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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A_posteriori]]
[[Category:A_posteriori]]
[[Category:Indo-European_languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European_languages]]
[[Category:Celtic_languages]]
[[Category:Celtic_languages]]


{{privatelang}}
{{privatelang}}{{construction}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Hondish
|name = Hondish
|nativename = Onezearag
|nativename = hunnech
|pronunciation = onəzea̯rak
|pronunciation = hʏnəx
|creator = [[User:Uspesny mekkys]]
|creator = [[User:Uspesny mekkys]]


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}}
}}


'''Hondish''' (''Onezearag'') is a [[w:Celtic_languages|Celtic language]] spoken on the island of [[w:Doggerland|Hondey]] in the North Sea. It is closely related to other living Celtic languages and forms its own distinct group in the [[w:Insular_Celtic_languages|Insular Celtic]] language group. Thorought history it has been significantly influenced by the [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic languages]], most notably [[w:Old_Norse|Old Norse]] and its descendants, [[w:North_Germanic_languages|North Germanic languages]] as well as [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic languages]], namely [[w:Dutch_language|Dutch]] and to a lesser degree [[w:English_language|English]]. These influences manifest primarily in Hondish vocabulary and phonology, its morphology and syntax have been less affected.
'''Hondish''' (''hunnech'') is a [[w:Celtic_languages|Celtic language]] spoken on the island of [[w:Doggerland|Hondey]] (Hondish: ''Hunne'') in the North Sea. It is closely related to other living Celtic languages and forms its own distinct group in the [[w:Insular_Celtic_languages|Insular Celtic]] language group. Thorought history it has been significantly influenced by the [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic languages]], most notably [[w:Old_Norse|Old Norse]] and its descendants, [[w:North_Germanic_languages|North Germanic languages]] as well as [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic languages]], namely [[w:Dutch_language|Dutch]] and to a lesser degree [[w:English_language|English]]. These influences manifest primarily in Hondish vocabulary and phonology, its morphology and syntax have been less affected.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Consonants===
===Consonants===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="border-style: solid solid solid solid;text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=3 |
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar/Uvular
! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |  
! colspan=3 | Nasal
! '''Bilabial'''
| m ⟨m⟩
! '''Labiodental'''
| colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"|
! '''Dental'''
| n ⟨n⟩
! '''Alveolar'''
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
! '''Postalveolar'''
| ɲ ⟨ņ⟩
! '''Palatal'''
| ŋ ⟨ng⟩
! '''Velar'''
| colspan=1 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"|
! '''Glottal'''
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | '''Nasal'''
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Plosive
| [m] ⟨m⟩
! {{small|voiceless}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="background: #F5F5F5;"|
| p ⟨p⟩
| [n] ⟨n⟩
| t ⟨t⟩
| style="border-style: solid solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [ɲ] ⟨ņ⟩ || [ŋ] ⟨ng, ngh⟩
| c ⟨ț⟩
| rowspan=3 style="background: #F5F5F5;"|
| k ⟨k⟩
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | '''Plosive'''
! {{small|voiced}}
! '''{{small|voiced}}'''
| b ⟨b⟩
| [p] ⟨p⟩
| d ⟨d⟩
| [t] ⟨t⟩
| ɟ ⟨d̦⟩
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| (g ⟨gh⟩)
| [k] ⟨k⟩
|-
|-
! '''{{small|voiceless}}'''
! rowspan=4 | Fricative
| [b] ⟨b⟩
! rowspan=2 | {{small|sibillant}}
| [d] ⟨d⟩
! {{small|voiceless}}
| [g] ⟨gh⟩
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| s ⟨s⟩
| ʃ ⟨sc⟩
| ɕ ⟨chj⟩
| x ⟨ch⟩
| h ⟨h⟩
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | '''Fricative'''
! {{small|voiced}}
! '''{{small|voiced}}'''
| z ⟨z⟩
| rowspan=8 style="border-style: solid none solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| ʒ ⟨zc⟩
| [f] ⟨f⟩
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [θ] ⟨th⟩
| ɣ ⟨g⟩
| [s] ⟨s⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [ʃ] ⟨sc⟩
| rowspan=4 style="border-style: none none solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [x] ⟨ch⟩
| [h] ⟨g, h⟩
|-
|-
! '''{{small|voiceless}}'''
! rowspan=2 | {{small|non-sibillant}}
| [v] ⟨v⟩
! {{small|voiceless}}
| [ð] ⟨dh⟩
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [z] ⟨z⟩
| f ⟨f⟩
| [ʒ] ⟨zc⟩
| θ ⟨th⟩
| colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="border-style: solid solid none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| ç ⟨hj⟩
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | '''Affricate'''
! {{small|voiced}}
! '''{{small|voiced}}'''
| v ⟨v⟩
| rowspan=6 colspan=2 style="border-style: solid none solid none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| ð ⟨dh⟩
| [ts] ⟨ts⟩
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [tʃ] ⟨tsc⟩
|-
|-
! '''{{small|voiceless}}'''
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Affricate
| ([dz] ⟨ds⟩)
! {{small|voiceless}}
| ([dʒ] ⟨dsc⟩)
| rowspan=5 colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| ts ⟨ts⟩
| tʃ ⟨tsc⟩
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | '''Approximant'''
! {{small|voiced}}
! '''{{small|plain}}'''
| dz ⟨ds⟩
| [ɹ] ⟨r⟩
| dʒ ⟨dsc⟩
| rowspan=2 style="border-style: solid solid none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [j] ⟨j⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! '''{{small|labialised}}'''
! colspan=3 | Approximant
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [ɥ] ⟨õ⟩
| rowspan=1 style="border-style: solid solid none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [w] ⟨w⟩
| j ⟨j⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;" |  
| w ⟨w⟩
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | '''Lateral approximant'''
! colspan=3 | Lateral
| [l] ⟨l⟩  
| l ⟨l⟩  
| style="border-style: none solid solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="border-style: none solid solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| [ʎ] ⟨ļ⟩   
| ʎ ⟨ļ⟩   
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none solid solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
! colspan=3 | Rhotic
| colspan=4 | r ⟨r⟩
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


===Prosody===
====Stressed vowels====
====Stress====
 
====Intonation====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;width:40em"
|+ Monophthongs
|-
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=4 | Front
! colspan=4 | Back
|-
! colspan=2 | {{small|unrounded}}
! colspan=2 | {{small|rounded}}
! colspan=2 | {{small|unrounded}}
! colspan=2 | {{small|rounded}}
|-
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
|-
! High
| (i: ⟨îe⟩)
| ɪ ⟨i⟩
| y: ⟨ûe⟩
| ʏ ⟨u⟩
| rowspan=2 | ɤ: ⟨âoe⟩
| rowspan=2 | ɤ ⟨ao⟩
| u: ⟨òe⟩
| (ʊ ⟨ò⟩)
|-
! Mid
| e: ⟨êe⟩
| ɛ ⟨e⟩
| ø: ⟨ø̂e⟩
| œ ⟨ø⟩
| o: ⟨ôe⟩
| ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
! Low
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| a ⟨a⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɑ: ⟨ae⟩
| colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:30em"
|+ Falling diphthongs
|-
! |
! ə
! ʊ
! ɪ
|-
! i:
| i:ə̯ ⟨iea⟩
| i:u̯ ⟨ieu⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! e:
| e:ə̯ ⟨eea, ya⟩
| e:u̯ ⟨eeu, yu⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! y:
| y:ə̯ ⟨uea⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! ø:
| ø:ə̯ ⟨øea⟩
| ø:u̯ ⟨øeu⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! ɤ:
| ɯ:ə̯ ⟨aoa⟩
| ɯ:u̯ ⟨aou⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! u:
| u:ə̯ ⟨òea⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! o:
| o:ə̯ ⟨oea⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! ɪ
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɪu̯ ⟨iu⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! ɛ
| ɛə̯ ⟨ea⟩
| ɛu̯ ⟨eu⟩
| eɪ̯ ⟨y, ie⟩
|-
! œ
| œə̯ ⟨øa⟩
| œu̯ ⟨ue, øu⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! ʏ
| ʏə̯ ⟨ua⟩
| ʏu̯ ⟨uu⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
! ɔ
| ɔə̯ ⟨oa⟩
| ou̯ ⟨ou⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:30em"
|+ Rising diphthongs
|-
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Back
|-
! {{small|unrounded}}
! {{small|rounded}}
! {{small|unrounded}}
! {{small|rounded}}
|-
| ɪ̯e ⟨ee⟩
| ʏ̯ø ⟨øe⟩
| ɯ̯ɤ ⟨aoe⟩
| ʊ̯o ⟨oe⟩
|}
 
====Unstressed vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:30em"
|+ Monophthongs
|-
!
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! colspan=2 | Back
|-
!
! {{small|unrounded}}
! {{small|rounded}}
! {{small|unrounded}}
! {{small|rounded}}
|-
! High
| ɪ ⟨i⟩
| colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ʊ ⟨u⟩
|-
! Mid
| ɛ ⟨ê⟩
| œ ⟨ø⟩
| ə ⟨e⟩
| ɤ ⟨ao⟩
| ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
! Low
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɑ ⟨a⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:30em"
|+ Falling dipththong
|-
! |
! ə
! ʊ
|-
! e
| eə̯ ⟨ea⟩
| eʊ̯ ⟨eu⟩
|-
! ø
| øə̯ ⟨øa⟩
| øʊ̯ ⟨øu⟩
|-
! ɤ
| ɤə̯ ⟨aoa⟩
| ɤʊ̯ ⟨aou⟩
|-
! o
| oə̯ ⟨oa⟩
| oʊ̯ ⟨ou⟩
|}
 
===[[w:Consonant_mutation|Consonant mutations]]===
 
Like in other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Initial consonant mutations
|-
! rowspan=2 | Radical
! colspan=3 | Initial mutations
! colspan=3 | Internal mutations
|-
! Lenition
! Aspiration
! Nasalisation
! Lenition
! Aspiration
! Nasalisation
|-
| p
| b
| f
| b
| b
| f
| hm
|-
| b
| v
| p
| m
| v
| p
| m
|-
| t || d || θ || d || d || θ || hn
|-
| c || ɟ || θj || ɟ || ɟ || θj || hɲ
|-
| d || ð || t || n || ð || t || n
|-
| ɟ || ðj || c || ɲ || ðj || c || ɲ
|-
| k || ɣ || x || ɣ || ɣ || x || hŋ
|-
| tʃ || ʒ || ɕ || ʒ || ʒ || ɕ || hɲ
|-
| ɣ || ∅ || k || ŋ || ∅ || k || ŋ
|-
| rowspan=2 | ʒ
| j || tʃ || ɲ || j || tʃ || ɲ
|-
| ç
| ʃ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ç
| ʃ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| z
| h
| s
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| h
| s
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| s
| z
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| z
| z
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| z
|-
| ʃ
| ʒ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ʒ
| ʒ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ʒ
|-
| x
| ∅
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ∅
| ∅
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ∅
|-
| ɕ
| j
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
| j
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
|-
| f
| h
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| h
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| v
| w
| f
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| w
| f
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| vj
| j
| fj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
| fj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| m
| w
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| w
| hm
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| mj
| j
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
| hmj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| n
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hn
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| ɲ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hɲ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| rowspan=2 | j
| rowspan=2 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| dj
| rowspan=2 | ɲ
| rowspan=2 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| dj
| rowspan=2 | ɲ
|-
| gj
| gj
|-
| w
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| gw
| ŋ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| gw
| ŋ
|-
| l
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hl
| ml
|-
| ʎ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hʎ
| mʎ
|-
| r
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hr
| mr
|-
| rj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hrj
| mrj
|-
| h
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
| ç
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|}
 


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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