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Hondish: Difference between revisions

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Hondish (view source)

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Line 10: Line 10:
|name = Hondish
|name = Hondish
|nativename = hunnech
|nativename = hunnech
|pronunciation = hynəx
|pronunciation = hʏnəx
|creator = [[User:Uspesny mekkys]]
|creator = [[User:Uspesny mekkys]]


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|-
|-
! colspan=3 |  
! colspan=3 |  
! '''Bilabial'''
! Bilabial
! '''Labiodental'''
! Labiodental
! '''Dental'''
! Dental
! '''Alveolar'''
! Alveolar
! '''Postalveolar'''
! Postalveolar
! '''Palatal'''
! Palatal
! '''Velar/Uvular'''
! Velar/Uvular
! '''Glottal'''
! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | '''Nasal'''
! colspan=3 | Nasal
| m ⟨m⟩
| m ⟨m⟩
| colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"|  
| colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"|  
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| colspan=1 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=1 rowspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | '''Plosive'''
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Plosive
! '''{{small|voiceless}}'''
! {{small|voiceless}}
| p ⟨p⟩
| p ⟨p⟩
| t ⟨t⟩
| t ⟨t⟩
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| c ⟨ț⟩
| k ⟨k⟩
| k ⟨k⟩
|-
|-
! '''{{small|voiced}}'''
! {{small|voiced}}
| b ⟨b⟩
| b ⟨b⟩
| d ⟨d⟩
| d ⟨d⟩
| ɟ ⟨d̦⟩
| (g ⟨gh⟩)
| (g ⟨gh⟩)
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 | '''Fricative'''
! rowspan=4 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | '''{{small|sibillant}}'''
! rowspan=2 | {{small|sibillant}}
! '''{{small|voiceless}}'''
! {{small|voiceless}}
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| s ⟨s⟩
| s ⟨s⟩
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| h ⟨h⟩
| h ⟨h⟩
|-
|-
! '''{{small|voiced}}'''
! {{small|voiced}}
| z ⟨z⟩
| z ⟨z⟩
| ʒ ⟨zc⟩
| ʒ ⟨zc⟩
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| style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | '''{{small|non-sibillant}}'''
! rowspan=2 | {{small|non-sibillant}}  
! '''{{small|voiceless}}'''
! {{small|voiceless}}
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| f ⟨f⟩
| f ⟨f⟩
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| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! '''{{small|voiced}}'''
! {{small|voiced}}
| v ⟨v⟩
| v ⟨v⟩
| ð ⟨dh⟩
| ð ⟨dh⟩
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | '''Affricate'''
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Affricate
! '''{{small|voiceless}}'''
! {{small|voiceless}}
| rowspan=5 colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| rowspan=5 colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| ts ⟨ts⟩  
| ts ⟨ts⟩  
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| colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! '''{{small|voiced}}'''
! {{small|voiced}}
| dz ⟨ds⟩
| dz ⟨ds⟩
| dʒ ⟨dsc⟩
| dʒ ⟨dsc⟩
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | '''Approximant'''
! colspan=3 | Approximant
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=1 rowspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| rowspan=1 style="border-style: solid solid none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| rowspan=1 style="border-style: solid solid none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| colspan=1 style="border-style: none solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none solid none solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | '''Lateral'''
! colspan=3 | Lateral
| l ⟨l⟩  
| l ⟨l⟩  
| style="border-style: none solid solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="border-style: none solid solid solid;background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | '''Rhotic'''
! colspan=3 | Rhotic
| colspan=4 | r ⟨r⟩
| colspan=4 | r ⟨r⟩
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
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|-
|-
! rowspan=3 |
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=4 | '''Front'''
! colspan=4 | Front
! colspan=4 | '''Back'''
! colspan=4 | Back
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | '''{{small|unrounded}}'''
! colspan=2 | {{small|unrounded}}
! colspan=2 | '''{{small|rounded}}'''
! colspan=2 | {{small|rounded}}
! colspan=2 | '''{{small|unrounded}}'''
! colspan=2 | {{small|unrounded}}
! colspan=2 | '''{{small|rounded}}'''
! colspan=2 | {{small|rounded}}
|-
|-
! '''{{small|long}}'''
! {{small|long}}
! '''{{small|short}}'''
! {{small|short}}
! '''{{small|long}}'''
! {{small|long}}
! '''{{small|short}}'''
! {{small|short}}
! '''{{small|long}}'''
! {{small|long}}
! '''{{small|short}}'''
! {{small|short}}
! '''{{small|long}}'''
! {{small|long}}
! '''{{small|short}}'''
! {{small|short}}
|-
|-
! '''High'''
! High
| (i: ⟨îe⟩)
| (i: ⟨îe⟩)
| ɪ ⟨i⟩
| ɪ ⟨i⟩
| y: ⟨ûe⟩
| y: ⟨ûe⟩
| ʏ ⟨u⟩
| ʏ ⟨u⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none;background: #F5F5F5;" |
| rowspan=2 | ɤ: ⟨âoe⟩
| rowspan=2 | ɤ ⟨ao⟩
| u: ⟨òe⟩
| u: ⟨òe⟩
| (ʊ ⟨ò⟩)
| (ʊ ⟨ò⟩)
|-
|-
! '''Mid'''
! Mid
| e: ⟨êe⟩
| e: ⟨êe⟩
| e ⟨e⟩
| ɛ ⟨e⟩
| ø: ⟨ø̂e⟩
| ø: ⟨ø̂e⟩
| ø ⟨ø⟩
| œ ⟨ø⟩
| ɤ: ⟨âoe⟩
| ɤ ⟨ao⟩
| o: ⟨ôe⟩
| o: ⟨ôe⟩
| o ⟨o⟩
| ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|-
! '''Low'''
! Low
| a: ⟨ae⟩
| colspan=1 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| a ⟨a⟩
| a ⟨a⟩
| colspan=6 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɑ: ⟨ae⟩
| colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|}
|}


Line 193: Line 196:
|-
|-
! e:
! e:
| e:ə̯ ⟨eea⟩
| e:ə̯ ⟨eea, ya⟩
| e:u̯ ⟨eeu⟩
| e:u̯ ⟨eeu, yu⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! u:
! u:
| u:ə̯ ⟨uea⟩
| u:ə̯ ⟨òea⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
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| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
! e
! ɛ
| eə̯ ⟨ea⟩
| ɛə̯ ⟨ea⟩
| eu̯ ⟨eu⟩
| ɛu̯ ⟨eu⟩
| eɪ̯ ⟨y, ei⟩
| eɪ̯ ⟨y, ie⟩
|-
|-
! ø
! œ
| øə̯ ⟨øa⟩
| œə̯ ⟨øa⟩
| øu̯ ⟨øu⟩
| œu̯ ⟨ue, øu⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
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| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
! o
! ɔ
| oə̯ ⟨oa⟩
| ɔə̯ ⟨oa⟩
| ou̯ ⟨ou⟩
| ou̯ ⟨ou⟩
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
Line 251: Line 254:
! colspan=2 | Back  
! colspan=2 | Back  
|-
|-
! '''{{small|unrounded}}'''
! {{small|unrounded}}
! '''{{small|rounded}}'''
! {{small|rounded}}
! '''{{small|unrounded}}'''
! {{small|unrounded}}
! '''{{small|rounded}}'''
! {{small|rounded}}
|-
|-
| ɪ̯e ⟨ee⟩
| ɪ̯e ⟨ee⟩
Line 267: Line 270:
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2 | '''Front'''
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | '''Central'''
! rowspan=2 | Central
! colspan=2 |'''Back'''
! colspan=2 | Back
|-
|-
!
!
! '''{{small|unrounded}}'''
! {{small|unrounded}}
! '''{{small|rounded}}'''
! {{small|rounded}}
! '''{{small|unrounded}}'''
! {{small|unrounded}}
! '''{{small|rounded}}'''
! {{small|rounded}}
|-
|-
! '''High'''
! High
| ɪ ⟨i⟩
| ɪ ⟨i⟩
| colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ʊ ⟨u⟩
| ʊ ⟨u⟩
|-
|-
! '''Mid'''
! Mid
| e ⟨e, ee⟩
| ɛ ⟨ê⟩
| ø ⟨ø⟩
| œ ⟨ø⟩
| ə ⟨e⟩
| ə ⟨e⟩
| ɤ ⟨ao⟩
| ɤ ⟨ao⟩
| o ⟨o⟩
| ɔ ⟨o⟩
|-
|-
! '''Low'''
! Low
| a ⟨a⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=4 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɑ ⟨a⟩
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|}
|}


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===[[w:Consonant_mutation|Consonant mutations]]===
===[[w:Consonant_mutation|Consonant mutations]]===


Like other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax.
Like in other Celtic languages, Hondish initial consonants also undergo mutations. These mutations were originally triggerred by largely predictable assimilations at the borders of words and affixes. However, subsequent phonological changes often obscured the triggers of these mutations, leaving their triggering to morphology and syntax.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Native initials
|+ Initial consonant mutations
|-
|-
! '''Radical'''
! rowspan=2 | Radical
! '''Lenition'''
! colspan=3 | Initial mutations
! '''Nasalisation'''
! colspan=3 | Internal mutations
! '''Aspiration'''
|-
|-
| p || b || m || f
! Lenition
! Aspiration
! Nasalisation
! Lenition
! Aspiration
! Nasalisation
|-
|-
| b || v || m || v
| p
| b
| f
| b
| b
| f
| hm
|-
|-
| t || d || n || θ
| b
| v
| p
| m
| v
| p
| m
|-
| t || d || θ || d || d || θ || hn
|-
|-
| ts || z || ɲ || θj
| c || ɟ || θj || ɟ || ɟ || θj || hɲ
|-
|-
| d || ð || n || ð
| d || ð || t || n || ð || t || n
|-
|-
| z || ðj || ɲ || ðj
| ɟ || ðj || c || ɲ || ðj || c || ɲ
|-
|-
| k || g || ŋ || x
| k || ɣ || x || ɣ || ɣ || x || hŋ
|-
|-
| tʃ || ʒ || ŋj || xj
| tʃ || ʒ || ɕ || ʒ || ʒ || ɕ || hɲ
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | h
| ɣ || ∅ || k || ŋ || ∅ || k || ŋ
| w || ŋ || w (ɣ)
|-
|-
| ∅ || n
| rowspan=2 | ʒ
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j || tʃ || ɲ || j || tʃ || ɲ
|-
|-
| ʒ || j || ŋj || j (ɣj)
| ç
| ʃ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ç
| ʃ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| ð || j || n || dj
| z
| h
| s
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| h
| s
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| w
| s
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| z
| gw
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| z
| z
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| z
|-
|-
| ɥ
| ʃ
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ʒ
| gɥ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ʒ
| ʒ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ʒ
|-
|-
| l
| x
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ∅
| hl
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ∅
| ∅
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ∅
|-
|-
| ʎ
| ɕ
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
| hʎ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
| j
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
|-
|-
| ɹ
| f
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| h
| hɹ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| h
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| f || v || v
| v
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| w
| f  
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| w
| f
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| hj || j || ɲ
| vj
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
| fj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j  
| fj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| x || w || ŋ
| m
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| w  
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| w
| hm
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| ʃ || j || ŋj
| mj
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j  
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| j
| hmj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| θ || ð
| n
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hn
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| m || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɲ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hɲ
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| n || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| rowspan=2 | j
| rowspan=2 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| dj
| rowspan=2 | ɲ
| rowspan=2 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| dj
| rowspan=2 | ɲ
|-
|-
| ɲ || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| gj
| gj
|-
|-
| V
| w
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| n-V ||h-V
| gw
|}
| ŋ
 
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| gw
|+ Loan word initials
| ŋ
|-
|-
! '''Radical'''
| l
! '''Lenition'''
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
! '''Nasalisation'''
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
! '''Aspiration'''
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hl
| ml
|-
|-
| j
| ʎ
| style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| ɲ || dj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hʎ
| mʎ
|-
|-
| s || z
| r
| colspan=2 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hr
| mr
|-
|-
| z || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| rj
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| hrj
| mrj
|-
|-
| v || colspan=3 style="border-style: none none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| h
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|-
|-
| ç
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid solid none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
| colspan=3 style="border-style: solid none none none ;background: #F5F5F5;"|
|}


|}


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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