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{{construction}}
{{infobox language
{{infobox language
| image = Logun.png
| image = Logun.png
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| imagecaption = ''Apisnja Logun''; the Logun flag
| imagecaption = ''Apisnja Logun''; the Logun flag
| name = Logun
| name = Logun
| nativename = ija'nja logun
| nativename = ijànja logun
| pronunciation = iz̠a.nz̠a ˈlo.kʊ̃
| pronunciation = iʑa.nʑa ˈlo.kʊ̃
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Logun
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2025
| created = 2025
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| ethnicity = Logun people
| ethnicity = Logun people
| speakers = 14,145,670
| speakers = 14,145,670
| date = 350 BH
| date = 400 BH
| state = ''Njalogun''{{efn|name=njalogun|(lit. "that which belongs to the Logun"; often translated as '''Logunland''')}}
| state = ''Njalogun''{{efn|name=njalogun|(lit. "that which belongs to the Logun"; often translated as '''Logunland''')}}
| stand1 = Bhogàn Logun
| stand1 = Bhogàn Logun
| official = Minūrun, Tibirotak
| ancestor1 = Old Logun
| majority = Minūrun
| ancestor2 = Bhladh
| official = [[File:Minūrun.png|24px]] Minūrun, Tibirotak
| minority = Teš
| minority = Teš
}}
}}
'''Logun'''(<small>Logun:</small> ''ija'nja logun'' [[Help:IPA|[iz̠a.nz̠a ˈlo.kʊ̃]]]) is an Upé language and the native language of the Logun people(''obela logun'') of Minūrun and Tibirotak. It is one of the official languages of and the most spoken language of Minūrun with 12.3 million speakers, making up around 33.5% of the 36,718,418 strong Minurese population, most of them situated in the north-east of the country. It is also a prominent language of the Minurese vassal of Tibirotak, where it is spoken by around 12.3% of the population primarily in the south-east.
'''Logun'''(<small>Logun:</small> ''ijànja logun'' [[IPA for Logun|[iʑa.nʑa ˈlo.kʊ̃]]]) is an Upé language and the native language of the Logun people(''obela logun'') of Minūrun and Tibirotak. It is one of the official languages of and the most spoken language of Minūrun with 12.3 million speakers, making up around 33.5% of the 36,718,418 strong Minurese population, most of them situated in the north-east of the country. It is also a prominent language of the Minurese vassal of Tibirotak, where it is spoken by around 12.3% of the population primarily in the south-east.


Together, these traditionally Logun lands are called the ''Njalogun'';{{efn|name=njalogun}} it is estimated that there are around 14,145,670 Logun people with around 78.1% who are monolingual Logun speakers; the highest rate of native monolingualism among all Minurese ethnic groups. Additionally, most bilingual Logun people are [[Teš|Teški]], and thus only speak Teš, also an Upé language, in addition to Logun.
Together, these traditionally Logun lands are called the ''Njalogun'';{{efn|name=njalogun}} it is estimated that there are around 14,145,670 Logun people with around 78.1% who are monolingual Logun speakers; the highest rate of native monolingualism among all Minurese ethnic groups. Additionally, most bilingual Logun people are [[Teš|Teški]], and thus only speak Teš, also an Upé language, in addition to Logun.
==Classification & usage==
Logun is part of the Upé language family, one of few remaining truly indigenous language families of Radael. Logun is the most spoken Upé language and the second most spoken language that is indigenous to Radael, after [[Ingdikh]], an Ontic language.
It is an official language of Minūrun(Logun: ''Minùnru'') and Tibirotak(''Idhibla'').
===Usage in Teš===
Logun is the only recognised minority language of the State of Teš; Logun monks make up around 12% of all Teški monks and make up around 60% of new Teški monks due to the high number of Teški Loguns.
Within Teš, Logun-language masses are held yearly by Logun monks for newer Logun monks who don't speak Teš well enough to understand ordinary Teš masses; however, the liturgical use of Logun is generally discouraged otherwise.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Logun uses an etymological orthography, based primarily on the phonology of Bhladh Logun. Therefore, Logun orthography does not entirely match up to modern Logun phonology; however, this is by grapheme-per-grapheme basis, and the differences are largely consistent.
The following table shows these discrepancies and how they are pronounced in modern Logun.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Graphemes !! [[IPA for Logun|IPA]] !! Examples
|-
! k, g, q
| /k/ || ''lo'''g'''un'', '''''k'''a'', '''''q'''umo'''q'''''
|-
! p, b
| /p/ || '''''p'''ulùn'', ''enka'''b'''o''
|-
! sh, ch, c
| /ɕ/ || ''a'''sh'''i'''sh''''', '''''ch'''làn'', '''''c'''en''
|-
! j, zh
| /ʑ/ || ''i'''j'''a'', ''mi'''zh'''man''
|-
! bh, ph
| /pˠ/ || '''''bh'''enunn'', ''o'''ph'''ann''
|-
! an, en
| /ẽ/ || '''''en'''nu'', ''k'''an'''no''
|}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! colspan=2 | Alveolar !! colspan=2 | Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! colspan=2 | Alveolar !! colspan=2 | Alveolo-palatal !! Palatal !! Velar
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | Stop
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|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Fricative
! colspan=2 | Fricative
| || s || z || s̠ || z̠ || ʝ || x
| || s || z || ɕ || ʑ || || x
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Semivowels/Liquids
! colspan=2 | Semivowels/Liquids
| (w) || colspan=2 | l || colspan=2 | || j
| || colspan=2 | l || colspan=2 | || j || (ɫ)
|}
|}
It has also been proposed that /ⁿz̠/ and /ⁿs̠/ are separate phonemes, such as in ''-nja'' "genitive case marker" and ''ja'' "what", though generally in these cases they are simply analysed as nasal-obstruent clusters.
It has also been proposed that /ⁿʑ/ and /ⁿɕ/ are separate phonemes, such as in ''-nja'' "genitive case marker" and ''ja'' "what", though generally in these cases they are simply analysed as nasal-obstruent clusters.
 
/ɫ/ is an allophone of /l/ after velarised plosives(excluding /k/), as in ''bh'''l'''adh'' [[IPA for Logun|[pˠɫadˠ]]] "ancient".
 
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
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| a || colspan=2 |
| a || colspan=2 |
|}
|}
Logun vowels contrast on nasality with oral and nasal vowels. These nasal vowels are generally orthographically represented by a proceeding ⟨n⟩; in the case of an oral vowel-nasal consonant cluster, the vowel is accented with a grave accent, for example ''den'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈdẽ]]] "to move" vs ''dèn'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈdɛn]]] "very". In the case of a nasal vowel-nasal consonant, the ⟨n⟩ is doubled, as in ''benun'' [[Help:IPA|[pɛˈnʊ̃]]] "nut" vs ''bhenunn'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈpˠɛnʊ̃n]]] "plateau".
Logun vowels contrast on nasality with oral and nasal vowels. These nasal vowels are generally orthographically represented by a proceeding ⟨n⟩; in the case of an oral vowel-nasal consonant cluster, the vowel is accented with a grave accent, for example ''den'' [[IPA for Logun|[ˈdẽ]]] "to move" vs ''dèn'' [[IPA for Logun|[ˈdɛn]]] "very". In the case of a nasal vowel-nasal consonant, the ⟨n⟩ is doubled, as in ''benun'' [[IPA for Logun|[pɛˈnʊ̃]]] "nut" vs ''bhenunn'' [[IPA for Logun|[ˈpˠɛnʊ̃n]]] "plateau".
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Personal pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Demonstrative====
Inflectable demonstrative determiners are placed prepositionally.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! det. !! pro. !! det. !! pro.
|-
! Proximal
| ''li'' '' || ''lin'' || ''elik'' || ''elìn''
|-
! Medial
| ''yali'' || ''yalin'' || ''abadh'' || ''yalìn''
|-
! Distal
| ''oli'' || ''olin'' || ''onla'' || ''olbìn''
|}
 
====Personal====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural
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! rowspan=2 | First<br>person
! rowspan=2 | First<br>person
! Inclusive
! Inclusive
| rowspan=2 | ''bhe'' || ''katan''
| rowspan=2 | ''be'' || ''kan''
|-
|-
! Exclusive
! Exclusive
| ''ùnkan''
| ''katan''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Second person  
! rowspan=2 | Second<br>person  
! neutral
! neutral
| ''onn'' || ''ngòn''{{efn|Rarely used in modern speech; mostly used only in speeches. Derived from ''yo ngàn''}}
| ''on'' || ''ngòn''{{efn|Archaic. Derived from ''yo ngàn''}}
|-
|-
! formal{{efn|name=formal|Used primarily when referring to [[Teš]] monks; the term ''onlak'' is also borrowed from Teš.}}
! formal{{efn|name=formal|Used primarily when referring to [[Teš]] monks; the term ''onlak'' is also borrowed from Teš.}}
| colspan=2 | ''onlak''
| colspan=2 | ''onlak''
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 | Third person
! rowspan=4 | Third<br>person
! masc.
! masc.
| colspan=2 | ''am''
| colspan=2 | ''am''
|-
|-
! fem.
! fem.
| ''mon'' || ''sèna''
| ''mon'', ''mun'' || ''sèna''
|-
|-
! neut.
! neut.
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| ''yo ngàn'' || ''ayo ngàn''
| ''yo ngàn'' || ''ayo ngàn''
|}
|}
The use of the formal third-person pronoun ''yo ngàn'' and ''ayo ngàn'' are borrowed from [[Teš]]; reanalysed from ''hī ōncan'' [[IPA for Teš|[jiː oːŋɐː]]] "this honourable minister". This also lead to the modern use of the word ''ngàn'' to mean "holy".
The use of the formal third-person pronoun ''yo ngàn'' and ''ayo ngàn'' are borrowed from [[Teš]]. This also lead to the modern use of the word ''ngàn'' to mean "holy".
 
===Articles===
===Articles===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
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| ''enka'' || ''onka'' || ''enkabi'' || ''enkabo'' || ''enkadu''
| ''enka'' || ''onka'' || ''enkabi'' || ''enkabo'' || ''enkadu''
|}
|}
Articles agree with all cases apart from genitive; in the case of a genitive phrase, the article will take the case from its position in the sentence, e.g.:
Articles are postpositional and agree with all cases apart from genitive; in the case of a genitive phrase, the article will take the case from its position in the sentence, e.g.:
: ''Manya'nja bhenlok '''enka''' co ladib.''
: ''Manya'nja bhenlok '''enka''' o ladib.''
: "The people's revolution was inevitable."
: "The people's revolution was inevitable."
In this case, the definite article is in the nominative. However, in this context:
In this case, the definite article is in the nominative. However, in this context:
: ''Am pilankan manya'nja bhenlok '''onka'''.''
: ''Am pilankan manya'nja bhenlok'''i''' '''onka'''.''
: "He hated the people's revolution."
: "He hated the people's revolution."
The article instead takes its accusative form to show its position in the sentence.
The article instead takes its accusative form to show its position in the sentence.
===Noun case===
Bhladh Logun retained six of the seven Proto-Upé cases, and by the development of modern Logun, the seventh, the so-called attributive case, was reborrowed from [[Teš]].
Case markers also vary based on the sound at the end; either a consonant, oral, or nasal vowel.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 |  !! rowspan=2 | Ending !! colspan=3 | Examples !! rowspan=2 | Meaning
|-
! ''bojuk''<br>"sister" !! ''ennu''<br>"tree" !! ''leden''<br>"afternoon"
|-
! Nominative
| ∅ || ''bojuk'' || ''ennu'' || ''leden'' || sister/tree/afternoon
|-
! Accusative
| ''-i'', ''-bi'', ''-ni'' || ''bojuki'' || ''ennubi'' || ''ledenni'' || sister/tree/afternoon
|-
! Genitive
| ''-nja'', ''-'nja'', ''-ja'' || ''bojuknja'' || ''ennùnja'' || ''ledenja'' || sister's/tree's/afternoon's
|-
! Dative
| ''-yo'' || ''bojukyo'' || ''ennuyo'' || ''ledenyo''{{efn|Can be pronounced [[IPA for Logun|[lɛˈdẽjo]]] or [[IPA for Logun|[lɛˈdẽɲo]]].}} || to sister/to tree/to afternoon
|-
! Ablative
| ''-la'', ''-bha'' || ''bojukla'' || ''ennubha'' || ''ledenbha'' || away from sister/away from tree/away from afternoon
|-
! Locative
| ''-a'', ''-da'', ''-dan'' || ''bojuka'' || ''ennuda'' || ''ledendan'' || at sister/at tree/at afternoon
|}


===Word order===
===Word order===
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: "Mannik picks an apple."
: "Mannik picks an apple."
However, any "directional" phrases(to him, towards him, away from him, etc.) are always first in order:
However, any "directional" phrases(to him, towards him, away from him, etc.) are always first in order:
: '''''Ennubha enkabo''' Mannik unkeke yoti kanno.''
: '''''Ennubha enkabo''' Mannik ukeke yoti kanno.''
: tree-ABL DEF.ABL Mannik pick.PRES apple-ACC INDEF.ACC
: tree-ABL DEF.ABL Mannik pick apple-ACC INDEF.ACC
: "Mannik picks an apple '''from the tree'''."
: "Mannik picks an apple '''from the tree'''."
This still applies even when there is no direct object:
This still applies even when there is no direct object:
: '''''Ennubha enkabo''' tebònon enka co.''
: '''''Ennubha enkabo''' tebònon enka lon.''
: tree-ABL DEF.ABL pixie DEF be
: tree-ABL DEF.ABL pixie DEF be.PAST
: "The pixies appeared from the tree."
: "The pixies appeared from the tree."


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