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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
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| {{Infobox language | | {{Infobox language |
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] |
| |name = {{PAGENAME}} | | |name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| |nativename = ''chath Amphitiv'' | | |nativename = Anbir² snalltjeongen¹ |
| |pronunciation= | | |pronunciation= |
| |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | | |setting=[[Verse:Angai]] |
| |region = Talma | | |region = |
| |familycolor=quihum
| | |fam1=Anbiric |
| |fam1= [[Quihum languages|Quihum]] | | |familycolor=tsn |
| |fam2= Talmic | |
| |fam3= Tigolic
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| |script=Talmic alphabet
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| |iso3=
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| |notice=IPA | | |notice=IPA |
| }} | | }} |
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| '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''amphiriv'' /amphiriv/) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Swedish, Sino-Korean, Etruscan, Romani, and the Slavic languages. Compared to its relative [[Skellan]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Smaouch'' /i smaukh/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers, though most modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} speakers know Skellan. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
| | Anglo-Swedo-Icelando-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle |
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| Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
| | milveol1 'bear' |
| ==External history==
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| {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhlaoighne]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still felt that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Skellan's "English"), so I decided to revive this project as "Anvyrese" or "Anvirese". One thing that was still nagging me was that the grammar was still too German for a country with a Germany-like history, so I decided to swap a minority Tigolic language "Tumaka" with "Anvirese", and this is the result.
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| ==Todo==
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| *Dueum beopchik varies by accent; initial ri/rj-, r-, ni/nj- are conserved or altered. However, some words like ''i'' 'not' have it everywhere.
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| *obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
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| *Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna'' (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
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| *Numbers: cia, tzyth, nesch, doiph, solitzh, stav, roith, loith, barph, cheour, echi, crai
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| *Swadesh list
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| *Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
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| **How do syllabic resonants arise?
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| **e.g. imm- > syllabic nasal
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| **car > cr 'person'
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| **mh > fh
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| *''gysph'' = narrow
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| *Some dialects are more Sino-Koreanish (more broad slender)
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| **a e i o u > y jy ji u u
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| **ai ei oi ui > e ji e i
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| **á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
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| **ái éi ói úi éu > ai ji oi oui jaou
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| **eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi jou joui
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| **ae ao aoi > e aou oi
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| **ia ua uai > jia oua oui
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| **jV changes the ''t'' series to the ''tz'' series - leaves other consonants unchanged in standard {{SUBPAGENAME}}
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| <poem>
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| plus, {{SUBPAGENAME}} has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
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| le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
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| but Maith Sivy always used it
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| that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
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| another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
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| which in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} was completely replaced with 'scid'
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| ca-ephyth = of that
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| ca-leth = that (acc.)
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| ca-dzeth = in that; there
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| ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
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| in that house = ca-dzen souar
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| or "dze cin souar"
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| both are valid
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| the first being more archaic
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| </poem>
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| a verbalizer like ''-ować''
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| | þik1 ’to exist; (with subject) to have’ |
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| *Verb prefixes:
| | Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere |
| **''ar-'': on, at > ''ar-''
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| **''(deut.) as-'': telic > ''ys-''
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| **''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at > ''dze-'', ''do-''
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| **''é-'': with, co- > ''e-''
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| **''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly > ''fin-''
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| **''for-'': causative, through > ''for-''
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| **''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back > ''fl-''
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| **''imm-'': immediately > ''im-, m-, n-, ŋ-''
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| **''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out > ''gol-''
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| **''ro-'': down > ''ro-''
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| **''sol-'': a causative > ''sol-''
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| **''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards > ''su-''
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| **''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back > ''sor-''
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| **''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from > ''oc-''
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| ==Phonology==
| | hjeonn1 'to bid/try', hjeoll2 'sea' |
| ===Consonants===
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| *kk g k ng /k g kʰ ŋ/
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| *tt d t n /t d tʰ n/
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| *ttj dj tj /tʃ dʒ tʃʰ/
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| *cc z c /ts dz tsʰ/
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| *pp b p m /p b pʰ m/
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| *ff f ss s h /f v~fʰ ss z~sʰ h/
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| *r l j /r ɴ̆ j/
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| At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
| | Am2 hjeonn1 snall1 Anbirjeong2 'I am tryign to speak Anbirese-ly' |
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| Some consonants can be syllabic, namely ''m n ŋ l r''.
| | Hjeondae iltaren 'Hyundai cars' |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Andaegol |
| i u ou e y a o /i ü u e ə a o/
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| Diphthongs: ai au eu oi oui ia oua /ai au eu oi ui iə uə/
| | Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology? |
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| ===Stress===
| | Mjeolbon 'Melbourne' |
| Stress is always initial.
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| ===Prosody===
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| ==Morphology==
| | brjedjeong |
| ===Mutations===
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| Unlike [[Tigol]], Tumaka has no mutation; instead, former feminine nouns often begin in an aspirated consonant, as a result of lenition after the definite article. (cf. [[Skellan]], where former feminine nouns begin in different consonants than former masculine nouns.)
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| ===Nouns===
| | sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean |
| Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
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| *plural absolute: ''-r''
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| *singular construct: ''-(y)th''
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| *plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
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| e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyvn'' 'woman', ''chyvnyr'' 'women'.
| | Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is |
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| The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V or after a preposition.
| | Final stops have a distinction between nasally released vs. unreleased (-mm -nn -nng vs. -p -t -k) |
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| Possessive suffixes: mar-na, mar-s, mar-ou, mar-i, mar-yth, mar-ym, mar-fe, mar-yc, mar-ur (or mar-thur)
| | stje /ɕé/ 'money' |
| | skjö /skjœ̂/ 'rope' |
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| Plural: mar-ph-yna, mar-ph-s, mar-ph-ou, mar-ph-i, ...
| | 'll need some Swedish/English-y forms like e.g. tjeolla (my), tjeolls (3sg's), tjeollen (sg. construct), tjeollar (thy), tjeollths (3pl's) |
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| ''i marna'' = my tree
| | Maybe tjeolli or tjeollu for pl construct |
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| ''i cythr suvn-yna'' = my beautiful flower
| | Possessive suffixes should be easy to get, fortunately |
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| ===Adjectives===
| | Though they might induce final changes like tjeoll becoming tjeol |
| Adjectives do not inflect at all.
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| Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).
| | stjanng /ɕâk̚ŋ̊/ 'color', sjeong-stjangen /ɧʌ̂ŋɕáŋèn/ 'sky blue' |
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| ===Verbs=== | | == Proto-Anbiric == |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by the absolute-conjunct allomorphy inherited from [[Tigol]]: As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often formed by adding a prefix, which causes the verb stem to take the conjunct form. However, the perfective is sometimes marked with ablaut. Most {{SUBPAGENAME}} verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective.
| | Have vowel length |
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| An example of the aspect allomorphy:
| | -ŭs suffix (''-ur'' in [[Twetho]]; final fortition in Anbirese) |
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| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋi'', perfective ''simŋi''
| | ==Phonology== |
| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecai'', perfective ''ŋci''
| | ===Initials=== |
| | | Simple initials: |
| Past tense: usually ''-n'' (can be syllabic) (but sometimes ablaut?)
| | *'''k g''' /k{{h}} k/ |
| | | *'''tj/þj dj nj''' /tɕ{{h}} tɕ ɲ/ |
| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋin'', perfective ''smŋin'' | | *'''t d þ n''' /t{{h}} t θ n/ |
| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecain'', perfective ''ŋcin'' | | *'''p b f v m''' /p{{h}} p f v~w m/ |
| | | *'''s sj stj h''' /s ɧ ɕ h/ |
| ===Copula===
| | *'''r l j''' /ɾ l j/ |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} is zero copula in the present tense; ''fou'', ''si'', ''jy'' and ''thar'' can be used as present tense copulas. | |
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| The past tense copula is ''lathn'' and the infinitive is ''fath''.
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| ===Pronouns===
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| na, scid, fou, si, jy, mech, tid, scid, thar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they
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| There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fiar'' 'thou'.
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| ===Prepositions===
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| *le = accusative (le + i > len) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}})
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| **''le-na, (le-s,) l-ou, l-i, l-eth, l-em, lef, lec, lur'' | |
| *dze = in, at (dze + i > dzen)
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| **''dze-na, (dze-s,) dz-ou, dz-i, dz-eth, dze-m, dzef, dzec, dzur''
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| *e = to, for
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| **''ena, (ephys), ephou, ephi, epheth, ephym, efe, ephyc, ephur''
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| ===Conjunctions===
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| ==Syntax==
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| {{SUBPAGENAME}} is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs. | |
| ===Negation===
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| The negation particle is ''da'' (preposed) for imperatives and ''tzin'' (preposed; from Tigol *ter ní- 'not once') otherwise.
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| ===Questions===
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| Wh-words are fronted. Yes-no questions use a question particle ''sm'' (< Tigol ''is'' question particle + ''imb'' complementizer) before the sentence.
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| ===Wishes/Jussive===
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| Wishes can be formed by using ''toumid'' (< Tigol ''tuabh mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense.
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| ===Word order===
| | [w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants. |
| {{SUBPAGENAME}} word order is primarily SVO, but may be VSO in more archaic or literary usage.
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| ===Accusative with infinitive===
| | /t d tʰ s n/ are dental(ized). |
| The accusative particle ''le'' can be used to introduce the subject of a dependent clause. The verb of the dependent clause is preceded by the particle ''e'' 'to'.
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| :'''''Na docn le mrothr e slav eph Intar.''''' | | Initial clusters: '''(s)kj gj (s)pj bj fj (s)mj rj (s)lj snj hj (s)kr gr kl gl kn hn hnj hl hlj hr hrj fr fl br bl (s)tr dr krj grj klj glj frj flj brj blj (s)trj drj knj''' |
| :1SG think.IPFV ACC apple-PL INF good to I.
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| :''I think Intar likes apples.''
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| ===Preposition + verb clauses=== | | ===Nuclei=== |
| A preposition may be used with a verb followed by a possessive suffix indexing the subject, as in Hebrew and Irish.
| | Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''ni ti thi ki di gi'' are read as ''nji tji thji kji dji gji''. |
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| An example with ''dze'' 'at':
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| :'''''dze argiarna ar i loichou'''''
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| :at keep_watch.IPFV-1SG on DEF stuff-3SG.M
| | ! rowspan="2" | |
| :''when I was keeping watch on his belongings''
| | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Central |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| | | '''u''' /ü/ |
| | | '''eu''' [ɨ] |
| | | '''o''' /o~u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''ae, e''' /e̞/ |
| | | '''ö''' /ø~œ/ |
| | | '''eo''' [ə] |
| | | '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
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| | | '''a''' /ɐ/ |
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| | |} |
| | === Finals === |
| | '''p d k s l r m n ng mm nn nng ll rr þ''' /p(unreleased) ð{{lowered}} k(unreleased) s l r m n ŋ pm(voiceless) tn(voiceless) kŋ(voiceless) ɬ r(voiceless) θ/ + some Germanicy clusters like -nd, -ld, -llt, ... |
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| [[Category:Tricin]]
| | === Tone === |
| | Like Swedish, Anbirese has two tones/pitch accents. In monosyllables, tone 2 is realized as glottalization; in polysyllabic words, the two tones are realized as Swedish tones 1 and 2. |