ljäk
| nasam
| ġëljëm
| üh
|-
! Dative<br>Instrumental
| mäľ
| ġëm
| üm
| äľ
| üm
| nëm
| ġër
| im
|-
! Lative
| rowspan="2" | myluṅ
| cünyṅ
| nüm
| näľ
| nüm
| mäläṅ
| cäljäṅ
| näh
|-
! Locative
| cünyľ
| colspan="3" | änäl
| mäl
| cäľ
| il
|-
! Separative
| mät
| ouľ
| colspan="3" | änäs
| näľ
| cäzä
| is
|-
! Privative
| mynut
| cünyt
| colspan="3" | änäc
| mäc
| cäc
| ic
|-
! Comitative
| myljun
| cünyh
| colspan="3" | änäh
| mänjäh
| cänjäh
| ih
|-
! Reflexive
| märäġ
| äräġ
| colspan="3" | ljäġ
| näräġ
| ġëreġ / ġëṡ <sup>[a]</sup>
| üriġ
|}
|}
<sup>[a]</sup> southern variants
<sup>[b]</sup> insular variants
Due to the collapse of grammatical gender, animate antecedents are instead gendered based on their inherent gender, with the inanimate pronouns also acting as ''[[w:Epicenity|epicene]]'', or ''unisex'', pronouns, used for either an unknown gender, both genders, or a gender other than the previous two. Reflexive pronouns also serve a ''[[w:Disjunctive pronoun|disjunctive]]'' function, very commonly replacing declined pronouns when context is clear.
If the subject argument of a verb beginning with a vowel is a 3<sup>rd</sup> person pronoun, then the word will switch form SVO to VSO in order to avoid a [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]]:
*ü yhülïbun → yhülïbun ü (''"he will draw"'')
*o ut afacam → ut o afacam (''"she was the host"'')
*i uls bïṅ → uls i bïṅ (''"they had survived"'')
====Demonstrative pronouns====
====Interrogative pronouns====
====Relative pronouns====


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Regular Verbs constitute the vast majority of Valtamic verbs. Verbs generally conjugate for three persons (''1<sup>st</sup>'', ''2<sup>nd</sup>'', and ''3<sup>rd</sup>''), two numbers (''singular'' and ''plural''), three moods (''indicative'', ''subjunctive'', and ''imperative''), two voices (''active'' and ''passive''), three basic tenses (''present'', ''past'', and ''future''), each with two forms, one synthetic (''simple'') and one analytic using an auxiliary copula (''perfect'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Regular verb conjugation'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Infinitive
! Bare
| colspan="6" | {{c|ruhülou}} ("to dance")
|-
! Auxiliary
| colspan="6" | ruhül<span style="color:blue">iṅ</span>
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Participle
! style="text-align:center;" | Present
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | ruhül<span style="color:blue">inin</span>
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center;" | Past
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | ruhül<span style="color:blue">iti</span>
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | Indicative
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! First (äk)
! Second (our)
! Third (ü, ä, o)
! First (nour)
! Second (ġë)
! Third (i)
|-
! rowspan="6" | Active
! rowspan="2" | Present
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">ou</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">ur</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">us</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">umur</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">usur</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">uns</span>
|-
! Perfect
| <span style="color:purple">äz</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">är</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">äc</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">äräm</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">ätlär</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">räns</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="2" | Past
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">im</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">ir</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">it</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">imir</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">isir</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">int</span>
|-
! Perfect
| <span style="color:purple">uľ</span> ruhüliṅ
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">ut</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">umur</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">utlir</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">uls</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="2" | Future
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">imbun</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">irbun</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">ibun</span>
| colspan="3" | ruhül<span style="color:purple">isbun</span>
|-
! Perfect
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">hruṡ</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">hrur</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">hruṡum</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">hruṡur</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">hrubun</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="6" | Passive
! rowspan="2" | Present
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">oul</span>
| colspan="2" | ruhül<span style="color:purple">usul</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">umul</span>
| colspan="2" | ruhül<span style="color:purple">unsul</span>
|-
! Perfect
| <span style="color:purple">ultil</span> ruhüliṅ
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">ulcul</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">ultimul</span> ruhüliṅ
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">ultinsul</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="2" | Past
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">il</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">iz</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">isil</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">imil</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">imiṅ</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">insil</span>
|-
! Perfect
| <span style="color:purple">uljil</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">utliz</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">utlisil</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">umil</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">utlimiṅ</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">ulsinsil</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="2" | Future
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">iblun</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">izblun</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:purple">iblun</span>
| colspan="3" | ruhül<span style="color:purple">irmiṅ</span>
|-
! Perfect
| <span style="color:purple">ultiblun</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">ultizbun</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:purple">ultisbun</span> ruhüliṅ
| colspan="3" | <span style="color:purple">ultirmiṅ</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | Subjunctive
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! First (äk)
! Second (our)
! Third (ü, ä, o)
! First (nour)
! Second (ġë)
! Third (i)
|-
! rowspan="4" | Active
! rowspan="2" | Present
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:green">oum</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:green">us</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:green">ut</span>
| colspan="3" | ruhül<span style="color:green">umut</span>
|-
! Perfect
| <span style="color:green">ramom</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:green">ramas</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:green">ramam</span> ruhüliṅ
| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramrat</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="2" | Past
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:green">ourum</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:green">irir</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:green">irit</span>
| colspan="3" | ruhül<span style="color:green">urunt</span>
|-
! Perfect
| <span style="color:green">ramrom</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:green">ramrär</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:green">ramräm</span> ruhüliṅ
| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramrant</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="4" | Passive
! rowspan="2" | Present
! Simple
| colspan="3" | ruhül<span style="color:green">uṡ</span>
| colspan="3" | ruhül<span style="color:green">ounsur</span>
|-
! Perfect
| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramaṡ</span> ruhüliṅ
| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramonsar</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="2" | Past
! Simple
| ruhül<span style="color:green">ouroul</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:green">iriz</span>
| ruhül<span style="color:green">irisil</span>
| colspan="3" | ruhül<span style="color:green">urunsul</span>
|-
! Perfect
| <span style="color:green">ramrol</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:green">ramräz</span> ruhüliṅ
| <span style="color:green">ramräsäl</span> ruhüliṅ
| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramransal</span> ruhüliṅ
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | Imperative
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! First (äk)
! Second (our)
! Third (ü, ä, o)
! First (nour)
! Second (ġë)
! Third (i)
|-
! colspan="3" | Active
| —
| ruhül<span style="color:brown">i</span>
| —
| —
| ruhül<span style="color:brown">ic</span>
| —
|-
! colspan="3" | Passive
| —
| ruhül<span style="color:brown">iz</span>
| —
| —
| ruhül<span style="color:brown">imiṅ</span>
| —
|}
Valtamic verbs have two different verbal infinitives:
* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also act as a gerund or verbal noun, being declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.
* the ''auxiliary infinitive'', which is an indeclinable verbal infinitive used specifically alongside auxiliary verbs.


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Valtamic"