297
edits
(Updated consonants) |
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| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
|name = Hondish | |name = Hondish | ||
|nativename = hunnech | |nativename = hunnech | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = hʏnəx | ||
|creator = [[User:Uspesny mekkys]] | |creator = [[User:Uspesny mekkys]] | ||
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=3 | | ! colspan=3 | | ||
! | ! Bilabial | ||
! | ! Labiodental | ||
! | ! Dental | ||
! | ! Alveolar | ||
! | ! Postalveolar | ||
! | ! Palatal | ||
! | ! Velar/Uvular | ||
! | ! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=3 | | ! colspan=3 | Nasal | ||
| m ⟨m⟩ | | m ⟨m⟩ | ||
| colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"| | | colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
| colspan=1 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"| | | colspan=1 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Plosive | ||
! | ! {{small|voiceless}} | ||
| p ⟨p⟩ | | p ⟨p⟩ | ||
| t ⟨t⟩ | | t ⟨t⟩ | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| c ⟨ț⟩ | |||
| k ⟨k⟩ | | k ⟨k⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! {{small|voiced}} | ||
| b ⟨b⟩ | | b ⟨b⟩ | ||
| d ⟨d⟩ | | d ⟨d⟩ | ||
| ɟ ⟨d̦⟩ | |||
| (g ⟨gh⟩) | | (g ⟨gh⟩) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | | ! rowspan=4 | Fricative | ||
! rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | {{small|sibillant}} | ||
! | ! {{small|voiceless}} | ||
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| s ⟨s⟩ | | s ⟨s⟩ | ||
| Line 79: | Line 81: | ||
| h ⟨h⟩ | | h ⟨h⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! {{small|voiced}} | ||
| z ⟨z⟩ | | z ⟨z⟩ | ||
| ʒ ⟨zc⟩ | | ʒ ⟨zc⟩ | ||
| Line 86: | Line 88: | ||
| style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | {{small|non-sibillant}} | ||
! | ! {{small|voiceless}} | ||
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| f ⟨f⟩ | | f ⟨f⟩ | ||
| Line 95: | Line 97: | ||
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! {{small|voiced}} | ||
| v ⟨v⟩ | | v ⟨v⟩ | ||
| ð ⟨dh⟩ | | ð ⟨dh⟩ | ||
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Affricate | ||
! | ! {{small|voiceless}} | ||
| rowspan=5 colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | rowspan=5 colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| ts ⟨ts⟩ | | ts ⟨ts⟩ | ||
| Line 107: | Line 109: | ||
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! {{small|voiced}} | ||
| dz ⟨ds⟩ | | dz ⟨ds⟩ | ||
| dʒ ⟨dsc⟩ | | dʒ ⟨dsc⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=3 | | ! colspan=3 | Approximant | ||
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| rowspan=1 style="border-style: solid solid none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | rowspan=1 style="border-style: solid solid none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| Line 118: | Line 120: | ||
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=1 style="border-style: none solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=3 | | ! colspan=3 | Lateral | ||
| l ⟨l⟩ | | l ⟨l⟩ | ||
| style="border-style: none solid solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | style="border-style: none solid solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| Line 124: | Line 126: | ||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=3 | | ! colspan=3 | Rhotic | ||
| colspan=4 | r ⟨r⟩ | | colspan=4 | r ⟨r⟩ | ||
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | | colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
| Line 137: | Line 139: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | | ! rowspan=3 | | ||
! colspan=4 | | ! colspan=4 | Front | ||
! colspan=4 | Back | |||
! colspan=4 | | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | {{small|unrounded}} | |||
! colspan=2 | {{small|rounded}} | |||
! colspan=2 | {{small|unrounded}} | |||
! colspan=2 | {{small|rounded}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|long}} | |||
! {{small|short}} | |||
! {{small|long}} | |||
! {{small|short}} | |||
! {{small|long}} | |||
! {{small|short}} | |||
! {{small|long}} | |||
! {{small|short}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! High | ||
| | | (i: ⟨îe⟩) | ||
| | | ɪ ⟨i⟩ | ||
| | | y: ⟨ûe⟩ | ||
| ʏ ⟨u⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | | | rowspan=2 | ɤ: ⟨âoe⟩ | ||
| rowspan=2 | ɤ ⟨ao⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | | | u: ⟨òe⟩ | ||
| | | (ʊ ⟨ò⟩) | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Mid | ||
| | | e: ⟨êe⟩ | ||
| | | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | ||
| | | ø: ⟨ø̂e⟩ | ||
| | | œ ⟨ø⟩ | ||
| o: ⟨ôe⟩ | |||
| ɔ ⟨o⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Low | ||
| | | colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| a ⟨a⟩ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| | | ɑ: ⟨ae⟩ | ||
| | | colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| | |||
| colspan= | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:30em" | ||
|+ | |+ Falling diphthongs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | | ! | | ||
! ə | ! ə | ||
! | ! ʊ | ||
! | ! ɪ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! i: | ||
| i:ə̯ ⟨iea⟩ | |||
| i:u̯ ⟨ieu⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | | style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! e | ! e: | ||
| | | e:ə̯ ⟨eea, ya⟩ | ||
| e:u̯ ⟨eeu, yu⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
! y: | |||
| y:ə̯ ⟨uea⟩ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
! ø: | |||
| ø:ə̯ ⟨øea⟩ | |||
| ø:u̯ ⟨øeu⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
! ɤ: | |||
| ɯ:ə̯ ⟨aoa⟩ | |||
| ɯ:u̯ ⟨aou⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | | style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! o | ! u: | ||
| | | u:ə̯ ⟨òea⟩ | ||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
! o: | |||
| o:ə̯ ⟨oea⟩ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | | colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
|- | |||
! ɪ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| ɪu̯ ⟨iu⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
! ɛ | |||
| ɛə̯ ⟨ea⟩ | |||
| ɛu̯ ⟨eu⟩ | |||
| eɪ̯ ⟨y, ie⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! œ | |||
| œə̯ ⟨øa⟩ | |||
| œu̯ ⟨ue, øu⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
! ʏ | |||
| ʏə̯ ⟨ua⟩ | |||
| ʏu̯ ⟨uu⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |||
! ɔ | |||
| ɔə̯ ⟨oa⟩ | |||
| ou̯ ⟨ou⟩ | |||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:30em" | |||
|+ Rising diphthongs | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Front | |||
! colspan=2 | Back | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|unrounded}} | |||
! {{small|rounded}} | |||
! {{small|unrounded}} | |||
! {{small|rounded}} | |||
|- | |||
| ɪ̯e ⟨ee⟩ | |||
| ʏ̯ø ⟨øe⟩ | |||
| ɯ̯ɤ ⟨aoe⟩ | |||
| ʊ̯o ⟨oe⟩ | |||
|} | |} | ||
====Unstressed vowels==== | ====Unstressed vowels==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:30em" | ||
|+ Monophthongs | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | Front | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | Central | ||
! colspan=2 | Back | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
| | ! {{small|unrounded}} | ||
| | ! {{small|rounded}} | ||
! {{small|unrounded}} | |||
! {{small|rounded}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! High | ||
| | | ɪ ⟨i⟩ | ||
| | | colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| ʊ ⟨u⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Mid | ||
| colspan=2 | | | ɛ ⟨ê⟩ | ||
| œ ⟨ø⟩ | |||
| ə ⟨e⟩ | |||
| ɤ ⟨ao⟩ | |||
| ɔ ⟨o⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! Low | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| ɑ ⟨a⟩ | |||
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:30em" | |||
|+ Falling dipththong | |||
|- | |||
! | | |||
! ə | |||
! ʊ | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| eə̯ ⟨ea⟩ | |||
| eʊ̯ ⟨eu⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! ø | |||
| øə̯ ⟨øa⟩ | |||
| øʊ̯ ⟨øu⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! ɤ | |||
| ɤə̯ ⟨aoa⟩ | |||
| ɤʊ̯ ⟨aou⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! o | |||
| oə̯ ⟨oa⟩ | |||
| oʊ̯ ⟨ou⟩ | |||
|} | |} | ||
===[[w:Consonant_mutation|Consonant mutations]]=== | ===[[w:Consonant_mutation|Consonant mutations]]=== | ||
Like other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax. | Like in other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ Initial consonant mutations | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | Radical | ||
! | ! colspan=3 | Initial mutations | ||
! | ! colspan=3 | Internal mutations | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Lenition | |||
! Aspiration | |||
! Nasalisation | |||
! Lenition | |||
! Aspiration | |||
! Nasalisation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| b || | | p | ||
| b | |||
| f | |||
| b | |||
| b | |||
| f | |||
| hm | |||
|- | |- | ||
| t || d || | | b | ||
| v | |||
| p | |||
| m | |||
| v | |||
| p | |||
| m | |||
|- | |||
| t || d || θ || d || d || θ || hn | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | c || ɟ || θj || ɟ || ɟ || θj || hɲ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| d || ð || n || ð | | d || ð || t || n || ð || t || n | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ɟ || ðj || c || ɲ || ðj || c || ɲ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| k || | | k || ɣ || x || ɣ || ɣ || x || hŋ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| tʃ || ʒ || | | tʃ || ʒ || ɕ || ʒ || ʒ || ɕ || hɲ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ɣ || ∅ || k || ŋ || ∅ || k || ŋ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rowspan=2 | ʒ | ||
| | | j || tʃ || ɲ || j || tʃ || ɲ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ç | ||
| ʃ | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| ç | |||
| ʃ | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | z | ||
| h | |||
| s | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| h | |||
| s | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | s | ||
| | | z | ||
| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| z | |||
| z | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| z | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ʃ | ||
| | | ʒ | ||
| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| ʒ | |||
| ʒ | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| ʒ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | x | ||
| | | ∅ | ||
| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| ∅ | |||
| ∅ | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| ∅ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ɕ | ||
| | | j | ||
| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| j | |||
| j | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| j | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | f | ||
| | | h | ||
| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| h | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| f || | | v | ||
| style="border-style: | | w | ||
| f | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| w | |||
| f | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | vj | ||
| style="border-style: | | j | ||
| fj | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| j | |||
| fj | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | m | ||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | | w | ||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| w | |||
| hm | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | mj | ||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | | j | ||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| j | |||
| hmj | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | n | ||
| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hn | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ɲ | ||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hɲ | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rowspan=2 | j | ||
| rowspan=2 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| dj | |||
| rowspan=2 | ɲ | |||
| rowspan=2 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| dj | |||
| rowspan=2 | ɲ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | gj | ||
| gj | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | w | ||
| style="border-style: | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| | | gw | ||
| | | ŋ | ||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| gw | |||
| | | ŋ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| l | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hl | |||
| ml | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ʎ | ||
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hʎ | |||
| mʎ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | r | ||
| | | style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | ||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hr | |||
| mr | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rj | ||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| hrj | |||
| mrj | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | h | ||
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ç | |||
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"| | |||
|} | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
edits