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Jovlish (view source)

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[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: West Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: West Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
{{privatelang}}{{construction}}
{{privatelang}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
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|dia1              = Turkish Jovlish (Türköggeş)
|dia1              = Turkish Jovlish (Türköggeş)
|dia2              = Georgian Jovlish (ქორთულეუგგეშ (Kortuleuggeş))
|dia2              = Georgian Jovlish (ქორთულეუგგეშ (Kortuleuggeş))
|dia3              = Kyutonian (кютонш (kjutonš))
|script1          = Jovl
|script1          = Jovl
|script2          = Geor
|script2          = Geor
|script3          = Latn
|script3          = Latn
|script4          = Cyrl
|nation            = Jovaia
|nation            = Jovaia
|minority          = [[w:Turkey|Türkiye]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]
|minority          = [[w:Turkey|Türkiye]], [[w:Georgia|Georgia]]
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| [[wikt:Ierde|Ierde]]
| [[wikt:Ierde|Ierde]]
|-
|-
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/25 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}] (grīt)
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/171 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīd}}] (şīd)
| [[wikt:great|great]]
| [[wikt:head|head]]
| [[wikt:great|great]]
| [[wikt:heid|heid]]
| [[wikt:grut|grut]]
| [[wikt:haad|haad]]
|-
|-
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/15 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēqk}}] (mēqk)
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/15 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēqk}}] (mēqk)
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| [[wikt:jaan|jaan]]
| [[wikt:jaan|jaan]]
|}
|}
==History==
==History==
===Old Jovlish (12th–15th century)===
===Old Jovlish (12th–15th century)===
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==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Throughout their history, Jovlers were referred to by names such as "(east) English", "(west) Saxon", "Dutch", etc. The endonym {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"öggeş"}} (öggeş) and its derivatives come from Middle Jovlish "elggisć" /ˈɛu̯ɡɡɛʃ/, a common metathesized form of "egglisć" /ˈɛɡ(ː)lɛʃ/ ("English") which was one of the terms used by Jovlers to refer to themselves colloquially, aside from "seaxisć" /ˈsiɐ̯ksɛʃ/, "éaæ̈lisć" /ˈjɔu̯wælɛʃ/, "teutonisć" /ˈtɛu̯tɔnɛʃ/, and "łormánisć" /ʁɔrˈmɔu̯nɛʃ/. Both "elggisć" and "egglisć" ultimately are from Old English "[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Englisc#Old_English englisċ]", thus making {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"öggeş"}} (öggeş, "Jovlish") and {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"egleş"}} (egleş, "English") doublets.
Throughout their history, Jovlers were referred to by names such as "(east) English", "(west) Saxon", "Dutch", etc. The endonym {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"öggeş"}} (öggeş) and its derivatives come from Middle Jovlish "elggisć" /ˈɛu̯ɡɡɛʃ/, a common metathesized form of "egglisć" /ˈɛɡ(ː)lɛʃ/ ("English") which was one of the terms used by Jovlers to refer to themselves colloquially, aside from "seaxisć" /ˈsiɐ̯ksɛʃ/, "éaæ̈lisć" /ˈjɔu̯wælɛʃ/, "teutonisć" /ˈtɛu̯tɔnɛʃ/, and "łormánisć" /ʁɔrˈmɔu̯nɛʃ/. Both "elggisć" and "egglisć" ultimately are from Old English "[[wikt:Englisc#Old_English|englisċ]]", thus making {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"öggeş"}} (öggeş, "Jovlish") and {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"egleş"}} (egleş, "English") doublets.


The exonym "jovlish" used in English and many other languages such as German "jovalisch", French "jovalais", Arabic "{{lang|ar|sc=ar|ياولي}}" (yāwiliyy), Greek "{{lang|el|sc=el|γεβαλικός}}" (gevalikós), and Russian "ювалский" (juvalskij) all trace to either Modern Jovlish {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"jóvleş"}} (jóvleş, "Jovlish (nationally)"), Early Modern Jovlish "''*jóvaleş''", or Middle Jovlish "éaæ̈lisć" /ˈjɔu̯wælɛʃ/. This endonym eventually fell out of use in favor of {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"öggeş"}} (öggeş) linguistically, but it is still used gentilicly such as in {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"Jóvaya"}} (Jóvaya, "Jovaia"). It comes from Early Middle Jovlish "éasægglisć" /ˈjɑːstˌæɡɡliʃ/, literally meaning "east english", in reference to their location relative to England and the English.
The exonym "jovlish" used in English and many other languages such as German "jovalisch", French "jovalais", Arabic "{{lang|ar|sc=ar|ياولي}}" (yāwiliyy), Greek "{{lang|el|sc=el|γεβαλικός}}" (gevalikós), and Russian "ювалский" (juvalskij) all trace to either Modern Jovlish {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"jóvleş"}} (jóvleş, "Jovlish (nationally)"), Early Modern Jovlish "''*jóvaleş''", or Middle Jovlish "éaæ̈lisć" /ˈjɔu̯wælɛʃ/. This endonym eventually fell out of use in favor of {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"öggeş"}} (öggeş) linguistically, but it is still used gentilicly such as in {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|"Jóvaya"}} (Jóvaya, "Jovaia"). It comes from Early Middle Jovlish "éasægglisć" /ˈjɑːstˌæɡɡliʃ/, literally meaning "east english", in reference to their location relative to England and the English.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Old Jovlish===
===Old Jovlish===
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** /i͜y/ > /iʊ̯/ before either /ʁ/ or a syllable containing a back vowel.
** /i͜y/ > /iʊ̯/ before either /ʁ/ or a syllable containing a back vowel.
* /æ͜ɑː, e͜oː, i͜yː/ > /jɑː, joː, jyː/ word-initially and /iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ elsewhere.
* /æ͜ɑː, e͜oː, i͜yː/ > /jɑː, joː, jyː/ word-initially and /iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ elsewhere.
** the /i͜y(ː)/ monophthongization typically found in late West Saxon English seems to not have occurred in the specific varieties of West Saxon from which Old Jovlish evolved. That said, a few words do appear to display said monophthongization, such as /ˈjyvɑn/ instead of the expected /*ˈjiʊ̯vɑn/
* /x, ʁ/ palatalize to /ç ʝ/ near front vowels /i(ː), y(ː), e(ː), ø/.
* /x, ʁ/ palatalize to /ç ʝ/ near front vowels /i(ː), y(ː), e(ː), ø/.
** /ʁ/ > /ʝ/ in particular is blocked if /ʁ/ is preceded by a front vowel and followed by a consonant, yielding forms such as /wyʁd/ instead of /*wyʝd/.
* Glides after the diphthongs /iɐ̯, iɔ̯, iœ̯, iʊ̯, iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ are dropped.
* Glides after the diphthongs /iɐ̯, iɔ̯, iœ̯, iʊ̯, iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ are dropped.


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! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|  
|  
| l
| ɫ
|  
|  
| j
| j
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* /r/ is most commonly a tap [ɾ].
* /r/ is most commonly a tap [ɾ].
* /ʁ/ is an approximant [ʁ̞].
* /ʁ/ is an approximant [ʁ̞].
* /ɫ/ is currently undergoing vocalization to /◌ˠː/ in coda positions before back vowels and /w/ in coda positions otherwise, with the shift of full vocalization in non-coda positions even becoming apparent in some communities.


====Phonological shifts from Middle Jovlish====
====Phonological shifts from Middle Jovlish====
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** /ljə, lɥə, lwə/ > /jɯ, vɯ, vɯ/.
** /ljə, lɥə, lwə/ > /jɯ, vɯ, vɯ/.
* /ɑ, æ/ > /ɔ, ɐ/.
* /ɑ, æ/ > /ɔ, ɐ/.
* /l/ velarizes to /ɫ/
==Orthographies==
==Orthographies==
===Old and Middle Jovlish Latin===
===Old and Middle Jovlish Latin===
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Spelling was mostly not standardized and left etymological during the Middle Jovlish period. The only two changes seen regularly occurring in Middle Jovlish period were ⟨ł⟩ fully supplanting ⟨ǥ, ɍ⟩ in all instances (⟨éał, heoł, eał⟩) and ⟨t, d⟩ dropping after ⟨ł⟩.
Spelling was mostly not standardized and left etymological during the Middle Jovlish period. The only two changes seen regularly occurring in Middle Jovlish period were ⟨ł⟩ fully supplanting ⟨ǥ, ɍ⟩ in all instances (⟨éał, heoł, eał⟩) and ⟨t, d⟩ dropping after ⟨ł⟩.


===Failed proposals===
===Modern script===
====Greek script====
[[File:Jovlish handwritten.jpeg|thumb|right|handwritten sample of the Jovlish Script]]
During the Old Jovlish period, there were many proposals and attempts at writing Old Jovlish in the [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek script]] to further bring ties closer between [[w:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty|Byzantium]] and Jovaia, among other reasons. These proposals never picked up significant speed due to the fact that most of them were either tied to bigger movements such as an official conversion to [[w:Eastern Orthodoxy|orthodoxy]] and/or further [[w:hellenization|hellenization]] of the kingdom or were simply popular with neither the common folk nor the aristocracy.
The modern '''Jovlish script''' (Jovlish: '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öxhomhott}}''', öxhomhott), also known as the '''[https://lexiconga.com/86838032/92 Jelkyn] Script''' ('''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jöqkünhomhott}}''', jöqkünhomhott) or the '''Royal Script''' ('''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|künhomhott}}''', künhomhott), was commissioned by Jelkyn Aşşīş II in order to increase literacy and accessibly of the Jovlish language, as part of a wider response to suppression efforts of the Jovlish language outside of Jovaia's borders. It was commisioned a couple decades before the Soviet invasion of Jovaia, and it would persist throughout the duration of [[w:World War II|Second World War]] and the [[w:Cold War|Cold War]], still seeing official and widespread common use throughout Jovaia. Most of its letters are direct derivations of the common Jovlish Latin lettering convention, or the common lettering style throughout Jovaia. This lettering convention was a collage of multiple different styles and sources, with some being continuations of the [[w:Insular script|Insular Style]] (such as ⟨[[File:T old jovlish 2.png|16px|frameless]]⟩ ← ⟨[[wikt:ꞇ#Old_English|ꞇ]]⟩ and ⟨[[File:R old jovlish 2.png|16px|frameless]]⟩ ← ⟨[[wikt:ꞃ#Old_English|ꞃ]]⟩), some being later adaptations (compare the insular-derived ⟨[[File:J old jovlish 2.png|16px|frameless]]⟩ ← ⟨[[wikt:ᵹ#Old_English|ᵹ]]⟩ with the later ⟨[[File:G old jovlish 2.png|16px|frameless]]⟩ ← ⟨ɢ⟩), and others being influenced by their [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek Script]] equivalents (such as ⟨[[File:B old jovlish 2.png|16px|frameless]]⟩ ← ⟨b, [[w:beta|β]]⟩). This writing style would be the main source for the letters of the new script (⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b, j, g, r, t, . . .}}⟩), alongside derivations from [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}⟩ ← ⟨[[w:sha (cyrillic)|ш]]⟩) and [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] (⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ψ}}⟩ ← ⟨[[w:psi (greek)|ψ]]⟩), blends (⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ŋ}}⟩ ← ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n + g}}⟩), and artificial, newly-created letters (⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ı}}⟩).The wide adoption of the script effectively reformed Jovlish spelling to be much more phonemic.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
These proposals were not standardized and differed in representing sounds not present in Byzantine Greek. Sounds such as [t͡ʃ], for example, were represented in a plethora of different ways, which varied by proposal. One common feature across these proposals however is the lack of apparent representation of vowel length, leaving it inferred in a given word.
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
<div style=display:inline-grid>
! Letter
{| class="wikitable"  
! Name
! IPA
! Romanization
! Origin (Old–Middle Jovlish)
! rowspan="19" style="font-weight:normal;" |
! Letter
! Name
! IPA
! Romanization
! Origin (Old–Middle Jovlish)
|-
|-
|+ '''Vowels'''
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Aa}}
! Phoneme
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ā}}<br>[ʔäː]
! Glyph(s)
| [ɐ]
|-
| a
| [i(ː)]
| Jovlish Latin ⟨a⟩ [[File:A old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| ι, ει, η
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ņņ}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iņ}}<br>[ʔɪɲ]
| [ɲ]
| ņ
| artificial invention, contrasting ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ŋ}}⟩
|-
|-
| [y(ː)]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Bb}}
| υ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bé}}<br>[be(ː)]
| [b]
| b
| Jovlish Latin ⟨b⟩ [[File:B old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ŋŋ}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|aŋ}}<br>[ʔɐŋ]
| [ŋ]
| ŋ
| blend of ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}⟩ and ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|g}}⟩
|-
|-
| [u(ː)]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Vv}}
| ου
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}<br>[ve(ː)]
| [v]
| v
| ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}⟩ with a top stroke
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Oo}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ó}}<br>[ʔo(ː)]
| [ɔ]
| o
| Jovlish Latin ⟨o⟩ [[File:O old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [e(ː)]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Kk}}
| ε, αι
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ké}}<br>[kʰe(ː)]
| [kʰ]
| k
| Jovlish Latin ⟨c⟩ [[File:C old jovlish.png|50px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Öö}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ő}}<br>[ʔœː]
| [œ]
| ö
| Jovlish Latin ⟨œ⟩
[[File:Πold jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [ø]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Çç}}
| οε
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|çé}}<br>[t͡ʃe(ː)]
| [t͡ʃ]
| ç
| artificial invention, likely drawn from Jovlish Latin ⟨ć⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Pp}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|pé}}<br>[pe(ː)]
| [pʰ]
| p
| Jovlish Latin ⟨p⟩ [[File:P old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [o(ː)]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Dd}}
| ο, ω
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dé}}<br>[de(ː)]
| [d]
| d
| Jovlish Latin ⟨d⟩ [[File:D old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Rr}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ré}}<br>[ɾe(ː)]
| [ɾ]
| r
| Jovlish Latin ⟨r⟩ [[File:R old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [æ(ː)]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ee}}
| αε
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}<br>[ʔe(ː)]
| [ɛ]
| e
| Jovlish Latin ⟨e⟩ [[File:E old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ss}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sé}}<br>[se(ː)]
| [s]
| s
| Jovlish Latin ⟨s⟩ [[File:S old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [ɑ(ː)]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ff}}
| α
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fé}}<br>[fe(ː)]
| [f]
| f
| Jovlish Latin ⟨f⟩ [[File:F old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Şş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şé}}<br>[ʃe(ː)]
| [ʃ]
| ş
| Cyrillic ⟨[[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|ш]]⟩
|-
|-
| [iʊ̯]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Jj}}
| ευ, εϋ, ιυ, ιϋ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jé}}<br>[ʒe(ː)]
| [ʒ]
| j
| Jovlish Latin ⟨ᵹ⟩, a variant of ⟨g⟩ [[File:J old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Tt}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|té}}<br>[tʰe(ː)]
| [tʰ]
| t
| Jovlish Latin ⟨t⟩ [[File:T old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [i(ː)ɔ̯]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Gg}}
| εο, ιο
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gé}}<br>[ɡe(ː)]
| [ɡ]
| g
| Jovlish Latin ⟨g⟩ [[File:G old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Cc}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|cé}}<br>[d͡ʒe(ː)]
| [d͡ʒ]
| c
| blend of ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|t}}⟩ and ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|z}}⟩
|-
|-
| [i(ː)œ̯]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Hh}}
| εοε, ιοε
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hé}}<br>[χe(ː)]
| [χ]
| h
| Jovlish Latin ⟨h⟩ [[File:H old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Uu}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ū}}<br>[ʔuː]
| [ʊ]
| u
| Jovlish Latin ⟨u⟩ [[File:U old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [i(ː)ɐ̯]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Iı}}
| εα, ια
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ï}}<br>[ʔɯː]
|}
| [ω]
</div>
| ı
<div style=display:inline-grid>
| artificial invention
{| class="wikitable"
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ww}}
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|wū}}<br>[vuː]
|+ '''Consonants'''
| [v]
! Phoneme
| w
! Glyph(s)
| ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}⟩ with a breve, likely drawing inspiration from Cyrillic ⟨[[w:Short U (Cyrillic)|ў]]⟩
! rowspan="13" style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | Phoneme
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | Glyph(s)
|-
|-
| [m]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İi}}
| μ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<br>[ʔiː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [θ]
| [ɪ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | θ, ρ<sup>[1]</sup>, ρρ<sup>[1]</sup>
| i
| Jovlish Latin ⟨i⟩ [[File:I old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Xx}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xé}}<br>[kse(ː)]
| [ks]
| x
| Jovlish Latin ⟨x⟩ [[File:X old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [n]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yy}}
| ν
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yē}}<br>[jɛː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [s]
| [j]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ς
| y
| ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|i}}⟩ with a breve, likely drawing inspiration from Cyrillic ⟨[[w:Short I (Cyrillic)|й]]⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Üü}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}<br>[ʔyː]
| [ʏ]
| ü
| Jovlish Latin ⟨y⟩ [[File:Y old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [ŋ]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ll}}
| γγ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|lé}}<br>[ɫe(ː)]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ʃ]
| [ɫ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | σι, ς, ς́
| l
| Jovlish Latin ⟨l⟩ [[File:L old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Zz}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zé}}<br>[ze(ː)]
| [z]
| z
| Jovlish Latin ⟨z⟩ [[File:Z old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|-
|-
| [pʰ]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Qq}}
| π
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qé}}<br>[ʁ̞e(ː)]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ç, x~χ, h]
| [ʁ̞], [Ø]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | χ
| q
| Jovlish Latin ⟨ł⟩ [[File:Ł old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ξξ}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ξé}}<br>[bze(ː)]
| [bz]
| bz
| reversed Greek ⟨[[w:Psi (Greek)|ψ]]⟩
|-
|-
| [tʰ]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mm}}
| τ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mé}}<br>[me(ː)]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [v]
| [m]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | β
| m
| Jovlish Latin ⟨m⟩ [[File:M old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ψψ}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ψé}}<br>[pse(ː)]
| [ps]
| ps
| Greek ⟨[[w:Psi (Greek)|ψ]]⟩
|-
|-
| [t͡ʃ]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Nn}}
| τσι, τς, τς́
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}<br>[ne(ː)]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ð]
| [n]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | δ
| n
| Jovlish Latin ⟨n⟩ [[File:N old jovlish.png|60px|frameless]]
|
|
|
|  
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Letter
! Name
! IPA
! Romanization
! rowspan="6" style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! Letter
! Name
! IPA
! Romanization
|-
|-
| [kʰ]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Āā}}
| κ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ā}}<br>[lɔŋ ʔäː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [z]
| [äː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ζ
| ā
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ōō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ó}}<br>[lɔŋ ʔo(ː)]
| [ɔː]
| ō
|-
|-
| [b]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ēē}}
| μπ, ββ, πβ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ é}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔe(ː)]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ʝ, ʁ]
| [ɛː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | γ, ρ, λ
| ē
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Óó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|frenşeş ó}}<br>[ˈfɾɛnʃɛʃ ʔo(ː)]
| [oː]
| ó
|-
|-
| [d]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Éé}}
| ντ, δδ, τδ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| frenşeş é}}<br>[ˈfɾɛnʃɛʃ ˈʔe(ː)]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [r]
| [e(ː)]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ρ
| é
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Őő}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ő}}<br>[lɔŋ ʔœː]
| [œː]
| ő, ȫ
|-
|-
| [d͡ʒ]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ïï}}
| τζι, τζ, τζ́
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ï}}<br>[lɔŋ ʔɯː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [l]
| [ɯː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | λ
| ï
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ūū}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ū}}<br>[lɔŋ ʔu]
| [uː]
| ū
|-
|-
| [ɡ]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Īī}}
| γκ, κγ
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ī}}<br>[lɔŋ ʔiː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [j]
| [iː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ι
| ī
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Űű}}
| [f]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ű}}<br>[lɔŋ ʔyː]
| φ
| [yː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [w]
| ű, ǖ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ου
|}
|}
</div>
 
# only used in loanwords with historical Greek /r̥(ː)/
===Failed proposals===
====Cyrillic script====
====Greek script====
Although diplomatic relations with the Russians were mostly sour, proposals to shift Middle and Early Modern Jovlish into being written in Eastern Cyrillic were nonetheless constantly springing up, well into and after the Soviet invasion of Jovaia. These reforms, although reforming an orthography with much bigger and more common disparities between it and the spoken language, suffered from much of the same pitfalls as the Greek proposals that came before it, such as being tied to pro-russian or pro-[[w:russification|russification]] agendas.
During the Old Jovlish period, there were many proposals and attempts at writing Old Jovlish in the [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek script]] to further bring ties closer between [[w:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty|Byzantium]] and Jovaia, among other reasons. These proposals never picked up significant speed due to the fact that most of them were either tied to bigger movements such as an official conversion to [[w:Eastern Orthodoxy|orthodoxy]] and/or further [[w:hellenization|hellenization]] of the kingdom or were simply popular with neither the common folk nor the aristocracy.
 
These proposals were not standardized and differed in representing sounds not present in Byzantine Greek. Sounds such as [t͡ʃ], for example, were represented in a plethora of different ways, which varied by proposal. One common feature across these proposals however is the lack of apparent representation of vowel length, leaving it inferred in a given word.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|-
|+ '''Vowels'''
|+ '''Vowels'''
! Phoneme
! Phoneme
! Glyph(s)
! Glyph(s)
! rowspan="11" style="font-weight:normal;" |
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | Phoneme
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | Glyph(s)
|-
|-
| [iː]
| [i(ː)]
| і, ї, ий
| ι, ει, η
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɔ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | о
|-
|-
| [yː]
| [y(ː)]
| ѵ, оуэ, ү
| υ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɐ]
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | а, аэ, ә
| [u(ː)]
| ου
|-
|-
| [uː]
| [e(ː)]
| оу
| ε, αι
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [æ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | аэ, а, ә
|-
|-
| [ɪ]
| [ø]
| и
| οε
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɑ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | а, о
|-
|-
| [ʏ]
| [o(ː)]
| ы, уэ
| ο, ω
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [iɐ̯]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | эа, иа, я
|-
|-
| [ʊ]
| [æ(ː)]
| у
| αε
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [yɐ̯]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | эѵ, эу, эо, иѵ, иу, ю
|-
|-
| [eː]
| [ɑ(ː)]
| ѣ, эй
| α
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɯʊ̯]
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | иу, уу, эу, ю
| [iʊ̯]
| ευ, εϋ, ιυ, ιϋ
|-
|-
| [ɛ]
| [i(ː)ɔ̯]
| э
| εο, ιο
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [jə]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | е, ё, ъя, ъе, ъё
|-
|-
| [œ]
| [i(ː)œ̯]
| оэ, ө
| εοε, ιοε
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɥə]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ъѵ, ъоуэ, ъю
|-
|-
| [ə]
| [i(ː)ɐ̯]
| а, э, о
| εα, ια
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [wə]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ъу, ъоу
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 1,009: Line 1,157:
|-
|-
| [m]
| [m]
| м
| μ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [θ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [θ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ѳ, þ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | θ, ρ<sup>[1]</sup>, ρρ<sup>[1]</sup>
|-
|-
| [n]
| [n]
| н
| ν
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [s]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [s]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | с
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ς
|-
|-
| [ŋ]
| [ŋ]
| нг
| γγ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ʃ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ʃ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ш
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | σι, ς, ς́
|-
|-
| [pʰ]
| [pʰ]
| п
| π
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ç, χ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ç, x~χ, h]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | х
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | χ
|-
|-
| [tʰ]
| [tʰ]
| т
| τ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [v]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [v]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | в
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | β
|-
|-
| [t͡ʃ]
| [t͡ʃ]
| ч
| τσι, τς, τς́
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ð]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ð]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ѳ, þ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | δ
|-
|-
| [kʰ]
| [kʰ]
| к
| κ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [z]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [z]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | з
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ζ
|-
|-
| [b]
| [b]
| б
| μπ, ββ, πβ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ʝ, ʁ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ʝ, ʁ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | г, л, ԯ, ӆ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | γ, ρ, λ
|-
|-
| [d]
| [d]
| д
| ντ, δδ, τδ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [r]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [r]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | р
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ρ
|-
|-
| [d͡ʒ]
| [d͡ʒ]
| (д)ж
| τζι, τζ, τζ́
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [l]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [l]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | л, ль
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | λ
|-
|-
| [ɡ]
| [ɡ]
| ґ, г
| γκ, κγ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [j]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [j]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | й
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ι
|-
|-
| [f]
| [f]
| ф
| φ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [w]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [w]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ў, в
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ου
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
===Modern script===
# only used in loanwords with historical Greek /r̥(ː)/
[[File:Jovlish handwritten.jpeg|thumb|right|handwritten sample of the Jovlish Script]]
====Cyrillic script====
The modern '''Jovlish script''' (Jovlish: '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öxhomhott}}''', öxhomhott), also known as the '''[https://lexiconga.com/86838032/92 Jelkyn] Script''' ('''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jöqkünhomhott}}''', jöqkünhomhott) or the '''Royal Script''' ('''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|künhomhott}}''', künhomhott), was commissioned by Jelkyn Aşşīş II in order to increase literacy and accessibly of the Jovlish language, as part of a wider response to suppression efforts of the Jovlish language outside of Jovaia's borders. Most of its letters are direct derivations of the common Jovlish Latin lettering convention, alongside some derivations from [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], and newly-created letters. The wide adoption of the script effectively reformed Jovlish spelling to be much more phonemic.
Although diplomatic relations with the Russians were mostly sour, proposals to shift Middle and Early Modern Jovlish into being written in Eastern Cyrillic were nonetheless constantly springing up, well into and after the Soviet invasion of Jovaia. These reforms, although reforming an orthography with much bigger and more common disparities between it and the spoken language, suffered from much of the same pitfalls as the Greek proposals that came before it, such as being tied to pro-russian or pro-[[w:russification|russification]] agendas.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable"  
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Letter
|+ '''Vowels'''
! Name
! Phoneme
! IPA
! Glyph(s)
! Romanization
! rowspan="11" style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! Origin
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | Phoneme
! rowspan="19" style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | Glyph(s)
! Letter
! Name
! IPA
! Romanization
! Origin
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Aa}}
| [iː]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ākhom}}<br>[ˈʔäːkʰˌχɔm]
| і, ї, ий
| [ɐ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɔ]
| a
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | о
| Jovlish Latin ⟨a⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ņņ}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iņhom}}<br>[ˈʔɪɲˌχɔm]
| [ɲ]
| ņ
| artificial invention, contrasting ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ŋ}}⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Bb}}
| [yː]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bjohhom}}<br>[ˈbʒɔχˌχɔm]
| ѵ, оуэ, ү
| [b]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɐ]
| b
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | а, аэ, ә
| Jovlish Latin ⟨b⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ŋŋ}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|aŋhom}}<br>[ˈʔɐŋˌχɔm]
| [ŋ]
| ŋ
| blend of ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}⟩ and ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|g}}⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Vv}}
| [uː]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vűnhom}}<br>[ˈvyːnˌχɔm]
| оу
| [v]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [æ]
| v
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | аэ, а, ә
| ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}⟩ with a top stroke
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Oo}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óshom}}<br>[ˈʔo(ː)sˌχɔm]
| [ɔ]
| o
| Jovlish Latin ⟨o⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Kk}}
| [ɪ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kéhom}}<br>[ˈkʰe(ː)ˌχɔm]
| и
| [kʰ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɑ]
| k
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | а, о
| Jovlish Latin ⟨c⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Öö}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|övhom}}<br>[ˈʔœv̥ˌχɔm]
| [œ]
| ö
| Jovlish Latin ⟨œ⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Çç}}
| [ʏ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|çéhom}}<br>[ˈt͡ʃe(ː)ˌχɔm]
| ы, уэ
| [t͡ʃ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [iɐ̯]
| ç
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | эа, иа, я
| artificial invention, likely drawn from Jovlish Latin ⟨ć⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Pp}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|pşohhom}}<br>[ˈpʃɔχˌχɔm]
| [pʰ]
| p
| Jovlish Latin ⟨p⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Dd}}
| [ʊ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dēhom}}<br>[ˈdɛːˌχɔm]
| у
| [d]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [yɐ̯]
| d
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | эѵ, эу, эо, иѵ, иу, ю
| Jovlish Latin ⟨d⟩
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Rr}}
| [eː]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|róhom}}<br>[ˈɾo(ː)ˌχɔm]
| ѣ, эй
| [ɾ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɯʊ̯]
| r
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | иу, уу, эу, ю
| Jovlish Latin ⟨r⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ee}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşhom}}<br>[ˈʔɛʃˌχɔm]
| [ɛ]
| [ɛ]
| e
| э
| Jovlish Latin ⟨e⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [jə]
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ss}}
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | е, ё, ъя, ъе, ъё
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sijhom}}<br>[ˈsɪʒ̊ˌχɔm]
| [s]
| s
| Jovlish Latin ⟨s⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ff}}
| [œ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēhhom}}<br>[ˈfɛːə̯χˌχɔm]
| оэ, ө
| [f]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ɥə]
| f
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ъѵ, ъоуэ, ъю
| Jovlish Latin ⟨f⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Şş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şéhom}}<br>[ˈʃe(ː)ˌχɔm]
| [ʃ]
| ş
| Cyrillic ⟨[[w:Sha (Cyrillic)|ш]]⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Jj}}
| [ə]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jűfhom}}<br>[ˈʒyːfˌχɔm]
| а, э, о
| [ʒ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [wə]
| j
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ъу, ъоу
| Jovlish Latin ⟨ᵹ⟩, a variant of ⟨g⟩
|}
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Tt}}
</div>
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tıvhom}}<br>[ˈtʰωv̥ˌχɔm]
<div style=display:inline-grid>
| [tʰ]
{| class="wikitable"
| t
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| Jovlish Latin ⟨t⟩
|+ '''Consonants'''
! Phoneme
! Glyph(s)
! rowspan="13" style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | Phoneme
! style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | Glyph(s)
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Gg}}
| [m]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gűfhom}}<br>[ˈɡyːfˌχɔm]
| м
| [ɡ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [θ]
| g
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ѳ, þ
| Jovlish Latin ⟨g⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Cc}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|cıvhom}}<br>[ˈd͡ʒωv̥ˌχɔm]
| [d͡ʒ]
| c
| blend of ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|t}}⟩ and ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|z}}⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Hh}}
| [n]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hēvhom}}<br>[ˈχɛːv̥ˌχɔm]
| н
| [χ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [s]
| h
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | с
| Jovlish Latin ⟨h⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Uu}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūhom}}<br>[ˈʔuːə̯ˌχɔm]
| [ʊ]
| u
| Jovlish Latin ⟨u⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Iı}}
| [ŋ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ïhom}}<br>[ˈʔɯːˌχɔm]
| нг
| [ω]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ʃ]
| ı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ш
| artificial invention
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ww}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|wūhom}}<br>[ˈvuːə̯ˌχɔm]
| [v]
| w
| ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}⟩ with a breve, likely drawing inspiration from Cyrillic ⟨[[w:Short U (Cyrillic)|ў]]⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İi}}
| [pʰ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īshom}}<br>[ˈʔiːsˌχɔm]
| п
| [ɪ]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ç, χ]
| i
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | х
| Jovlish Latin ⟨i⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Xx}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xihom}}<br>[ˈksɪˌχɔm]
| [ks]
| x
| Jovlish Latin ⟨x⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yy}}
| [tʰ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yēshom}}<br>[ˈjɛːsˌχɔm]
| т
| [j]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [v]
| y
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | в
| ⟨{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|i}}⟩ with a breve, likely drawing inspiration from Cyrillic ⟨[[w:Short I (Cyrillic)|й]]⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Üü}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űrhom}}<br>[ˈʔyːɾˌχɔm]
| [ʏ]
| ü
| Jovlish Latin ⟨y⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ll}}
| [t͡ʃ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|lohhom}}<br>[ˈlɔχˌχɔm]
| ч
| [l]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ð]
| l
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ѳ, þ
| Jovlish Latin ⟨l⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Zz}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zetthom}}<br>[ˈzɛttʰˌχɔm]
| [z]
| z
| Jovlish Latin ⟨z⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Qq}}
| [kʰ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qēnhom}}<br>[ˈʁ̞ɛːnˌχɔm]
| к
| [ʁ̞], [Ø]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [z]
| q
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | з
| Jovlish Latin ⟨ł⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ξξ}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ξihom}}<br>[ˈbzɪˌχɔm]
| [bz]
| bz
| reversed Greek ⟨[[w:Psi (Greek)|ψ]]⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mm}}
| [b]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|monhom}}<br>[ˈmɔnˌχɔm]
| б
| [m]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [ʝ, ʁ]
| m
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | г, л, ԯ, ӆ
| Jovlish Latin ⟨m⟩
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ψψ}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ψihom}}<br>[ˈpsɪˌχɔm]
| [ps]
| ps
| Greek ⟨[[w:Psi (Greek)|ψ]]⟩
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Nn}}
| [d]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nīdhom}}<br>[ˈniːd̥ˌχɔm]
| д
| [n]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [r]
| n
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | р
| Jovlish Latin ⟨n⟩
|
|
|
|
|  
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Letter
! Name
! IPA
! Romanization
! rowspan="6" style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! Letter
! Name
! IPA
! Romanization
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Āā}}
| [d͡ʒ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ākhom}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔäːkʰˌχɔm]
| (д)ж
| [äː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [l]
| ā
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | л, ль
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ōō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ óshom}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔo(ː)sˌχɔm]
| [ɔː]
| ō
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ēē}}
| [ɡ]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ eşhom}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔɛʃˌχɔm]
| ґ, г
| [ɛː]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [j]
| ē
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | й
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Óó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|frenşeş óshom}}<br>[ˈfɾɛnʃɛʃ ˈʔo(ː)sˌχɔm]
| [oː]
| ó
|-
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Éé}}
| [f]
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| frenşeş eşhom}}<br>[ˈfɾɛnʃɛʃ ˈʔɛʃˌχɔm]
| ф
| [e(ː)]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | [w]
| é
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ў, в
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Őő}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ övhom}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔœv̥ˌχɔm]
| [œː]
| ő, ȫ
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ïï}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ïhom}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔɯːˌχɔm]
| [ɯː]
| ï
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ūū}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ ūhom}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔuːə̯ˌχɔm]
| [uː]
| ū
|-
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Īī}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ īshom}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔiːsˌχɔm]
| [iː]
| ī
| style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Űű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|loŋ űrhom}}<br>[lɔŋ ˈʔyːɾˌχɔm]
| [yː]
| ű, ǖ
|}
|}
</div>


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 1,346: Line 1,357:
Jovlish exhibits [[w:Subject–object–verb word order|subject–object–verb]] (SOV) word order by default, though in practice its word order is relatively flexible:
Jovlish exhibits [[w:Subject–object–verb word order|subject–object–verb]] (SOV) word order by default, though in practice its word order is relatively flexible:
* in declarative clauses, SOV is by far the most common word order.
* in declarative clauses, SOV is by far the most common word order.
** <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Onton}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eza}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Onton</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">es</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">eza</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Anton</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>"
** <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">s</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>"
* negation tends to shift the word order to VSO.
* negation tends to shift the word order to VSO.
** <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eza}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Onton}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">n</span><span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">eza</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Onton</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">es</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Anton</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">did not</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>"
** <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> — ''<span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">n</span><span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">s</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span>'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6f6ff">did not</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>"
* interrogative clauses also do the same.
* interrogative clauses also do the same.
** <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eza}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Onton}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">eza</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Onton</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">es</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Anton</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>?"
** <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">s</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>?"
*... though interrogative clauses using SOV is of generally equal distribution.
*... though interrogative clauses using SOV is of generally equal distribution.
** <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Onton}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eza}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Onton</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">es</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">eza</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Anton</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>?"
** <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bók}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">s</span><span style="background-color:#adffa6">bók</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span> <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">his</span> <span style="background-color:#adffa6">book</span>?"
* interrogative pronouns are placed clause-initially but do not interfere with verb placement.
* interrogative pronouns are placed clause-initially but do not interfere with verb placement.
** <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fat}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eza}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Onton}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">fat</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">eza</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Onton</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">what</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Anton</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span>?"
** <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fat}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">fat</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">what</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span>?"
** <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fat}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Onton}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eza}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">fat</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Onton</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">eza</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">what</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Anton</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span>?"
** <span style="background-color:#a6aeff">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fat}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mişal}}</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zē}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|?}} — ''<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">fat</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">zē</span>?'' — "<span style="background-color:#a6aeff">what</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">did</span> <span style="background-color:#ffa5a5">Mişal</span> <span style="background-color:#ffd9a6">read</span>?"
 
===Clitics===
===Clitics===
Some pronouns, postpositions, and adjectives get affixed onto nouns or verbs.
Some pronouns, postpositions, and adjectives get affixed onto nouns or verbs.
Line 1,659: Line 1,671:
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |  
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |  
! colspan="2" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/1 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brıh}}] ''brıh'' ("brother")
! colspan="2" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/1 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brıh}}] ''brıh'' ("brother")
! colspan="2" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/8 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēd}}] ''vēd'' ("winter")
! colspan="2" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/220 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ē}}] ''ē'' ("egg")
|-
|-
! Singular
! Singular
Line 1,669: Line 1,681:
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brıh}}<br />''brıh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brıh}}<br />''brıh''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brıh}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''brıh<span style="color:green">re</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brıh}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''brıh<span style="color:green">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēd}}<br />''vēd''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ē}}<br />''ē''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēd}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''vēd<span style="color:green">re</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ē}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''ē<span style="color:green">re</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brıt}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><br />''brıt<span style="color:green">s</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brıt}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><br />''brıt<span style="color:green">s</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēd}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><br />''vēd<span style="color:green">s</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ē}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><br />''ē<span style="color:green">s</span>''
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 1,700: Line 1,712:
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Within these classes there exist irregular nouns that decline slightly differently to the other nouns in their respective classes but still follow the general declension guidelines within those classes.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Irregularities'''
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/151 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|apş}}] ''apş'' ("fruit") {{abbtip|1st Declension|ɪ}}
! colspan="2" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/196 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sīl}}] ''Sīl'' ("the Sun") {{abbtip|1st Declension|ɪ}}
! colspan="2" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/152 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūjıpş}}] ''ūjıpş'' ("apple") {{abbtip|1st Declension|ɪ}}
! colspan="2" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/55 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēh}}] ''mēh'' ("girl") {{abbtip|4th Declension|ɪᴠ}}
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|apş}}<br />''apş''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|apş}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''apş<span style="color:#E97500">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sīl}}<br />''Sīl''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sīl}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''Sīl<span style="color:#E97500">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūjıpş}}<br />''ūjıpş''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūjıpş}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''ūjıpş<span style="color:#E97500">e</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēh}}<br />''mēh''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēdne}}<br />''mēdne''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|app}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ös}}</span><br />''app<span style="color:#E97500">ös</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|S}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űs}}</span><br />''S<span style="color:#E97500">űs</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūjı}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ψ}}</span><br />''ūjıp<span style="color:#E97500">s</span>''
|}
====Adjectives====
====Adjectives====
===Verbs===
The strong-weak distinction common across other Germanic languages was leveled in Jovlish, leaving only one set of endings irrelevant to the presence of an article. Adjectives still retain declension for case, number, and gender however.
Jovlish verbs conjugate for person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and mood using simple endings, and for voice using phrasal constructions. A given verb can fall into one of four categories:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
* '''<span style="color:green">Weak</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic weak verb|Germanic weak verb]]'')
|+ '''Positive declension'''
* '''<span style="color:purple">Strong</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]]'')
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |  
* '''<span style="color:red">Preterite-present</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic_verbs#Preterite-presents|Preterite presents]]'')
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/24 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}] ''şīk'' ("warm")
* '''<span style="color:orange">Irregular</span> verbs'''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/214 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}] ''īş'' ("tall, high")
 
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/25 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}] ''grīt'' ("big, large")
====Endings====
|-
A given weak verb has 9 sets of verbal endings, while a strong verb has 8. Simple verbal endings cover all persons by default, but mainly disambiguate tense (simple past, simple present, simple future), aspect (perfect) for all the aforementioned tenses, and mood (indicative, subjunctive) for some tense-aspect combinations. Apart from the future and perfect sets of endings which were formed from the reduction of verbal phrasal constructions, they were formed from the fusion (and sometimes full dropping) of post-verbal pronouns with the endings inherited from Old English:
! colspan="2" | Singular
* '''Primary Endings''' used for the present indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eş'''}} (''şvız'''eş'''''))
! rowspan="2" | Plural
* '''Strong Secondary Endings''' used for the present subjunctive, the past indicative, and the past subjunctive of strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić sćéaf '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīf'''ş'''}} (''şīf'''ş'''''))
! colspan="2" | Singular
* '''Weak Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present subjunctive of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''a ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''āş'''}} (''şvız'''āş'''''))
! rowspan="2" | Plural
* '''Weak Past Endings''' used for the past indicative of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''od ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''deş'''}} (''şvız'''deş'''''))
! colspan="2" | Singular
* '''Future Indicative Endings''' used for the future indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þeałf ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ēş'''}} (''şvız'''ēş'''''))
! rowspan="2" | Plural
* '''Future Subjunctive Endings''' used for the future subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þyłfa ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''űş'''}} (''şvız'''űş'''''))
* '''Present Perfect Indicative Endings''' used for the present perfect indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''éo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''öş'''}} (''şvız'''öş'''''))
* '''Present Perfect Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present perfect subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''béo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''īş'''}} (''şvız'''īş'''''))
* '''Past Perfect Endings''' used for the past perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''hæd ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eç'''}} (''şvız'''eç'''''))
* '''Future Perfect Endings''' used for the future perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''þołft ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ōç'''}} (''şvız'''ōç'''''))
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Summary table'''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="3" | Corresponding Pronoun
! colspan="6" | Simple
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | Primary
! rowspan="2" | Strong Secondary
! colspan="2" | Weak
! colspan="2" | Future
! colspan="2" | Present
! rowspan="2" | Past
! rowspan="2" | Future
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Past
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br>''eş''
! Masculine
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)ş}}<br>''-(e)ş''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-deş}}<br>''-deş''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āş}}<br>''-āş''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēş}}<br>''-ēş''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űş}}<br>''-űş''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öş}}<br>''-öş''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īş}}<br>''-īş''
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eç}}<br>''-eç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<br />''şīk''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōç}}<br>''-ōç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<br />''īş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<br />''grīt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">e</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:red">x</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:red">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">es</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">s</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">re</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''grīt<span style="color:red">e</span>''
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |  
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/208 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}] ''müy'' ("stupid")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/200 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}] ''ūqóh'' ("angry")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-etst}}<br>''-etst''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/149 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}] ''vıç'' ("few")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āh}}<br>''-āh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēh}}<br>''-ēh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űh}}<br>''-űh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īh}}<br>''-īh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-er}}<br>''-er''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōst}}<br>''-ōst''
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}<br>''et''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| —
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)d}}<br>''-(e)d''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ā}}<br>''-ā''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēf}}<br>''-ēf''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ű}}<br>''-ű''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öh}}<br>''-öh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īf}}<br>''-īf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eth}}<br>''-eth''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōf}}<br>''-ōf''
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}<br>''jó''
! Masculine
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ī}}<br>''-ī''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-dī}}<br>''-dī''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēvī}}<br>''-ēvī''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhī}}<br>''-öhī''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īvī}}<br>''-īvī''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ethī}}<br>''-ethī''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōvī}}<br>''-ōvī''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Direct
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<br />''müy''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}<br>''vé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-é}}<br>''-é''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-né}}<br>''-né''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<br />''ūqóh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūné}}<br>''-ūné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''ūqóh<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űné}}<br>''-űné''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''ūqóh<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhé}}<br>''-öhé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<br />''vıç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īné}}<br>''-īné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-erné}}<br>''-erné''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōné}}<br>''-ōné''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|s}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">s</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqó}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ts}}</span><br />''ūqó<span style="color:red">ts</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''ūqóh<span style="color:red">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|es}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">es</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">re</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| style="text-align:center;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''ūqóh<span style="color:red">e</span>''
| style="text-align:center;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''vıç<span style="color:red">e</span>''
|}
 
Comparatives and superlatives are formed regularly using {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)r}} (-(e)r) and {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}} (-(e)st) respectively, with a large portion also employing umlauting. Irregular forms can arise out of either phonological shifts that obscure the forms or by full suppletion.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Comparative declension'''
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/24 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}] ''şīk'' ("warm")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/214 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}] ''īş'' ("tall, high")
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/25 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}] ''grīt'' ("big, large")
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-n}}<br>''-n''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūv}}<br>''-ūv''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űv}}<br>''-űv''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īv}}<br>''-īv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ern}}<br>''-ern''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōn}}<br>''-ōn''
|-
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}<br>''ű''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ö}}<br>''-ö''
! Feminine
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-nö}}<br>''-nö''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūnö}}<br>''-ūnö''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űnö}}<br>''-űnö''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhö}}<br>''-öhö''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īnö}}<br>''-īnö''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ernö}}<br>''-ernö''
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōnö}}<br>''-ōnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">er</span>''
|}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rī}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">rī</span>''
====Present====
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">re</span>''
The present tense is used for actions/states happening in the present, future actions/states if context is clear, and ''[[w:telicity|atelic]]'' verbs. Weak and strong verbs share the indicative and imperative endings, but differ on the subjunctive endings.
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rr}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rr</span>''
<div style=display:inline-grid>
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rrī}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rrī</span>''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rre}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rre</span>''
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<br />''mór''
|- style="text-align:left;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''mór<span style="color:blue">ī</span>''
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''mór<span style="color:blue">e</span>''
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">ern</span>''
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernī}}</span><br />''şīk<span style="color:blue">ernī</span>''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Imperative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rrn}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rrn</span>''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rrnī}}</span><br />''ī<span style="color:blue">rrnī</span>''
! Indicative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br />''mór<span style="color:blue">n</span>''
! Subjunctive
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mór}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nī}}</span><br />''mór<span style="color:blue">nī</span>''
! Indicative
|-
! Subjunctive
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/208 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}] ''müy'' ("stupid")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/200 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}] ''ūqóh'' ("angry")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/149 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}] ''vıç'' ("few")
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eş</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">āş</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öş</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īş</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">est</span>''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">āh</span>''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ösh</span>''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īh</span>''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<br>''şvız''
! Feminine
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|r}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">r</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">rī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">re</span>''
| <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|r}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">r</span>''
| <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rī}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">rī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|re}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">re</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<br />''yıs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''yıs<span style="color:blue">ī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''yıs<span style="color:blue">e</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rn}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">rn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rnī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:blue">rnī</span>''
| <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">rn</span>''
| <span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rnī}}</span><br />''<span style="color:blue">ű</span>q<span style="color:blue">é</span><span style="color:blue">rnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br />''yıs<span style="color:blue">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıs}}<span style="color:blue">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nī}}</span><br />''yıs<span style="color:blue">nī</span>''
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Superlative declension'''
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/24 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīk}}] ''şīk'' ("warm")
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/214 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}] ''īş'' ("tall, high")
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/25 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|grīt}}] ''grīt'' ("big, large")
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">h</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ā}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ā</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öh</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īf</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| rowspan="3" | —
! rowspan="2" | Plural
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ī</span>''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhī</span>''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īvī</span>''
! Feminine
! Masculine
! Feminine
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xt}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xt</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xtī}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xtī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xte}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xte</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|t}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">t</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tī}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">tī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|te}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">te</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<br />''mēst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''mēst<span style="color:green">ī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''mēst<span style="color:green">e</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xtn}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xtn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xtnī}}</span><br />''şī<span style="color:green">xtnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tn}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">tn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tnī}}</span><br />''īş<span style="color:green">tnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br />''mēst<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nī}}</span><br />''mēst<span style="color:green">nī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |  
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/208 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}] ''müy'' ("stupid")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">é</span>''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/200 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūqóh}}] ''ūqóh'' ("angry")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>''
! colspan="3" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/149 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıç}}] ''vıç'' ("few")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhé</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">est</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ösh</span>''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īn}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īn</span>''
! colspan="2" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<br>''şvız''
! rowspan="2" | Plural
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ö</span>''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>''
! Masculine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhö</span>''
! Feminine
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īnö</span>''
! Masculine
| —
! Feminine
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Direct
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">stī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ste}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">ste</span>''
| <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">st</span>''
| <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stī}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">stī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ste}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">ste</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<br />''yıst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br />''yıst<span style="color:green">ī</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|e}}</span><br />''yıst<span style="color:green">e</span>''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Oblique
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stn}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">stn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|müy}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stnī}}</span><br />''müy<span style="color:green">stnī</span>''
| <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stn}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">stn</span>''
| <span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stnī}}</span><br />''<span style="color:green">ű</span>q<span style="color:green">é</span><span style="color:green">stnī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br />''yıst<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yıst}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nī}}</span><br />''yıst<span style="color:green">nī</span>''
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
===Verbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Jovlish verbs conjugate for person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and mood using simple endings, and for voice using phrasal constructions. A given verb can fall into one of four categories:
|+ '''Strong verbs'''
* '''<span style="color:green">Weak</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic weak verb|Germanic weak verb]]'')
|- style="text-align:left;"
* '''<span style="color:purple">Strong</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]]'')
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
* '''<span style="color:red">Preterite-present</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic_verbs#Preterite-presents|Preterite presents]]'')
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/176 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şővn}}] ''şővn'' ("to push")
* '''<span style="color:orange">Irregular</span> verbs'''
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
 
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
====Endings====
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
A given weak verb has 9 sets of verbal endings, while a strong verb has 8. Simple verbal endings cover all persons by default, but mainly disambiguate tense (simple past, simple present, simple future), aspect (perfect) for all the aforementioned tenses, and mood (indicative, subjunctive) for some tense-aspect combinations. Apart from the future and perfect sets of endings which were formed from the reduction of verbal phrasal constructions, they were formed from the fusion (and sometimes full dropping) of post-verbal pronouns with the endings inherited from Old English:
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Imperative
* '''Primary Endings''' used for the present indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eş'''}} (''şvız'''eş'''''))
* '''Strong Secondary Endings''' used for the present subjunctive, the past indicative, and the past subjunctive of strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić sćéaf '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīf'''ş'''}} (''şīf'''ş'''''))
* '''Weak Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present subjunctive of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''a ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''āş'''}} (''şvız'''āş'''''))
* '''Weak Past Endings''' used for the past indicative of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''od ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''deş'''}} (''şvız'''deş'''''))
* '''Future Indicative Endings''' used for the future indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þeałf ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ēş'''}} (''şvız'''ēş'''''))
* '''Future Subjunctive Endings''' used for the future subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þyłfa ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''űş'''}} (''şvız'''űş'''''))
* '''Present Perfect Indicative Endings''' used for the present perfect indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''éo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''öş'''}} (''şvız'''öş'''''))
* '''Present Perfect Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present perfect subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''béo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''īş'''}} (''şvız'''īş'''''))
* '''Past Perfect Endings''' used for the past perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''hæd ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eç'''}} (''şvız'''eç'''''))
* '''Future Perfect Endings''' used for the future perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''þołft ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ōç'''}} (''şvız'''ōç'''''))
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Summary table'''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="3" | Corresponding Pronoun
! colspan="6" | Simple
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! rowspan="2" | Primary
! Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" | Strong Secondary
! Indicative
! colspan="2" | Weak
! Subjunctive
! colspan="2" | Future
|-
! colspan="2" | Present
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="2" | Past
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! rowspan="2" | Future
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
! Past
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öş</span>''
! Subjunctive
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īş</span>''
! Indicative
| —
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br>''eş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">st</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)ş}}<br>''-(e)ş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-deş}}<br>''-deş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āş}}<br>''-āş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēş}}<br>''-ēş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<br>''şőf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űş}}<br>''-űş''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öş}}<br>''-öş''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īş}}<br>''-īş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eç}}<br>''-eç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōç}}<br>''-ōç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īf</span>''
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőv}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''şőv<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-etst}}<br>''-etst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āh}}<br>''-āh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēh}}<br>''-ēh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űh}}<br>''-űh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īh}}<br>''-īh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-er}}<br>''-er''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōst}}<br>''-ōst''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}<br>''et''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">é</span>''
| —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)d}}<br>''-(e)d''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhé</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ā}}<br>''-ā''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēf}}<br>''-ēf''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ű}}<br>''-ű''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öh}}<br>''-öh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īf}}<br>''-īf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eth}}<br>''-eth''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōf}}<br>''-ōf''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}<br>''jó''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">st</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ī}}<br>''-ī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-dī}}<br>''-dī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēvī}}<br>''-ēvī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īn}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhī}}<br>''-öhī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īvī}}<br>''-īvī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ethī}}<br>''-ethī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōvī}}<br>''-ōvī''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}<br>''vé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-é}}<br>''-é''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">nö</span>''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-né}}<br>''-né''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūné}}<br>''-ūné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űné}}<br>''-űné''
| —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhé}}<br>''-öhé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īné}}<br>''-īné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-erné}}<br>''-erné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōné}}<br>''-ōné''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-n}}<br>''-n''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūv}}<br>''-ūv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űv}}<br>''-űv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īv}}<br>''-īv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ern}}<br>''-ern''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōn}}<br>''-ōn''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}<br>''ű''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ö}}<br>''-ö''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-nö}}<br>''-nö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūnö}}<br>''-ūnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űnö}}<br>''-űnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhö}}<br>''-öhö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īnö}}<br>''-īnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ernö}}<br>''-ernö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōnö}}<br>''-ōnö''
|}
|}
</div>
====Present====
 
The present tense is used for actions/states happening in the present, future actions/states if context is clear, and ''[[w:telicity|atelic]]'' verbs. Weak and strong verbs share the indicative and imperative endings, but differ on the subjunctive endings.
====Past====
The past tense is used for actions/states which happened in the past, regardless of telicity. Weak verbs have dental-[[w:infix|infixed]] endings in the singular, and both weak and strong verbs share the same nasal-infixed endings in the plural. It is of note that weak verbs do not have a distinct past subjunctive from the past indicative and that strong verbs use the same set of endings for the past indicative, present subjunctive, and past subjunctive.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Imperative
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|deş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">deş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">āş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īş</span>''
| —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|etst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">etst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">est</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">āh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<br>''şvız''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|d}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">d</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eth</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ā}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ā</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īf</span>''
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">dī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ethī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īvī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">é</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhé</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">est</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īn}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<br>''şvız''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">öhö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">īnö</span>''
| —
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 1,999: Line 2,186:
|- style="text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/176 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şővn}}] ''şővn'' ("to push")
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/176 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şővn}}] ''şővn'' ("to push")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Imperative
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Subjunctive
Line 2,009: Line 2,199:
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">eç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īş</span>''
| —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<br>''şőf''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőf}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''şőf<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">eth</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īf</span>''
| rowspan="3" | —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şőv}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''şőv<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ethī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īvī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">é</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhé</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f<span style="color:purple">st</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īn}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>f''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">öhö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">īnö</span>''
| —
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
====Future====
 
The future tense is used for actions/states that will happen in the future, usually being ''telic''.
====Past====
The past tense is used for actions/states which happened in the past, regardless of telicity. Weak verbs have dental-[[w:infix|infixed]] endings in the singular, and both weak and strong verbs share the same nasal-infixed endings in the plural. It is of note that weak verbs do not have a distinct past subjunctive from the past indicative and that strong verbs use the same set of endings for the past indicative, present subjunctive, and past subjunctive.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
! style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|deş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">deş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōç</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|etst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">etst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōst</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|d}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">d</span>''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ű</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">eth</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōf</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">dī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ethī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūv}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űv}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōn</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōnö</span>''
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
Line 2,109: Line 2,307:
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f<span style="color:purple">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">eç</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f<span style="color:purple">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">er</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>f''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ű</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|f}}<br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>f''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">eth</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ī</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">ī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ethī</span>''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūné</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōné</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūv}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūv</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űv}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōn</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūnö</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">u</span>v<span style="color:purple">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|o}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">o</span>v<span style="color:purple">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōnö</span>''
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
 
====Future====
====Passive====
The future tense is used for actions/states that will happen in the future, usually being ''telic''.
====Preterite present verbs====
<div style=display:inline-grid>
====Irregular verbs====
 
==Vocabulary==
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Weak verbs'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="3" |
! Indicative
! colspan="3" | Cardinal
! Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | Ordinal
! rowspan="3" | Adverbial<br />Multiplier
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | Direct
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="3" | Singular
! Plural
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Dative
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Direct / Oblique
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 0
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifr}}<br />''sifr''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifre}}<br />''sifre''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifret}}<br />''sifret''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrets}}<br />''sifrets''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōç</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrete}}<br />''sifrete''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrevēq}}<br />''sifrevēq''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōst</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|on}}<br />''on''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ons}}<br />''ons''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ű</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|one}}<br />''one''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ork}}<br />''ork''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|orx}}<br />''orx''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|orke}}<br />''orke''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēn}}<br />''ēn''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvó}}<br />''tvó''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ēvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvér}}<br />''tvér''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvón}}<br />''tvón''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óh}}<br />''óh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|órs}}<br />''órs''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óre}}<br />''óre''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvé}}<br />''tvé''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzı}}<br />''qzı''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzır}}<br />''qzır''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzı}}<br />''qzın''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıt}}<br />''qzıt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıts}}<br />''qzıts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıte}}<br />''qzıte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzï}}<br />''qzï''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 4
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fī}}<br />''fī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūv}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīr}}<br />''fīr''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űv}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīn}}<br />''fīn''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīt}}<br />''fīt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīts}}<br />''fīts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīte}}<br />''fīte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīvēq}}<br />''fīvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 5
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēf}}<br />''vēf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ūnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfs}}<br />''vēfs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">űnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfe}}<br />''vēfe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">ōnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēft}}<br />''vēft''
|}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfts}}<br />''vēfts''
</div>
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfte}}<br />''vēfte''
<div style=display:inline-grid>
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfēq}}<br />''vēffēq''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Strong verbs'''
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |  
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/176 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şővn}}] ''şővn'' ("to push")
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Simple
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 6
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sex}}<br />''sex''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexe}}<br />''sexe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sext}}<br />''sext''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űş}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexts}}<br />''sexts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōç</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexte}}<br />''sexte''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexvēq}}<br />''sexvēq''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōst</span>''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 7
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süv}}<br />''süv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvs}}<br />''süvs''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ű</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süve}}<br />''süve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvt}}<br />''süvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvts}}<br />''süvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvte}}<br />''süvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvvēq}}<br />''süvvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 8
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br />''eş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ēvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşe}}<br />''eşe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşt}}<br />''eşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşts}}<br />''eşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşte}}<br />''eşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşvēq}}<br />''eşvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 9
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney}}<br />''ney''
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neys}}<br />''neys''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neye}}<br />''neye''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyt}}<br />''neyt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyts}}<br />''neyts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyte}}<br />''neyte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyvēq}}<br />''neyvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 10
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şın}}<br />''şın''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūv}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şıs}}<br />''şıs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űv}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şıne}}<br />''şıne''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şït}}<br />''şït''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şïts}}<br />''şïts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şïte}}<br />''şïte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınvēq}}<br />''şınvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 11
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüv}}<br />''eddüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ūnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ūnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvs}}<br />''eddüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">űnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüve}}<br />''eddüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''ş<span style="color:purple">ō</span>v<span style="color:purple">ōnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvt}}<br />''eddüvt''
|}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvts}}<br />''eddüvts''
</div>
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvte}}<br />''eddüvte''
 
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvvēq}}<br />''eddüvvēq''
====Passive====
====Preterite present verbs====
Jovlish preterite-present verbs behave like those of other germanic languages, using strong secondary endings for the present indicative, dental-infixless weak past endings for the past indicative, and weak subjunctive endings for the present subjunctive. Jovlish preterite-presents are completely irregular in regards to the Jovlish verbal system, though there exist some patterns and groupings between these verbs.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Preterite-Present stems'''
! colspan="2" | Stem
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vün}} ''vün''<br>("to want")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nün}} ''nün''<br>("to not want")
! rowspan="7" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|konn}} ''konn''<br>("to be familiar with")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|onn}} ''onn''<br>("to wish")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|monn}} ''monn''<br>("to think")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|münn}} ''münn''<br>("to remember")
! rowspan="7" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vótn}} ''vótn''<br>("to know")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nótn}} ''nótn''<br>("to not know")
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 12
! rowspan="3" | Indicative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűv}}<br />''tűv''
! Present singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvs}}<br />''tűvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|v-}}<br>''v-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűve}}<br />''tűve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n-}}<br>''n-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvt}}<br />''tűvt''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kon-}}<br>''kon-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvts}}<br />''tűvts''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|on-}}<br>''on-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvte}}<br />''tűvte''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mon-}}<br>''mon-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvvēq}}<br />''tűvvēq''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mün-}}<br>''mün-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vót-}}<br>''vót-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nót-}}<br>''nót-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 13
! Present plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüv}}<br />''htüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vel-}}<br>''vel-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvs}}<br />''htüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nül-}}<br>''nül-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüve}}<br />''htüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vit-}}<br>''vit-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvt}}<br />''htüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüt-}}<br>''nüt-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvts}}<br />''htüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvte}}<br />''htüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvvēq}}<br />''htüvvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 14
! Past
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűv}}<br />''fűv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vód-}}<br>''vód-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvs}}<br />''fűvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nód-}}<br>''nód-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűve}}<br />''fűve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kōy-}}<br>''kōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvt}}<br />''fűvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōy-}}<br>''ōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvts}}<br />''fűvts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mōy-}}<br>''mōy-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvte}}<br />''fűvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mőy-}}<br>''mőy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvvēq}}<br />''fűvvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ves-}}<br>''ves-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüs-}}<br>''nüs-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 15
! colspan="2" | Subjunctive present
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüv}}<br />''fēvüv''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vel-}}<br>''vel-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvs}}<br />''fēvüvs''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nül-}}<br>''nül-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüve}}<br />''fēvüve''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kon-}}<br>''kon-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvt}}<br />''fēvüvt''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|on-}}<br>''on-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvts}}<br />''fēvüvts''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mon-}}<br>''mon-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvte}}<br />''fēvüvte''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mün-}}<br>''mün-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvvēq}}<br />''fēvüvvēq''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vit-}}<br>''vit-''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüt-}}<br>''nüt-''
|-
! colspan="2" | Future
|-
! colspan="2" | Perfect
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kōy-}}<br>''kōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōy-}}<br>''ōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mōy-}}<br>''mōy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mőy-}}<br>''mőy-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ves-}}<br>''ves-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüs-}}<br>''nüs-''
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 16
! colspan="2" | Stem
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüv}}<br />''söxüv''
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mēn}} ''mēn''<br />("can; to fare")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvs}}<br />''söxüvs''
! rowspan="7" |  
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüve}}<br />''söxüve''
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mótn}} ''mótn''<br />("may")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvt}}<br />''söxüvt''
! rowspan="7" |  
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvts}}<br />''söxüvts''
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şēvn}} ''şēvn''<br />("must; should; to owe ")
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvte}}<br />''söxüvte''
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dērrn}} ''dērrn''<br />("to dare")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvvēq}}<br />''söxüvvēq''
! rowspan="7" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nēhn}} ''nēhn''<br />("to have")
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīşn}} ''dīşn''<br />("to function")
! rowspan="7" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óhn}} ''óhn''<br />("to own")
! rowspan="7" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vőqn}} ''vőqn''<br />("to become")
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 17
! rowspan="3" | Indicative
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüv}}<br />''sünüv''
! Present singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvs}}<br />''sünüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mē-}}<br>''mē-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüve}}<br />''sünüve''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mót-}}<br>''mót-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvt}}<br />''sünüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şēv-}}<br>''şēv-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvts}}<br />''sünüvts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dērr-}}<br>''dērr-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvte}}<br />''sünüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nēh-}}<br>''nēh-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvvēq}}<br />''sünüvvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīş-}}<br>''dīş-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óh-}}<br>''óh-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vőq-}}<br>''vőq-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 18
! Present plural
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüv}}<br />''öşüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|moq-}}<br>''moq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvs}}<br />''öşüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şul-}}<br>''şul-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüve}}<br />''öşüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dürr-}}<br>''dürr-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvt}}<br />''öşüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüq-}}<br>''nüq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvts}}<br />''öşüvts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|duq-}}<br>''duq-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvte}}<br />''öşüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|oq-}}<br>''oq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvvēq}}<br />''öşüvvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vūh-}}<br>''vūh-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 19
! Past
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüv}}<br />''nattüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|meş-}}<br>''meş-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvs}}<br />''natüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mós-}}<br>''mós-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüve}}<br />''natüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şēvd-}}<br>''şēvd-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvt}}<br />''natüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dorr-}}<br>''dorr-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvts}}<br />''natüvts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nöş-}}<br>''nöş-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvte}}<br />''natüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|doht-}}<br>''doht-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvvēq}}<br />''natüvvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óht-}}<br>''óht-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vuqd-}}<br>''vuqd-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 20
! colspan="2" | Subjunctive present
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvētej}}<br />''tvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mē-}}<br>''mē-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteş}}<br />''tvēteş''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mót-}}<br>''mót-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēçe}}<br />''tvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şül-}}<br>''şül-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşt}}<br />''tvēteşt''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dürr-}}<br>''dürr-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşts}}<br />''tvēteşts''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüq-}}<br>''nüq-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşte}}<br />''tvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dű-}}<br>''dű-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvētejvēq}}<br />''tvētejvēq''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|oq-}}<br>''oq-''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vūh-}}<br>''vūh-''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 28
! colspan="2" | Future
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvētej}}<br />''eşortvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|moq-}}<br>''moq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteş}}<br />''eşortvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şul-}}<br>''şul-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēçe}}<br />''eşortvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|duq-}}<br>''duq-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşt}}<br />''eşortvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşts}}<br />''eşortvēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşte}}<br />''eşortvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvētejvēq}}<br />''eşortvētejvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 29
! colspan="2" | Perfect
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvētej}}<br />''neyortvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|meş-}}<br>''meş-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteş}}<br />''neyortvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mós-}}<br>''mós-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēçe}}<br />''neyortvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şēvd-}}<br>''şēvd-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşt}}<br />''neyortvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dorr-}}<br>''dorr-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşts}}<br />''neyortvēteşts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nöş-}}<br>''nöş-''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşte}}<br />''neyortvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|doht-}}<br>''doht-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvētejvēq}}<br />''neyortvētejvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óht-}}<br>''óht-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vuqd-}}<br>''vuqd-''
|}
</div>
 
====Irregular verbs====
"Irregularity" in Jovlish verbs is an umbrella term that covers multiple types of anomalous verbs:
* '''Irregular weak verbs''', anomalous verbs that use weak endings
* '''Irregular strong verbs''', anomalous verbs that use strong endings
* '''the Copula'''
=====Irregular weak verbs=====
Irregular weak verbs are weak verbs that display some form of irregularity in their principle stems. A considerable portion of these verbs are continuations of Old English Irregular weak verbs, such as [[wikt:bringan#Old_English|bringan]] and [[wikt:bycgan#Old_English|byċġan]]. This subset of verbs has one for the present singular ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bű-}}, ''bű-''), one for the present plural and subjunctive ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|büc-}}, ''büc-''), and one for the past ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|boh-}}, ''boh-'').Only one Old English class 3 weak verb, [[wikt:secgan#Old_English|seċġan]], didn't get leveled and remains as an irregular weak verb with one stem for the present singular and past ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sē-}}, ''sē-'') and one for the present plural ({{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sec-}}, ''sec-'').
 
The rest of the irregular weak verbs tend to come about due to phonological processes either within Jovlish that cause a disparity in the stem of an otherwise regular weak old English verb (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/222 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīvn}}], ''şīvn'') or from an already anomalous Old English class 2 strong verb that had unleveled stems (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/309 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ītn}}], ''ītn'').
=====Irregular strong verbs=====
Irregular strong verbs behave similarly to irregular weak verbs but use strong endings instead. Irregular strong verbs can develop either from suppletion or from phonological processes similar to those found in irregular weak verbs.
=====''Pseudo-suppletion''=====
''Pseudo-suppletion'' is a phenomenon found in which the aforementioned phonological processes can diverge two stems of the same verb (normally in a present-past split) so much that they end up perceived as, and by extension behave as, having underwent suppletion, even though both stems come from the same Old English source verb. These verbs contrast with, but are treated identically to, verbs that have underwent actual suppletion (such as [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/150 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gēn}}], ''gēn''). These verbs are a result of either already-anomalous Old English stems becoming less alike ({{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} ''jı-, dü-'' ← {{Abbtip|Old English|''ᴏᴇ''}} dō-/dē-, dy(d)-) or already-regular Old English stems becoming less alike ({{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} ''īt-, gu-'' ← {{Abbtip|Old English|''ᴏᴇ''}} ġēot-/ġēa(t)-, gu(t)-). The most common origin of these verbs is class 2 strong verbs beginning with ċ-/ġ-, and predictably alternate with c-/g- based on the following vowel, levelling into a preudo-suppletive strong verb:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Verb
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Jovlish stems
! colspan="2" | Old English stems
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 30
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīzn}}<br>''şīzn'' ("to like")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzētej}}<br />''qzētej''
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīz-}}<br>''şīz-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteş}}<br />''qzēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kur-}}<br>''kur-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēçe}}<br />''qzēçe''
| ċēos-, ċīes-, ċēas-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşt}}<br />''qzēteşt''
| cur-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşts}}<br />''qzēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşte}}<br />''qzēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzētejvēq}}<br />''qzētejvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 80
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīn}}<br>''şīn'' ("to eat")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eştej}}<br />''eştej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şī-}}<br>''şī-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteş}}<br />''eşteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|kū-}}<br>''kū-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşçe}}<br />''eşçe''
| ċēow-, ċīew-, ċēaw-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşt}}<br />''eşteşt''
| cuw-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşts}}<br />''eşteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşte}}<br />''eşteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eştejvēq}}<br />''eştejvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 90
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ītn}}<br>''ītn'' ("to shed")
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neytej}}<br />''neytej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īt-}}<br>''īt-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteş}}<br />''neyteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gu-}}<br>''gu-''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyçe}}<br />''neyçe''
| ġēo-, ġīe-, ġēa-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşt}}<br />''neyteşt''
| gut-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşts}}<br />''neyteşts''
|}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşte}}<br />''neyteşte''
 
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neytejvēq}}<br />''neytejvēq''
=====the Copula=====
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |  
! colspan="11" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/317 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vezn}}] ''vezn'' ("to be")
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="6" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Simple
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Perfect
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Imperative
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Indicative
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Subjunctive
! colspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Indicative
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | Subjunctive
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Present
! Past
! Future
! Present
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 100
 
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīttej}}<br />''nunīttej''
! rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Singular
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteş}}<br />''nunītteş''
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīççe}}<br />''nunīççe''
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jöm}}<br>''jöm''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşt}}<br />''nunītteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vaş}}<br>''vaş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşts}}<br />''nunītteşts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}<br>''īş''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşte}}<br />''nunītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīttejvēq}}<br />''nunīttejvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">ş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|y}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āş}}</span><br>''y<span style="color:#E97500">āş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öş}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öş</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eç}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">eç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōç}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōç</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īş}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īş</span>''
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | —
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 180
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīttej}}<br />''öşüvīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|joq}}<br>''joq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteş}}<br />''öşüvītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vah}}<br>''vah''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīççe}}<br />''öşüvīççe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|esh}}<br>''esh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşt}}<br />''öşüvītteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">h</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşts}}<br />''öşüvītteşts''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">h</span>''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşte}}<br />''öşüvītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|y}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|āh}}</span><br>''y<span style="color:#E97500">āh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīttejvēq}}<br />''öşüvīttejvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|er}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">er</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōst}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōst</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īh}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ves}}<br>''ves''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 190
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīttej}}<br />''nattüvīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēs}}<br>''ēs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteş}}<br />''nattüvītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ős}}<br>''ős''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīççe}}<br />''nattüvīççe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēh}}<br>''ēh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşt}}<br />''nattüvītteşt''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<br>''ső''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşts}}<br />''nattüvītteşts''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<br>''var''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşte}}<br />''nattüvītteşte''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|y}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ā}}</span><br>''y<span style="color:#E97500">ā</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīttejvēq}}<br />''nattüvīttejvēq''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öh}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eth}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">eth</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōf}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōf</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īf}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īf</span>''
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | —
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űs}}<br>''űs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vosī}}<br>''vosī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ehī}}<br>''ehī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhī}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öhī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ethī}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ethī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōvī}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōvī</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īvī}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īvī</span>''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Plural
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zé}}<br>''zé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ver}}<br>''ver''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īhé}}<br>''īhé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''ī<span style="color:#E97500">né</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhé}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öhé</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|erné}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">erné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōné}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōné</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īné}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īné</span>''
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|zest}}<br>''zest''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jer}}<br>''jer''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īst}}<br>''īst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''ī<span style="color:#E97500">n</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ösh}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ösh</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ern}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ern</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōn}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōn</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īv}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īv</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ves}}</span><br>''ves''
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|züd}}<br>''züd''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űr}}<br>''űr''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űh}}<br>''űh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ső}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ső<span style="color:#E97500">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|var}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''var<span style="color:#E97500">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''ī<span style="color:#E97500">nö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öhö}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">öhö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ernö}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ernö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōnö}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">ōnö</span>''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vez}}<span style="color:#E97500">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īnö}}</span><br>''vez<span style="color:#E97500">īnö</span>''
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | —
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nezn}} ''nezn'' ("to not be")
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! Simple present
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! rowspan="2" | Singular
! {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nēm}}<br>''nēm''
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nēq}}<br>''nēq''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | Plural
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}<br>''né''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1,000
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyn}}<br />''jıyn''
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nest}}<br>''nest''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyns}}<br />''jıyns''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyne}}<br />''jıyne''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynt}}<br />''jıynt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynts}}<br />''jıynts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynte}}<br />''jıynte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynvēq}}<br />''jıynvēq''
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1,000,000
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyon}}<br />''millyon''
| style="font-weight:normal;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüd}}<br>''nüd''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyont}}<br />''millyont''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonts}}<br />''millyonts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonte}}<br />''millyonte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonvēq}}<br />''millyonvēq''
|}
|}
</div>


==Sample text==
==Vocabulary==
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="9" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yonümre}} (''yonümre'')
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="3" | Cardinal
! colspan="4" | Ordinal
! rowspan="3" | Adverbial<br />Multiplier
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | Direct
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="3" | Singular
! Plural
|- style="text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Direct
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Dative
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Direct / Oblique
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 0
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifr}}<br />''sifr''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifre}}<br />''sifre''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifret}}<br />''sifret''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrets}}<br />''sifrets''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrete}}<br />''sifrete''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sifrevēq}}<br />''sifrevēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|on}}<br />''on''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ons}}<br />''ons''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|one}}<br />''one''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ork}}<br />''ork''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|orx}}<br />''orx''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|orke}}<br />''orke''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēn}}<br />''ēn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvó}}<br />''tvó''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvér}}<br />''tvér''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvón}}<br />''tvón''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óh}}<br />''óh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|órs}}<br />''órs''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|óre}}<br />''óre''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvé}}<br />''tvé''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzı}}<br />''qzı''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzır}}<br />''qzır''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzı}}<br />''qzın''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıt}}<br />''qzıt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıts}}<br />''qzıts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzıte}}<br />''qzıte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzï}}<br />''qzï''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 4
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fī}}<br />''fī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīr}}<br />''fīr''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīn}}<br />''fīn''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīt}}<br />''fīt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīts}}<br />''fīts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīte}}<br />''fīte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fīvēq}}<br />''fīvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 5
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēf}}<br />''vēf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfs}}<br />''vēfs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfe}}<br />''vēfe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēft}}<br />''vēft''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfts}}<br />''vēfts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfte}}<br />''vēfte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vēfēq}}<br />''vēffēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 6
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sex}}<br />''sex''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexe}}<br />''sexe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sext}}<br />''sext''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexts}}<br />''sexts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexte}}<br />''sexte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sexvēq}}<br />''sexvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 7
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süv}}<br />''süv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvs}}<br />''süvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süve}}<br />''süve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvt}}<br />''süvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvts}}<br />''süvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvte}}<br />''süvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|süvvēq}}<br />''süvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 8
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br />''eş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşe}}<br />''eşe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşt}}<br />''eşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşts}}<br />''eşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşte}}<br />''eşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşvēq}}<br />''eşvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 9
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney}}<br />''ney''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neys}}<br />''neys''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neye}}<br />''neye''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyt}}<br />''neyt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyts}}<br />''neyts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyte}}<br />''neyte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyvēq}}<br />''neyvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 10
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şın}}<br />''şın''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şıs}}<br />''şıs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şıne}}<br />''şıne''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şït}}<br />''şït''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şïts}}<br />''şïts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şïte}}<br />''şïte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınvēq}}<br />''şınvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 11
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüv}}<br />''eddüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvs}}<br />''eddüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüve}}<br />''eddüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvt}}<br />''eddüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvts}}<br />''eddüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvte}}<br />''eddüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eddüvvēq}}<br />''eddüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 12
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűv}}<br />''tűv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvs}}<br />''tűvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűve}}<br />''tűve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvt}}<br />''tűvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvts}}<br />''tűvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvte}}<br />''tűvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tűvvēq}}<br />''tűvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 13
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüv}}<br />''htüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvs}}<br />''htüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüve}}<br />''htüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvt}}<br />''htüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvts}}<br />''htüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvte}}<br />''htüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|htüvvēq}}<br />''htüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 14
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűv}}<br />''fűv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvs}}<br />''fűvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűve}}<br />''fűve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvt}}<br />''fűvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvts}}<br />''fűvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvte}}<br />''fűvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fűvvēq}}<br />''fűvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 15
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüv}}<br />''fēvüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvs}}<br />''fēvüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüve}}<br />''fēvüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvt}}<br />''fēvüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvts}}<br />''fēvüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvte}}<br />''fēvüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēvüvvēq}}<br />''fēvüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 16
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüv}}<br />''söxüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvs}}<br />''söxüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüve}}<br />''söxüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvt}}<br />''söxüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvts}}<br />''söxüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvte}}<br />''söxüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|söxüvvēq}}<br />''söxüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 17
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüv}}<br />''sünüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvs}}<br />''sünüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüve}}<br />''sünüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvt}}<br />''sünüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvts}}<br />''sünüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvte}}<br />''sünüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|sünüvvēq}}<br />''sünüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 18
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüv}}<br />''öşüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvs}}<br />''öşüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüve}}<br />''öşüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvt}}<br />''öşüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvts}}<br />''öşüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvte}}<br />''öşüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvvēq}}<br />''öşüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 19
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüv}}<br />''nattüv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvs}}<br />''natüvs''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüve}}<br />''natüve''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvt}}<br />''natüvt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvts}}<br />''natüvts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvte}}<br />''natüvte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|natüvvēq}}<br />''natüvvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 20
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvētej}}<br />''tvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteş}}<br />''tvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēçe}}<br />''tvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşt}}<br />''tvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşts}}<br />''tvēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvēteşte}}<br />''tvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|tvētejvēq}}<br />''tvētejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 28
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvētej}}<br />''eşortvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteş}}<br />''eşortvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēçe}}<br />''eşortvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşt}}<br />''eşortvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşts}}<br />''eşortvēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvēteşte}}<br />''eşortvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş&tvētejvēq}}<br />''eşortvētejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 29
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvētej}}<br />''neyortvētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteş}}<br />''neyortvēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēçe}}<br />''neyortvēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşt}}<br />''neyortvēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşts}}<br />''neyortvēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvēteşte}}<br />''neyortvēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ney&tvētejvēq}}<br />''neyortvētejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 30
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzētej}}<br />''qzētej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteş}}<br />''qzēteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēçe}}<br />''qzēçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşt}}<br />''qzēteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşts}}<br />''qzēteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzēteşte}}<br />''qzēteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|qzētejvēq}}<br />''qzētejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 80
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eştej}}<br />''eştej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteş}}<br />''eşteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşçe}}<br />''eşçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşt}}<br />''eşteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşts}}<br />''eşteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eşteşte}}<br />''eşteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eştejvēq}}<br />''eştejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 90
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neytej}}<br />''neytej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteş}}<br />''neyteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyçe}}<br />''neyçe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşt}}<br />''neyteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşts}}<br />''neyteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neyteşte}}<br />''neyteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|neytejvēq}}<br />''neytejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 100
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīttej}}<br />''nunīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteş}}<br />''nunītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīççe}}<br />''nunīççe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşt}}<br />''nunītteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşts}}<br />''nunītteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunītteşte}}<br />''nunītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nunīttejvēq}}<br />''nunīttejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 180
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīttej}}<br />''öşüvīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteş}}<br />''öşüvītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīççe}}<br />''öşüvīççe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşt}}<br />''öşüvītteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşts}}<br />''öşüvītteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvītteşte}}<br />''öşüvītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|öşüvīttejvēq}}<br />''öşüvīttejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 190
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīttej}}<br />''nattüvīttej''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteş}}<br />''nattüvītteş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīççe}}<br />''nattüvīççe''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşt}}<br />''nattüvītteşt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşts}}<br />''nattüvītteşts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvītteşte}}<br />''nattüvītteşte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nattüvīttejvēq}}<br />''nattüvīttejvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1,000
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyn}}<br />''jıyn''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyns}}<br />''jıyns''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıyne}}<br />''jıyne''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynt}}<br />''jıynt''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynts}}<br />''jıynts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynte}}<br />''jıynte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jıynvēq}}<br />''jıynvēq''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1,000,000
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyon}}<br />''millyon''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyont}}<br />''millyont''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonts}}<br />''millyonts''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonte}}<br />''millyonte''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|millyonvēq}}<br />''millyonvēq''
|}
===Swadesh list===
===Colors===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="14" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yoşīe}} (''yoşīe'')
|-
! colspan="4" | Light colors
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Base colors
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Dark colors
|- style="background-color:#e9706d;"
| style="color:#FFF;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/247 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınűqş}}</span></span>]<br />''şınűqş''
| style="background-color:#5c5cff; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/238 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vıcırd}}</span></span>]<br />''vıcırd''
| style="background-color:#5cffde; color:#000000;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/247 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınpérızej}}</span></span>]<br />''şınpérızej''
| style="background-color:#89fd78;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/244 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īqzın}}</span></span>]<br />''īqzın''
| style="background-color:#971917; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/233 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űqş}}</span>]<br />''űqş''
| style="background-color:#0000b3; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/236 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|byïn}}</span>]<br />''byïn''
| style="background-color:#027a5e; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/246 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|pérızej}}</span>]<br />''pérızej''
| style="background-color:#127a02; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/237 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|xın}}</span>]<br />''xın''
| style="background-color:#64110f; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/240 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|blörd}}</span>]<br />''blörd''
| style="background-color:#000077; color:#FFF;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/168 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīyolbyïn}}</span>]<br />''dīyolbyïn''
| style="background-color:#007875; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/168 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīyolpérızej}}</span>]<br />''dīyolpérızej''
| style="background-color:#0c5201; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/242 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|oşekş}}</span>]<br />''oşekş''
|-
| style="background-color:#ffe383;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/247 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınīl}}</span>]<br />''şınīl''
| style="background-color:#fda978;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/247 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şınűrid}}</span>]<br />''şınűrid''
| style="background-color:#f5bbfe;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/245 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|rozov}}</span>]<br />''rozov''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/230 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēt}}</span>]<br />''fēt''
| style="background-color:#ffd546; color:#000000;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/235 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|īl}}</span>]<br />''īl''
| style="background-color:#fb7e34; color:#000000;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/243 <span style="color:#000;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űrid}}</span>]<br />''űrid''
| style="background-color:#6b027a; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/239 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|macenta}}</span>]<br />''macenta''
| style="background-color:#808080; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/231 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|gzī}}</span>]<br />''gzī''
| style="background-color:#977500; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/168 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dīyolīl}}</span>]<br />''dīyolīl''
| style="background-color:#521f01; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/234 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|brın}}</span>]<br />''brın''
| style="background-color:#470152; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/241 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|pörfür}}</span>]<br />''pörfür''
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/232 <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|blak}}</span>]<br />''blak''
|}
 
===Units of time===
====Times of Day====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iküşles çıde}} (''iküşles çıde'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Jovlish
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/88 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nüş}}]<br />''nüş''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/224 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ōhtoŋ}}]<br />''ōhtoŋ''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/45 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dē}}]<br />''dē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/227 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|mın}}]<br />''mın''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/228 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ovmın}}]<br />''ovmın''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/225 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ēvoŋ}}]<br />''ēvoŋ''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/226 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|förnüş}}]<br />''förnüş''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | English
| ''night''
| ''dawn''
| ''morning''
| ''noon''
| ''afternoon''
| ''dusk''
| ''evening''
|}
====Weekdays====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yoveşküşle}} (''yoveşküşle'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Jovlish
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/48 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Móndē}}]<br />''Móndē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/49 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Çïzdē}}]<br />''Çïzdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/50 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Vótsdē}}]<br />''Vótsdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/51 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Hozdē}}]<br />''Hozdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/52 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Frejdē}}]<br />''Frejdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/53 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sovdē}}]<br />''Sovdē''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/47 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sonndē}}]<br />''Sonndē''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | English
| ''Monday''
| ''Tuesday''
| ''Wednesday''
| ''Thursday''
| ''Friday''
| ''Saturday''
| ''Sunday''
|}
====Months====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! colspan="7" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yoslene}} (''yoslene'')
|- style="font-weight:normal; vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Jovlish
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/326 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Janüar}}]<br />''Janüar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/327 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Förüar}}]<br />''Förüar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/328 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mart}}]<br />''Mart''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/329 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Aψıl}}]<br />''Apsıl''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/330 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Maj}}]<br />''Maj''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/331 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yöne}}]<br />''Yöne''
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! colspan="7" |
|- style="font-weight:normal; vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | English
| ''January''
| ''February''
| ''March''
| ''April''
| ''May''
| ''June''
|-
! colspan="7" |
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Jovlish
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/332 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yöle}}]<br />''Yöle''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/333 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Oqost}}]<br />''Oqost''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/334 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Sektembar}}]<br />''Sektembar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/335 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Oktembar}}]<br />''Oktembar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/336 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Nöembar}}]<br />''Nöembar''
| [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/337 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yektembar}}]<br />''Yektembar''
|-
! colspan="7" |
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | English
| ''July''
| ''August''
| ''September''
| ''October''
| ''November''
| ''December''
|}
====Seasons====
 
===Countries of Europe===
===Planets and Major Moons===
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse; margin: 0px 0px -1px 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #000000; text-align: center; background-color:#000000;"
|-
! colspan="16" | <span style="color:#FFF;">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|planete& mēste slene}} (''planeteor mēste slene'')</span>
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Mercury in true color.jpg|20px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/188 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Merkür}}''']</span><br>''Merkür''<br><sup>''(Mercury)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Venus globe.jpg|48px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/189 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Afröyet}}''']</span><br>''Afröyet''<br><sup>''(Venus)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|48px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/43 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iJöq}}''']</span><br>''iJöq''<br><sup>''(the Earth)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Mars - August 30 2021 - Flickr - Kevin M. Gill.png|36px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/190 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Pröwent}}''']</span><br>''Pröwent''<br><sup>''(Mars)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Jupiter OPAL 2024.png|96px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/191 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Fyewent}}''']</span><br>''Fyewent''<br><sup>''(Jupiter)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|90px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/192 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Nemewent}}''']</span><br>''Nemewent''<br><sup>''(Saturn)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Uranus Voyager2 color calibrated.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/193 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Uran}}''']</span><br>''Uran''<br><sup>''(Uranus)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png|60px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/194 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Neptun}}''']</span><br>''Neptun''<br><sup>''(Neptune)''</sup>
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal;" |
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|20px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/195 <span style="color:#FFF;">'''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iSlen}}''']</span><br>''iSlen''<br><sup>''(the Moon)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Phobos colour 2008.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Fobos}}'''<br>''Fobos''<br><sup>''(Phobos)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|20px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İo}}'''<br>''İo''<br><sup>''(Io)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Titan in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg|24px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Titan}}'''<br>''Titan''<br><sup>''(Titan)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Oberon in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Titanya}}'''<br>''Titanya''<br><sup>''(Titanya)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Triton-usgs23-with-frame.jpg|20px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Trıton}}'''<br>''Trıton''<br><sup>''(Triton)''</sup>
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| colspan="6" style="font-weight:normal;" |
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:NASA-Deimos-MarsMoon-20090221.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Démos}}'''<br>''Démos''<br><sup>''(Deimos)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Europa - Perijove 45 (cropped).png|18px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Öröpa}}'''<br>''Öröpa''<br><sup>''(Europa)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Reya}}'''<br>''Reya''<br><sup>''(Rhea)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Oberon in true color by Kevin M. Gill.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Oberon}}'''<br>''Oberon''<br><sup>''(Oberon)''</sup>
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| colspan="8" style="font-weight:normal;" |
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite.png|24px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ganimed}}'''<br>''Ganimed''<br><sup>''(Ganymede)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Yapet}}'''<br>''Yapet''<br><sup>''(Iapetus)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:PIA00040 Umbrielx2.47.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ümbriyel}}'''<br>''Ümbriyel''<br><sup>''(Umbriel)''</sup>
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |
|- style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff;"
| colspan="8" style="font-weight:normal;" |
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Callisto - July 8 1979 (38926064465).jpg|22px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Kallisto}}'''<br>''Kallisto''<br><sup>''(Callisto)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Dione in natural light (cropped).jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Diöna}}'''<br>''Diöna''<br><sup>''(Dione)''</sup>
| style="font-weight:normal;" | [[File:Ariel in monochrome.jpg|15px|frameless]]
| style="text-align:left;" | '''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ariyel}}'''<br>''Ariyel''<br><sup>''(Ariel)''</sup>
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |
|}
 
==Sample texts==
===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Jovlish Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Jovlish
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İşőjī veçıl bē jī, smıvbüqén kumēvī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(İşőjī veçıl bē jī, smıvbüqén kumēvī.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a snowstorm will come.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, my friend.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Bövküm! segg& koş, huq& drekk.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Bövküm! seggor koş, huqor drekk.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Hīs mplan jī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Hīs mplan jī.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Feh, jol& kōvēqm mēqk nüqné.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Feh, jolor kōvēqm mēqk nüqné.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and milk fresh from the cow.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ó, &şīkī joşt!}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Ó, orşīkī joşt!)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup!<br /><br />
|}
 
===''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''===
===''Lord's Prayer''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Jovlish Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Jovlish
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ArFód — ütUronsyon,}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(ArFód — ütUronsyon,)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Our Father in heaven,<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hnon oqqd vūhā,}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(hnon oqqd vūhā,)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | hallowed be your name,<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hvozya komn vūhā,}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(hvozya komn vūhā,)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | thy kingdom come,<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hhöm jın vūhā … üJöqnbov reş ütUronsyon.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(hhöm jın vūhā … üJöqnbov reş ütUronsyon.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | thy will be done … on earth as it is in heaven.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Arepşóf vőd űfes.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Arepşóf vőd űfes.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Give us today our daily bread.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Arşüq förűfes … yünarşyqre förűvöhé.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Arşüq förűfes … yünarşyqre förűvöhé.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Ornçışes pirazemdın, okirüvnesov şoψes,}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Ornçışes pirazemdın, okirüvnesov şopses,)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil,<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yünHe ivozya& imeş& itūq űs.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(yünHe ivozyaor imeşor itūq űs.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | for yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory.<br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Amen.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Amen.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Amen.<br /><br />
|}
 
===''Jovaia Founding Legend''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Jovlish Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Jovlish
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|YoProtögge ovgöŋbed inohhoh, imüş Űzzıdglöşests Sīvēq, fïqvol vēf&qzētejīççe sencesteaf, Konstontinupolon sīleth.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(YoProtögge ovgöŋbed inohhoh, imüş Űzzıdglöşests Sīvēq, fïqvol vēforqzētejīççe sencesteaf, Konstontinupolon sīleth.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | After the Angles' defeat by the bastard, the Great Sīvēq of Glöşest, with a host of 350 ships, sailed towards constantinople.<br /><br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Freŋyabe, Eψónyaün, Mawritanyaor Sikilyanoŋ sīleth, hīs lone yononēvröfeov frīénhoh, hfōhorsesenceste zıdernö.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Freŋyabe, Epsónyaün, Mawritanyaor Sikilyanoŋ sīleth, hīs lone yononēvröfeov frīénhoh, hfōh&sesenceste zıdernö.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | He sailed past France, around Hispania, along Mauretania and Sicily, liberating these lands from indefels as he and his host traveled.<br /><br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Vīsmehos Konstontinupolon sīleth, &yoyolotre üyöde besloyeth.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Vīsmehos Konstontinupolon sīleth, oryoyolotre üyöde besloyeth.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | He sailed to constantnople as a hero and defeated the heathen fleets.<br /><br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Alex Vüzentyaktsor ümüşe Sīvēq-s ilone irÖxinőts yojóstvatece fēşeftt, ifspédleş yoyolotre dzīvn meşā, hō bőö'v.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Alex Vüzentyaktsor ümüşe Sīvēq-s ilone irÖxinőts yojóstvatece fēşeftt, ifspédleş yoyolotre dzīvn meşā, hō bőö'v.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Byzantine Emperor Alexius gifted Great Sīvēq the lands on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, if he can succesfully drive out the heathens occupying it.<br /><br /><br />
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Orhos, Jóvaya opbüşd vuqd'thī.}}<br /><small><span style="color:grey">''(Orhos, Jóvaya opbüşd vuqd'thī.)''</span></small>
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | And thus, Jovaia was established.<br /><br />
|}
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