Verse:Mwail/Theic languages: Difference between revisions

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'''Proto-Albionian''' is the variety of vernacular Arabic that eventually became Albionian, specifically the stage before it started absorbing Irish influence.
== Phonology ==
 
Inspirations: Tlingit, Salishan, Semitic
(does van Putten's book have any leads on Neo-Arabic?)
=== Consonants ===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Ultrashort yers? ŭ ĭ, with latter only allowed after nonemphatics
|-
 
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
== Phonological history of vowels ==
! rowspan="2" | Dental
a i u ā ē ī ū
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
=== Stressed low vowels ===
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
=== Stressed high vowels ===
! colspan="2" | Velar
=== Unstressed vowels ===
! colspan="2" | Uvular
=== Final vowels ===
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
-ah, -ā, -ē, -ā2 > -ə
|-
 
! | central || lateral
== Phonological history of consonants ==
! | plain || labialized
=== Segolate epenthesis ===
! | plain || labialized
1V23 > 1V2ə3 (accounts for 3aSr vs 3aSR) if 3 = resonant
|-
 
! rowspan="3" | Stop
=== R vs. r ===
! | tenuis
2i3rāb in an earlier stage gave rise to a phonemic split between emphatic and nonemphatic r. Final -r became nonemphatic in nouns and adjectives (from -ri) but emphatic in verbs (from -ru and -ra) and later in verbal nouns by analogy.
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c
 
| /t/ t
=== Emphasis spread ===
|
Sketch of emphasis spread rules:
|
# T D S Z q x γ are ''emphasis sources''
| /k/ k
# R is an emphasis source unless it's next to a [−emphasis] consonant where it becomes r
| /kʷ/ kʷ
# In a cluster, emphasis sources spread emphasis onto consonants that are not marked for emphasis (nonemphatic consonants that are not š y j d s z)
| /q/ q
# The vowel before the cluster in the emphasis source is affected
| /qʷ/ qʷ
# Consonants with the [−emphasis] feature (š y j d s z), and the stressed vowel, ''absorb emphasis'' and emphasis (usually) can't spread past them
| /ʔ/ ʔ
# If the onset of the stressed syllable is emphatic, inflectional prefixes become emphatic
|-
# If the coda of the stressed syllable is emphatic, then the emphasis spreads all the way to the end of the word
! | voiced
# Enclosing rule (''rìg{{cda}}ail et tedvìr{{cll}}''): If the outer consonants of a consonantal root are emphatic then the middle consonant(s) become emphatic
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ ʒ
#: ''xalaqa'' > ''xal{{cll}}ag{{cll}}'' 'to create'
| /d/ d
 
|
dr DR yes, Dr no, dR not sure
|
 
| /g/ g
rd RD yes, rD Rd no
| /gʷ/ gʷ
 
| /ɢ/ g{{hacek}}
=== Emphasis spread cases by root type ===
| /ɢʷ/ g{{hacek}}ʷ
+ = emph (T D S Z q x γ)
|
 
|-
- = always nonemph (d đ s š z j y)
! | ejective
 
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ
0 = unmarked (m b f w n l t þ k H 3 h 2)
| /tʼ/ tʼ
# 1(+)2(+)3(+): trivial
| /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ
# 1(0-)2(0-)3(0-): trivial
|
# 1(+)2(-)3(0-): trivial
| /kʼ/ kʼ
# 1(0-)2(-)3(+): trivial
| /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ
# 1(+)2(+)3(-): trivial
| /qʼ/ qʼ
# 1(-)2(+)3(+): trivial
| /qʷʼ/ qʷʼ
# 1(-)2(+)3(-): trivial
|
# 1(+)2(+)3(0): disallowed, becomes +++
|-
# 1(0)2(+)3(+)
! colspan="2" | Fricative
# 1(+)2(0)3(0-): disallowed, becomes +++ or ++-
| /s{{den}}/ s
# 1(0-)2(0)3(+)
|
# 1(0)2(+)3(0-)
| /ɬ/ ł
# 1(0-)2(+)3(0)
|
==== Emphatic vs. nonemphatic r ====
| /x/ x
| /xʷ/ xʷ
| /χ/ x{{hacek}}
| /χʷ/ x{{hacek}}ʷ
| /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sonorant
! | plain
|
| /n/ n, /r/ r
| /l/ l
| /j/ y
|
| /w/ w
|
|
|
|-
! | glottalized
|
| /nˀ/ nʼ, /rˀ/ rʼ
| /lˀ/ lʼ
| /jˀ/ yʼ
|
| /wˀ/ wʼ
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
/i iː a aː u uː/


=== Stress ===
Weakly final
== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
Hollow root ʔimālah depends on whether it's 2-y or 2-w:
Predominantly prefixing
* ''*zēd'' 'he increased', ''*māt'' 'he died'
 
== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
Proto-Albionian had the emphatic "ADJ el-NOUN" construction (from earlier "STATIVE_VERB al-NOUN"), which got reinterpreted as 'an ADJ NOUN' under Irish influence: "In Classical Arabic syncopated forms do not usually occur, the only place where they occur is when the verbs naʕima ‘he is glad’ and baʔisa ‘he is miserable’ are employed as pseudo-verbs of emphatic qualification, such as niʕma r-raǧulu ‘what a wonderful man!’ and biʔsa n-nisāʔu ‘what evil women!’ (Fischer 2002, §259–263)." (van Putten)
VSO

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

Phonology

Inspirations: Tlingit, Salishan, Semitic

Consonants

Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central lateral plain labialized plain labialized
Stop tenuis /t̪s̪/ c /t/ t /k/ k /kʷ/ kʷ /q/ q /qʷ/ qʷ /ʔ/ ʔ
voiced /d̪z̪/ ʒ /d/ d /g/ g /gʷ/ gʷ /ɢ/ ǧ /ɢʷ/ ǧʷ
ejective /t̪s̪ʼ/ cʼ /tʼ/ tʼ /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ /kʼ/ kʼ /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ /qʼ/ qʼ /qʷʼ/ qʷʼ
Fricative /s̪/ s /ɬ/ ł /x/ x /xʷ/ xʷ /χ/ x̌ /χʷ/ x̌ʷ /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
Sonorant plain /n/ n, /r/ r /l/ l /j/ y /w/ w
glottalized /nˀ/ nʼ, /rˀ/ rʼ /lˀ/ lʼ /jˀ/ yʼ /wˀ/ wʼ

Vowels

/i iː a aː u uː/

Stress

Weakly final

Morphology

Predominantly prefixing

Syntax

VSO

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