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{{Featured
{{Featured
|featured banner= Þatha artighio ist aena rasda ascritta. Ia votauða ascritta grazie alla seina livella qualitadi, piausevoletadi e capacitadi di utilizza.}}
|featured banner= Þatta artighio è iena rasda ascritta. Gia votauda ascritta grazie alla sina livella qualitadi, piausevoletadi e capacitadi di utilizza.}}
{{privatelang}}
{{privatelang}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
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| brcl            = luth
| brcl            = luth
}}
}}
==Disclaimer==
This article is extremely outdated, without a forecast to be updated. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/12cxldxeUnAzpVeVElpPF4qe81NrwHjPGbeSIYspeAIA/edit?usp=sharing| The most updated resource can be checked here.]
<br>
Sincerely, [[User:Lëtzelúcia|Lëtzelúcia]].
==Luthic==
[[Luthic]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[w:Help:IPA|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide.
[[Luthic]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[w:Help:IPA|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide.


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| [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈax.tɔː/]] || [[wikt:athe#Crimean_Gothic|athe]] /ˈa.te/ || attau [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] || eight
| [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈax.tɔː/]] || [[wikt:athe#Crimean_Gothic|athe]] /ˈa.te/ || attau [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] || eight
|-
|-
| [[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂]] (''baur'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/bɔr/]] <br >[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽]] (''barn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/barn/]] || [[wikt:baar#Crimean_Gothic|baar]] /bar/ <br >*ba(a)rn /barn/? || baure [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɔ.re]]] <br >barno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.no]]] || child
| [[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂]] (''baur'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/bɔr/]] <br >[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽]] (''barn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/barn/]] || [[wikt:baar#Crimean_Gothic|baar]] /bar/ <br >*ba(a)rn /barn/? || bauro [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɔ.ro]]] <br >barno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.no]]] || child
|-
|-
| [[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂]] (''brōþar'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈbroː.θar/]] || [[wikt:bruder#Crimean_Gothic|bruder]] /'bru.der/ || broþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] || brother
| [[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂]] (''brōþar'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈbroː.θar/]] || [[wikt:bruder#Crimean_Gothic|bruder]] /'bru.der/ || broþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] || brother
|-
|-
| [[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂#Gothic|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂]] (''wair'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/wɛr/]] || [[wikt:fers#Crimean_Gothic|fers]] /fers/ || vaere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɛ.re]]] || were- (as in werewolf)
| [[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂#Gothic|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂]] (''wair'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/wɛr/]] || [[wikt:fers#Crimean_Gothic|fers]] /fers/ || vaeru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɛ.ru]]] || were- (as in werewolf)
|-
|-
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃]] (''handus'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhan.dus/]] || [[wikt:handa#Crimean_Gothic|handa]] /ˈan.da/ || handu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈan.du]]] <small>(archaic, dialectal or obsolete)</small> || hand
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃]] (''handus'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhan.dus/]] || [[wikt:handa#Crimean_Gothic|handa]] /ˈan.da/ || andu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈan.du]]] || hand
|-
|-
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸]] (''haubiþ'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhɔː.βiθ/]] || [[wikt:hoef#Crimean_Gothic|hoef]] (for *hoeft) /oft/ || hauveþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βe.θo]]] <small>(archaic, dialectal or obsolete)</small> || head
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸]] (''haubiþ'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhɔː.βiθ/]] || [[wikt:hoef#Crimean_Gothic|hoef]] (for *hoeft) /oft/ || auveþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βe.θo]]] || head
|-
|-
| [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈkʷi.man/]] || [[wikt:kommen#Crimean_Gothic|kommen]] /'ko.men/ || qemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] || to come
| [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈkʷi.man/]] || [[wikt:kommen#Crimean_Gothic|kommen]] /'ko.men/ || quemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] || to come
|-
|-
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''hlahjan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/'hlax.jan/]] || [[wikt:lachen#Crimean_Gothic|lachen]] /'la.xen/ (/'la.ɣen/?) || chiaire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkjaj.re]]] || to laugh
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''hlahjan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/'hlax.jan/]] || [[wikt:lachen#Crimean_Gothic|lachen]] /'la.xen/ (/'la.ɣen/?) || chiaire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkjaj.re]]] || to laugh
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|source= Giuseppe il Lûthicu, proverbs
|source= Giuseppe il Lûthicu, proverbs
}}
}}
Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareicu Biagci’s 1657 Latin grammar '''''De studio linguæ luthicæ'''''. Late Mediaevel Luthic saw significant changes to its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and orthography. An eventual form of written Standard Luthic emerged c. 1730, and a large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from [[w:Medieval Latin|Mediaeval Latin]] (as adapted borrowings, rather than via the native form or Italian). What is known as Standard Ravennese Luthic began in the 1750s after the printing and wide distribution of [[w:Prayer book|prayer books]] and other kinds of [[w:Liturgical book|liturgical books]] in Luthic, after the works of Þiudareicu and his essays about the Luthic language and its written form.
Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareicu Biagci’s (now spelt Þiuðareicu) 1657 Latin grammar '''''De studio linguæ luthicæ'''''. Late Mediaevel Luthic saw significant changes to its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and orthography. An eventual form of written Standard Luthic emerged c. 1730, and a large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from [[w:Medieval Latin|Mediaeval Latin]] (as adapted borrowings, rather than via the native form or Italian). What is known as Standard Ravennese Luthic began in the 1750s after the printing and wide distribution of [[w:Prayer book|prayer books]] and other kinds of [[w:Liturgical book|liturgical books]] in Luthic, after the works of Þiudareicu and his essays about the Luthic language and its written form.


====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====
====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====
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As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.


Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdu faulla Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˈɸɔr.du fɔl.lɐ ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravenne'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.ɸe ˈlu.ti.xɐ rɐˈβẽ.ne]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional ''Dachsprache'', Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurde faulla Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˈɸɔr.de fɔl.lɐ ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravenne'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.ɸe ˈlu.ti.xɐ rɐˈβẽ.ne]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional ''Dachsprache'', Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]


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* The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound /k/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /t͡ʃ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
* The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound /k/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /t͡ʃ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
** To denote /t͡ʃ/ at the end of a word, a special letter, namely ⟨Ꝣ⟩ (sometimes ⟨ç⟩), is used. It is regarded as a variation of ⟨z⟩.
* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound /ɡ/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /d͡ʒ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound /ŋ/ before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩.
* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound /ɡ/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /d͡ʒ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound /ŋ/ before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩.
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/.
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/.
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** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, /i/ ~ /j/ are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead.
** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, /i/ ~ /j/ are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead.
If the clusters /ɡl/ and /ɡn/ are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively, which may cause confusion.
If the clusters /ɡl/ and /ɡn/ are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively, which may cause confusion.
* Consider that all plosives are spirantised word-terminally.
** In some monosyllabic verbs, the -t is spelt as -þ.
* /kʷ/ is spelt ⟨q⟩ and ⟨qu⟩, the difference is ultimately etymological, as ⟨qu⟩ is only found in Latin and Italian loanwords.
* /kʷ/ is spelt ⟨q⟩ and ⟨qu⟩, the difference is ultimately etymological, as ⟨qu⟩ is only found in Latin and Italian loanwords.


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| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || —
| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || Ꝣ
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || —
|}
|}
[[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]]
[[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]]
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||<poem>
||<poem>
𐌹 • Eissu è aeno specchio.
𐌹 • Eissu è aeno specchio.
Rifiette la luꝢ,
Rifiette la luce,
l’augna meina solecchio.</poem>
l’augna meina solecchio.</poem>
||<poem>
||<poem>
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* Nearby a rhotic, a lateral or nasal.
* Nearby a rhotic, a lateral or nasal.
* Stressed and anlaut.
* Stressed and anlaut.
* Consider that all plosives are spirantised word-terminally.


Unstressed consonants between intervocalic boundaries are voiced.
Unstressed consonants between intervocalic boundaries are voiced.
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* Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'', stem ''augVn-'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːɣoː]]] > Luthic ''augno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]].
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'', stem ''augVn-'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːɣoː]]] > Luthic ''augno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]].
In vulgar dialects where cases are fully ignored and prepositions are more used instead, it is very common to [[w:Apocope|apocope]] the last vowel (except [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]]) after a sonorant ([[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/m n ɲ l ʎ r t͡ʃ/]]) in singular forms, this feature is also very used by poets and it is often considered a poetic characteristic of Luthic:
* Luthic ''mannu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] > ''mann’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃n]]].
* Luthic ''virgine'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvir.d͡ʒi.ne]]] > ''virgin’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvir.d͡ʒin]]].
* Luthic ''duce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdu.t͡ʃe]]] > ''duꝢ’'' ~ ''duç’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdut͡ʃ]]]
The apocoped vowel must be pointed out by an ⟨’⟩, as the accusative case was highly influenced by Gothic, leading into a full vowel elision after ⟨m, n, r, l, gl, gn⟩ and /rCV, t͡ʃE/ in all declensions, except r-stems:
* Luthic ''aeternu'' <small>NOM.SG</small> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛˈtɛr.nu]]] > ''aetern'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛˈtɛrn]]] <small>ACC.SG</small>.
* Luthic ''hamu'' <small>NOM.SG</small> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈa.mu]]] > ''ham'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈam]]] <small>ACC.SG</small>.
Because of this, ⟨Ꝣ ~ ç⟩ is used:
* Luthic ''luce'' <small>NOM.SG</small> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.t͡ʃe]]] > ''luꝢ'' ~ ''luç'' <small>ACC.SG</small> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlut͡ʃ]]].


====Phonotactics====
====Phonotactics====
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==Research==
==Research==
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]]
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]]
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavetascapetico Ravenne''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdu faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica gli Lûthice Rasde'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandru Fiscar & Luca Vagnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavetascapetico Ravenne''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurde faulla Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica gli Lûthice Rasde'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandru Fiscar & Luca Vagnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.


===History===
===History===
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The declension paradigm of u-stems nouns is simplier than other nouns, since the nominative is identical to the accusative. In the case of ''portu'' and ''manu'', they have the elided accusative form.
There is a small class of quasei-irregular nouns within the o-stems ending in -io:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Number
! Case
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
! o-stem <sup>f</sup>
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
| figliu
| corredoiu
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| figlio
| corredoio
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| figlia
| corredoia
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| figli
| corredoi
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
| figli
| corredoi
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| figlii
| corredoii
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| figlievo
| corredoievo
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| figlioro
| corredoioro
|}
 
The declension paradigm of u-stems nouns is simplier than other nouns, since the nominative is identical to the accusative.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 1,726: Line 1,759:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| port
| portu
| man
| manu
| faeu
| faeu
|-
|-
Line 1,905: Line 1,938:
|}
|}


Pronouns often become a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] nearby verbs, mainly with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs (often apocopating the terminal -e of infinitives), being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. A good example is ''faur þuc'' “for you” but ''(ic) dauþo·t'' “I kill you”. Paradigmata is given below:
Pronouns often become a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] nearby verbs, mainly with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs (often apocopating the terminal -e of infinitives), being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. A good example is ''faur þuc'' “for you” but ''(ic) dauþo·ti'' “I kill you”. Paradigmata is given below:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 1,923: Line 1,956:
!rowspan=3| Singular
!rowspan=3| Singular
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| mi <br> ·m
| mi
| ti <br> ·t
| ti
| lo <br> ·l
| lo
| la <br> ·l
| la
| lo <br> ·l
| lo
| si <br> ·s
| si
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| mi <br> ·m
| mi
| ti <br> ·t
| ti
| gli <br> ·gl
| gli
| gli <br> ·gl
| gli
| gli <br> ·gl
| gli
| si <br> ·s
| si
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
|-
|-
!rowspan=3| Plural
!rowspan=3| Plural
Line 1,950: Line 1,983:
| ci
| ci
| vi
| vi
| los <br> ·l
| li
| las <br> ·l
| le
| la <br> ·l
| la
| si <br> ·s
| si
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| ci
| ci
| vi
| vi
| li <br> ·l
| li
| li <br> ·l
| li
| li <br> ·l
| li
| si <br> ·s
| si
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
| ne <br> ·n
| ne
|}
|}


Apocopated forms happen before or after (vide below) a vowel, e.g.:
Apocopated forms happen before or after (vide below) a vowel, e.g.:
* ''(Ic) gevo·t lo chiaefo'' “I give you the bread”
* ''(Ic) gevo·ti lo chiaefo'' “I give you the bread”
* ''(Vi) gevamos·ti lo chiaefo'' “we give you the bread
* ''(Vi) gevamos·ti lo chiaefo'' “we give you the bread
* ''(Þû) gevas·mi lo chiaefo'' “you give me the bread”
* ''(Þû) gevas·mi lo chiaefo'' “you give me the bread”
* ''(Essi) gevando·m lo chiaefo'' “they give me the bread”
* ''(Essi) gevando·mi lo chiaefo'' “they give me the bread”
 
Luthic has [[wikt:mesoclitic|mesoclitic pronouns]], which happen in compounded verbs with ''havere'' (vide [[Luthic#Verbs|§ Verbs]]), i.e. the present conditionals active and passive and the future indicatives active and passive:
* ''(Ic) gever·t’ô lo chiaefo'' “I will give you the bread”
* ''(Ic) gever·vi·ô lo chiaefo'' “I will give you the bread”
* ''(Vi) gever·l’êmos lo chiaefo'' “We will give him the bread”
 
Optionally, ''ti'' or ''·t'' can be voiced to ''di'' or ''·d'' after a voiced sonorant:
* ''(Ic) gever·d’ô lo chiaefo'' “I will give you the bread”


Verbs that start with a vowel or ⟨h⟩ call for a [[w:Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]], except for first and second person plural:
Verbs that start with a vowel or ⟨h⟩ call for a [[w:Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]], except for first and second person plural:
Line 2,106: Line 2,131:
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| mein
| mein
| mein
| meina
| mein
| meino
| þein
| þein
| þein
| þein
| þeina
| þeino
| sein
| sein
| sein
| seina
| sein
| seino
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
Line 2,222: Line 2,247:
| isvaro
| isvaro
| sein
| sein
| sein
| seina
| sein
| seino
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
Line 2,469: Line 2,494:
| —
| —
| ceci
| ceci
| cece
| ceci
| cecia
| cecia
|-
|-
Line 2,524: Line 2,549:
| su
| su
| sa
| sa
| þatha
| þatta
| este
| este
| esta
| esta
Line 2,535: Line 2,560:
| þo
| þo
| þa
| þa
| þatha
| þatta
| este
| este
| esta
| esta
| esto
| esto
| giaeno
| giaen
| giaena
| giaena
| giaeno
| giaeno
Line 2,578: Line 2,603:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| þos
| þoi
| þas
| þe
| þa
| þa
| estes
| esti
| estas
| este
| esta
| esta
| giaenos
| giaeni
| giaenas
| giaene
| giaena
| giaena
|-
|-
Line 2,635: Line 2,660:
| il
| il
| la
| la
| latha, atha
| ta
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| aeno
| aen
| aena
| aena
| aeno
| aeno
| lo
| lo
| la
| la
| latha, atha
| ta
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
Line 2,671: Line 2,696:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| aenos
| aeni
| aenas
| aene
| aena
| aena
| los
| los
Line 2,751: Line 2,776:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| rossos
| rossi
| rossas
| rosse
| rossa
| rossa
| felices
| felici
| polchares
| polchari
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
Line 2,826: Line 2,851:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| -esos
| -esi
| -esas
| -ese
| -esa
| -esa
|-
|-
Line 2,858: Line 2,883:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| -issimo
| -issim
| -issima
| -issim
| -issimo
| -issim
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
Line 2,879: Line 2,904:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| -issimos
| -issimi
| -issimas
| -issime
| -issima
| -issima
|-
|-
Line 2,926: Line 2,951:
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| þreis
| þrèi
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| þrigiane
| þrigiane
Line 3,120: Line 3,145:
* [[wikt:adverbial number|Adverbial numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''vece'': ''aena vece'' “once”, ''tve veci'' “twice”.
* [[wikt:adverbial number|Adverbial numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''vece'': ''aena vece'' “once”, ''tve veci'' “twice”.
* [[wikt:multiplier number|Multiplier numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''falþu'': ''aenu falþu'' “single, onefold”, ''hondi falþi'' “centuple, hundredfold”. This noun was originally a suffix, compare Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃]] (''ainfalþs''), English [[wikt:onefold|''onefold'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einfaldur|''einfaldur'']].
* [[wikt:multiplier number|Multiplier numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''falþu'': ''aenu falþu'' “single, onefold”, ''hondi falþi'' “centuple, hundredfold”. This noun was originally a suffix, compare Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃]] (''ainfalþs''), English [[wikt:onefold|''onefold'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einfaldur|''einfaldur'']].
* [[wikt:distributive number|Distributive numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''falþoleicu'': ''þreis falþoleici'' “triply”.
* [[wikt:distributive number|Distributive numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''falþoleicu'': ''þrèi falþoleici'' “triply”.
* [[wikt:collective number|Collective numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''somu'': ''tvelefe somi'' “dozen”.
* [[wikt:collective number|Collective numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''somu'': ''tvelefe somi'' “dozen”.
* [[wikt:fractional number|Fractional numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''integru'': ''fidvor integri'' “quarter”.
* [[wikt:fractional number|Fractional numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''integru'': ''fidvor integri'' “quarter”.
Line 3,292: Line 3,317:


* 28 ''vinta·attau'' (lit “twenty eight”)
* 28 ''vinta·attau'' (lit “twenty eight”)
* 73 ''siuntaþreis'' (lit “seventy three”)
* 73 ''siuntaþrèi'' (lit “seventy three”)
* 82 ''attantatvi'' (lit “eighty two”)
* 82 ''attantatvi'' (lit “eighty two”)
* 95 ''niuntafimfe'' (lit “ninety five”)
* 95 ''niuntafimfe'' (lit “ninety five”)
Line 3,298: Line 3,323:
Combinations of a hundred and a lower number are expressed by just placing them together, with the hundred coming first.
Combinations of a hundred and a lower number are expressed by just placing them together, with the hundred coming first.


* 111 ''honduaellefe''  
* 111 ''hondu·aellefe''  
* 164 ''hondusessantafidvor''
* 164 ''hondusessantafidvor''
* 225 ''tvihondivintafimfe''
* 225 ''tvihondivintafimfe''
Line 3,313: Line 3,338:


* 123 456 789 ''hondivintaþreis millioni fidvorhondifimfintasêhondi siuhondiniunta·attau''
* 123 456 789 ''hondivintaþreis millioni fidvorhondifimfintasêhondi siuhondiniunta·attau''
* 10 987 654 321 ''ziu milliardi niuhondi·attantasiumillioni sehondifimfintafidvorhondi þreishondivinta·aenu''
* 10 987 654 321 ''ziu milliardi niuhondi·attantasiumillioni sehondifimfintafidvorhondi þreihondivinta·aenu''


When alone, numbers are always in the masculine gender, however numbers always agree in gender and in case (if declinable) with the head noun. For example:
When alone, numbers are always in the masculine gender, however numbers always agree in gender and in case (if declinable) with the head noun. For example:
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|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| tvoshondos
| tvihondi
| tvashondas
| tvehonde
| tvahonda
| tvahonda
|-
|-
Line 3,401: Line 3,426:
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">is</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">i</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">is</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">i</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">is</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">i</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">is</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| ''is''
| ''sèi''
| ''hais''
| ''hai''
| ''gâs''
| ''gai''
| ''stais''
| ''stai''
| ''taugis''
| ''taugi''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">at</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">et</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ot</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">it</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| ''ist''
| ''è''
| ''hâþ''
| ''hâ''
| ''gâþ''
| ''gâ''
| ''stâþ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugit''
| ''taugi''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">iamos</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">iamo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">iamos</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">iamo</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">iamos</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">iamo</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iamos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iamo</span>
| ''siemos''
| ''siemo''
| ''abbiamos''
| ''abbiamo''
| ''ghiamos''
| ''ghiamo''
| ''stiamos''
| ''stiamo''
| ''taugiamos''
| ''taugiamo''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">ates</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">ate</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">etes</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ete</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">otes</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ote</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ites</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ite</span>
| ''sietes''
| ''siete''
| ''havetes''
| ''havete''
| ''gates''
| ''gate''
| ''states''
| ''state''
| ''taugiates''
| ''taugiate''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">ando</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">ando</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ondo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ondo</span>
Line 3,492: Line 3,517:
| ''taugiasa''
| ''taugiasa''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aða</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">aða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eða</span>
Line 3,525: Line 3,550:
| ''taugianða''
| ''taugianða''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">anða</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">anða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">enða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">enða</span>
Line 3,566: Line 3,591:
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">is</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">i</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">as</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">a</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">is</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">i</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">as</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">a</span>
| ''sias''
| ''sia''
| ''abbias''
| ''abbia''
| ''vadas''
| ''vade''
| ''stias''
| ''stie''
| ''taugias''
| ''taugia''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">it</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">i</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">at</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">a</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">it</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">i</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">at</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">a</span>
| ''siaþ''
| ''sia''
| ''abbiat''
| ''abbia''
| ''vadat''
| ''vada''
| ''stiaþ''
| ''stia''
| ''taugiat''
| ''taugia''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">iamos</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">iamo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">iamos</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">iamo</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">iamos</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">iamo</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">amos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">amo</span>
| ''siamos''
| ''siamo''
| ''abbiamos''
| ''abbiamo''
| ''andiamos''
| ''andiamo''
| ''stiamos''
| ''stiamo''
| ''taugiaumos''
| ''taugiamo''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">iates</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">iate</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">iates</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">iate</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">iates</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">iate</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ates</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ate</span>
| ''siates''
| ''siate''
| ''abbiates''
| ''abbiate''
| ''andiates''
| ''andiate''
| ''stiates''
| ''stiate''
| ''taugiautes''
| ''taugiate''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">indo</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">indo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ando</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ando</span>
Line 3,657: Line 3,682:
| ''taugiausa''
| ''taugiausa''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">iðau</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">iðau</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aðau</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aðau</span>
Line 3,690: Line 3,715:
| ''taugiaunðau''
| ''taugiaunðau''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">inðau</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">inðau</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ianðau</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ianðau</span>
Line 3,725: Line 3,750:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbi</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbi</span>
| ''sarebbi''
| ''sarebbi''
| hav''erebbi''
| ''havrebbi''
| ''garebbi''
| ''garebbi''
| ''starebbi''
| ''starebbi''
| ''tavarebbi''
| ''tavrebbi''
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
Line 3,736: Line 3,761:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iresti</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iresti</span>
| ''saresti''
| ''saresti''
| hav''eresti''
| ''havresti''
| ''garesti''
| ''garesti''
| ''staresti''
| ''staresti''
| ''tavaresti''
| ''tavresti''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erebbet</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erebbe</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erebbet</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erebbe</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orebbet</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orebbe</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbet</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbe</span>
| ''sarebbet''
| ''sarebbe''
| hav''erebbet''
| ''havrebbe''
| ''garebbet''
| ''garebbe''
| ''starebbet''
| ''starebbe''
| ''taverebbet''
| ''tavrebbe''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">eremmos</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">eremmo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eremmos</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eremmo</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oremmos</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oremmo</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iremmos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iremmo</span>
| ''saremmos''
| ''saremmo''
| hav''eremmos''
| ''havremmo''
| ''garemmos''
| ''garemmo''
| ''staremmos''
| ''staremmo''
| ''tavaremmos''
| ''tavremmo''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erestes</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">ereste</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erestes</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ereste</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orestes</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oreste</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irestes</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ireste</span>
| ''sarestes''
| ''sareste''
| hav''erestes''
| ''havreste''
| ''garestes''
| ''gareste''
| ''starestes''
| ''stareste''
| ''tavarestes''
| ''tavreste''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erebbero</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erebbero</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erebbero</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erebbero</span>
Line 3,780: Line 3,805:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbero</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbero</span>
| ''sarebbero''
| ''sarebbero''
| hav''erebbero''
| ''havrebbero''
| ''garebbero''
| ''garebbero''
| ''starebbero''
| ''starebbero''
| ''tavarebbero''
| ''tavrebbero''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 3,806: Line 3,831:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbira</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbira</span>
| —
| —
| hav''erebbira''
| ''havrebbira''
| ''garebbira''
| ''garebbira''
| —
| —
| ''tavarebbira''
| ''tavrebbira''
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
Line 3,817: Line 3,842:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iressa</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iressa</span>
| —
| —
| hav''eressa''
| ''havressa''
| ''garessa''
| ''garessa''
| —
| —
| ''tavaressa''
| ''tavressa''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erebbeða</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erebbeða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erebbeða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erebbeða</span>
Line 3,828: Line 3,853:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbeða</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irebbeða</span>
| —
| —
| hav''erebbeða''
| ''havrebbeða''
| ''garebbeða''
| ''garebbeða''
| ''starebbeða''
| ''starebbeða''
| ''taverebbeða''
| ''tavrebbeða''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
Line 3,839: Line 3,864:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iremma</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iremma</span>
| —
| —
| hav''eremma''
| ''havremma''
| ''garemma''
| ''garemma''
| —
| —
| ''tavaremma''
| ''tavremma''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
Line 3,850: Line 3,875:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iremma</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iremma</span>
| —
| —
| hav''eremma''
| ''havremma''
| ''garemma''
| ''garemma''
| —
| —
| ''tavaremma''
| ''tavremma''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">eremma</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">eremma</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eremma</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eremma</span>
Line 3,861: Line 3,886:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iremma</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iremma</span>
| —
| —
| hav''eremma''
| ''havremma''
| ''garemma''
| ''garemma''
| ''staremma''
| ''staremma''
| ''tavaremma''
| ''tavremma''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 3,872: Line 3,897:


====Present perfect====
====Present perfect====
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgna im ganatu a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersotu can atha ia aggio rogiatu'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''eggiavo bicichietta a scuola alla maurgna'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuveðar can atha ia rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgna im ganatu a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic è þvaersotu can þatta essa aggio rogiatu'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''eggiavo bicichietta a scuola alla maurgna'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuveðar can þatta essa rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).


=====Past participle=====
=====Past participle=====
Line 3,924: Line 3,949:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| -atos, -utos, -otos, -itos
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -atas, -utas, -otas, -itas
| -ate, -ute, -ote, -ite
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita
|-
|-
Line 3,983: Line 4,008:
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">avas</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">avi</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evas</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evi</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ovas</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ovi</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivas</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivi</span>
| ''eras''
| ''eri''
| ''havevas''
| ''havevi''
| ''eggiavas''
| ''eggiavi''
| st''avas''
| st''avi''
| ''tavevas''
| ''tavevi''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">avat</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">ava</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evat</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eva</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ovat</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ova</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivat</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iva</span>
| ''erat''
| ''era''
| ''havevat''
| ''haveva''
| ''eggiavat''
| ''eggiava''
| st''avat''
| st''ava''
| ''tavevat''
| ''taveva''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">avamos</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">avamo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evamos</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evamo</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ovamos</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ovamo</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivamos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivamo</span>
| ''eravamos''
| ''eravamo''
| ''havevamos''
| ''havevamo''
| ''eggiavamos''
| ''eggiavamo''
| st''avamos''
| st''avamo''
| ''tavevamos''
| ''tavevamo''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">avates</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">avate</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evates</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evate</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ovates</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ovate</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivates</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivate</span>
| ''eravates''
| ''eravate''
| ''havevates''
| ''havevate''
| ''eggiavates''
| ''eggiavate''
| st''avates''
| st''avate''
| ''tavevates''
| ''tavevate''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">avando</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">avando</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evando</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evando</span>
Line 4,074: Line 4,099:
| ''tavevasa''
| ''tavevasa''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">avaða</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">avaða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evaða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evaða</span>
Line 4,107: Line 4,132:
| ''tavevanða''
| ''tavevanða''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">avanða</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">avanða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evanða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">evanða</span>
Line 4,120: Line 4,145:


=====Subjunctive imperfect=====
=====Subjunctive imperfect=====
Used for the subordinate clauses of the imperfect indicative or the conditional. For regular verbs, the subjunctive is formed by taking the infinitive and replacing ''-re'' with ''-ssi'', ''-ssis'', ''-ssit'', ''-ssimos'', ''-ssites'', ''-ssero'':
Used for the subordinate clauses of the imperfect indicative or the conditional. For regular verbs, the subjunctive is formed by taking the infinitive and replacing ''-re'' with ''-ssi'', ''-ssi'', ''-ssi'', ''-ssimo'', ''-ssite'', ''-ssero'':
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
Line 4,145: Line 4,170:
| ''eggissi''
| ''eggissi''
| ''stessi''
| ''stessi''
| ''tavissi''
| ''tavessi''
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">assis</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">assi</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essis</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essi</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ossis</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ossi</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">issis</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">issi</span>
| ''fossis''
| ''fossi''
| hav''essis''
| hav''essi''
| ''eggissis''
| ''eggissi''
| ''stessis''
| ''stessi''
| ''tavissis''
| ''tavessi''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">assit</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">assi</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essit</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essi</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ossit</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ossi</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">issit</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">issi</span>
| ''fossit''
| ''fossi''
| hav''essit''
| hav''essi''
| ''eggissit''
| ''eggissi''
| ''stessit''
| ''stessi''
| ''tavissit''
| ''tavessi''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">assimos</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">assimo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essimos</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essimo</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ossimos</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ossimo</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">issimos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">issimo</span>
| ''fossimos''
| ''fossimo''
| hav''essimos''
| hav''essimo''
| ''eggissimos''
| ''eggissimo''
| ''stessimos''
| ''stessimos''
| ''tavissimos''
| ''tavessimo''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">assites</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">assite</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essites</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essite</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ossites</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ossite</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">issites</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">issite</span>
| ''fossites''
| ''fossite''
| hav''essites''
| hav''essite''
| ''eggissites''
| ''eggissite''
| ''stessites''
| ''stessite''
| ''tavissites''
| ''tavessite''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">assero</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">assero</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essero</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essero</span>
Line 4,226: Line 4,251:
| ''eggissirau''
| ''eggissirau''
| —
| —
| ''tavissirau''
| ''tavessirau''
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
Line 4,237: Line 4,262:
| ''eggissisau''
| ''eggissisau''
| —
| —
| ''tavissisau''
| ''tavessisau''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">assiðau</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">assiðau</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essiðau</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essiðau</span>
Line 4,248: Line 4,273:
| ''eggissiðau''
| ''eggissiðau''
| ''stessiðau''
| ''stessiðau''
| ''tavissiðau''
| ''tavessiðau''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
Line 4,259: Line 4,284:
| ''eggissinðau''
| ''eggissinðau''
| —
| —
| ''tavissinðau''
| ''tavessinðau''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
Line 4,270: Line 4,295:
| ''eggissinðau''
| ''eggissinðau''
| —
| —
| ''tavissinðau''
| ''tavessinðau''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">assinðau</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">assinðau</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essinðau</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">essinðau</span>
Line 4,281: Line 4,306:
| ''eggissinðau''
| ''eggissinðau''
| ''stessinðau''
| ''stessinðau''
| ''tavissinðau''
| ''tavessinðau''
|}
|}


Line 4,321: Line 4,346:
| ''gasti''
| ''gasti''
| ''stesti''
| ''stesti''
| ''tavisti''
| ''tavesti''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aut</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">au</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aet</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ae</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">aut</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">au</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eit</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ei</span>
| ''fuiþ''
| ''fui''
| ''ebbet''
| ''ebbe''
| ''gauþ''
| ''gau''
| ''stettet''
| ''stette''
| ''tavit''
| ''tavi''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">ammos</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">ammo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">emmos</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">emmo</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ommos</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ommo</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">immos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">immo</span>
| ''fommos''
| ''fommo''
| hav''emmos''
| hav''emmo''
| ''gammos''
| ''gammo''
| ''stemmos''
| ''stemmo''
| ''tavimmos''
| ''tavemmo''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">astes</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">aste</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">estes</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">este</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">ostes</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oste</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">istes</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iste</span>
| ''fostes''
| ''foste''
| hav''estes''
| hav''este''
| ''gastes''
| ''gaste''
| ''stestes''
| ''steste''
| ''tavistes''
| ''taveste''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">arondo</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">arondo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erondo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erondo</span>
Line 4,365: Line 4,390:
| ''garondo''
| ''garondo''
| ''stettero''
| ''stettero''
| ''tavirondo''
| ''taverondo''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 4,391: Line 4,416:
| ''gaira''
| ''gaira''
| —
| —
| ''tavira''
| ''tavera''
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
Line 4,404: Line 4,429:
| ''tavessa''
| ''tavessa''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">auða</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">auða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aeða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aeða</span>
Line 4,437: Line 4,462:
| ''tavemma''
| ''tavemma''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">amma</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">amma</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">emma</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">emma</span>
Line 4,455: Line 4,480:
:* ''abbia þagcatu'';
:* ''abbia þagcatu'';
:* ''sia qemutu'';
:* ''sia qemutu'';
:* ''sias affargiatu''.
:* ''sia affargiatu''.


* '''Passive'''
* '''Passive'''
Line 4,474: Line 4,499:


====Future====
====Future====
The future tense is used for events that will happen in the [[w:Future tense|future]]. It is formed by adding the forms of havere to the infinitive (with ''abbiamos'' and ''havetes'' contracted to ''-êmos'' and ''-êtes'' respectively). Sometimes the infinitive undergoes some changes:
The future tense is used for events that will happen in the [[w:Future tense|future]]. It is formed by adding the forms of havere to the infinitive (with ''abbiamo'' and ''havete'' contracted to ''-êmo'' and ''-ête'' respectively). Sometimes the infinitive undergoes some changes:


* It always loses its final ''-e'';
* It always loses its final ''-e'';
Line 4,508: Line 4,533:
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erais</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erai</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erais</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erai</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orais</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orai</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irais</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irai</span>
| ''sarais''
| ''sarai''
| ''havrais''
| ''havrai''
| ''andrais''
| ''andrai''
| ''starais''
| ''starai''
| taugi''erais''
| taugi''erai''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erât</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erâ</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erât</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erâ</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orât</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orâ</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irât</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irâ</span>
| ''sarât''
| ''sarâ''
| ''havrât''
| ''havrâ''
| ''andrât''
| ''andrâ''
| ''starât''
| ''starâ''
| taugi''erât''
| taugi''erâ''
|-
|-
! ''vi''
! ''vi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erêmos</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erêmo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erêmos</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erêmo</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orêmos</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orêmo</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irêmos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irêmo</span>
| ''sarêmos''
| ''sarêmo''
| ''havrêmos''
| ''havrêmo''
| ''andrêmos''
| ''andrêmo''
| ''starêmos''
| ''starêmo''
| taugi''erêmos''
| taugi''erêmo''
|-
|-
! ''gi''
! ''gi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erêtes</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erête</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erêtes</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erête</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orêtes</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orête</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irêtes</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irête</span>
| ''sarêtes''
| ''sarête''
| ''havrêtes''
| ''havrête''
| ''andrêtes''
| ''andrête''
| ''starêtes''
| ''starête''
| taugi''erêtes''
| taugi''erête''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erondo</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erondo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erondo</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erondo</span>
Line 4,599: Line 4,624:
| taugi''erêsa''
| taugi''erêsa''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''esse''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erêða</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erêða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erêða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erêða</span>
Line 4,632: Line 4,657:
| taugi''erênða''
| taugi''erênða''
|-
|-
! ''eis''
! ''essi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">erênða</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erênða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erênða</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erênða</span>
Line 4,649: Line 4,674:
* '''Active'''
* '''Active'''
:* ''havraggio þagcatu'';
:* ''havraggio þagcatu'';
:* ''sarais holotu''.
:* ''sarai holotu''.


* '''Passive'''
* '''Passive'''
Line 4,749: Line 4,774:
:* Keep in mind that the gerund is an adverb, not an adjective, and so it does not agree in gender and number. The ending is always ''-u''.
:* Keep in mind that the gerund is an adverb, not an adjective, and so it does not agree in gender and number. The ending is always ''-u''.


====''vessare'', to be====
===Adverbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none"
An adjective can be made into a modal adverb by adding ''-mente'' (from Latin “mente”, ablative of “mens” (mind), feminine noun) to the ending of the feminine singular form of the adjective. E.g. ''lenta'' “slow (feminine)” becomes ''lenta'''mente''''' “slowly”. Adjectives ending in ''-re'' or ''-le'' lose their ''e'' before adding ''-mente'' (''facile'' “easy” becomes ''facil'''mente''''' “easily”, ''particolare'' “particular” becomes ''particolar'''mente''''' “particularly”). Other adjectives become adverbs by adding ''-e''. E.g. ''solu'' (alone) becomes ''sol'''e''''' (only).
|-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold"
 
| colspan="2" | Tense || colspan="6" | Forms
These adverbs can also be derived from the [[w:#Degrees of comparison|absolute superlative]] form of adjectives, e.g. ''lent'''issima'''mente'' (“very slowly").
 
There is also a plethora of temporal, local, modal and interrogative adverbs, mostly derived from Latin.
 
===Prepositions===
Luthic has a [[w:closed class|closed class]] of basic prepositions, to which a number of [[w:Adverb|adverbs]] can be added that also double as prepositions.
 
In modern Luthic, all the basic prepositions have to be combined with an article placed next to them. Prepositions normally require the article before the following noun in a similar way as the English language does. However [[w:Latin|Latin’s]] (and to extension, [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]) lack of articles influenced several cases of prepositions used without article in Luthic. The prepositions ''tra'' and ''fra'' are interchangeable, and often chosen on the basis of [[w:Phonaesthetics#Euphony_and_cacophony|euphony]].
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Infinitive
! colspan="9" | Mandatory contractions
| colspan="6" | vessare
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Auxiliary verb
! rowspan="2" | Luthic
| colspan="6" | vessare
! rowspan="2" | English
|-
! colspan="7" | Preposition + article
! colspan="2" | Past participle
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |  
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
! Number
!m. sg.
! Case
!f. sg.
! masculine
!n. sg.
! feminine
!l’
! neuter
!m. pl.
!f. pl.
!n. pl.
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
| '''di'''
! {{small|nom.}}
| of, from
| statu
| da
| stata
| da
| stato
| da
| dal’
| devo
| devo
| devo
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| '''du'''
| stato
| to
| stata
| gia
| stato
| gia
| gia
| gi’
| gievo
| gievo
| gievo
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| '''a'''
| stata
| to, at
| stata
| allo
| stata
| alla
| allo
| all’
| alli
| alle
| alla
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| '''da'''
| stati
| from, by, since
| state
| dalla
| stati
| dalla
| dalla
| dall’
| dallevo
| dallevo
| dallevo
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
| '''in'''
! {{small|nom.}}
| in
| stati
| nallo
| state
| nalla
| stata
| nallo
| nall’
| nalli
| nalle
| nalla
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| '''ana'''
| statos
| into, on, onto
| statas
| agno
| stata
| agna
| agno
| an’
| agni
| agne
| agna
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| '''su''' <sup>+ ACC</sup>
| statevo
| on, about
| statevo
| sullo
| statevo
| sulla
| sullo
| sull’
| sulli
| sulle
| sulla
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| '''su''' <sup>+ DAT</sup>
| statoro
| on, about
| stataro
| sulla
| statoro
| sulla
| sulla
| sull’
| sullevo
| sullevo
| sullevo
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Present participle
! colspan="9" | Optional contractions
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | vessante
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Gerund
! rowspan="2" | Luthic
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | vessandu
! rowspan="2" | English
! colspan="7" | Preposition + article
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">Person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tense</div>
!m. sg.
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''ic''
!f. sg.
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''þû''
!n. sg.
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''is'', ''ia'', ''atha''
!l’
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
!m. pl.
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''gi''
!f. pl.
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''eis'', ''ise'', ''ia''
!n. pl.
|-
|-
! rowspan="6" | Indicative
| '''miþ'''
! Present
| with
| im
| miþþa
| is
| miþþa
| ist
| miþþa
| siemos
| miþþ’
| sietes
| miþþevo
| sondo
| miþþevo
| miþþevo
|-
|-
! Present perfect
| '''inu'''
| im statu
| without
| is statu
| inna
| ist statu
| inna
| ismos stati
| inna
| istes stati
| inn’
| sondo stati
| innevo
| innevo
| innevo
|-
|-
! Imperfect
| '''faur'''
| ero
| for, through
| eras
| faullo
| erat
| faulla
| eravamos
| faullo
| eravates
| faull’
| erando
| faulli
| faulle
| faulla
|-
| '''tra'''
| between, among
| tralla
| tralla
| tralla
| trall’
| trallevo
| trallevo
| trallevo
|-
|-
! Preterite
| '''fra'''
| fui
| between, among
| fosti
| fralla
| fuiþ
| fralla
| fostes
| fralla
| fommos
| frall’
| furondo
| frallevo
| frallevo
| frallevo
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
! Future
! colspan="3" | Preconsonantal apocopated forms
| saraggio
| sarais
| sarât
| sarêmos
| sarêtes
| sarondo
|-
|-
! Future perfect
! Luthic
| saraggio statu
! English
| sarais statu
! Preposition + article
| sarât statu
| sarêmos stati
| sarêtes stati
| sarondo stati
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Subjunctive
| du
! Present
| to
| sia
| gi
| sias
| siaþ
| siamos
| siates
| siando
|-
|-
! Imperfect
| a
| fossi
| to, at
| fossis
| al
| fossit
| fossimos
| fossites
| fossero
|-
|-
! Preterite
| da
| sia statu
| from, by, since
| sias statu
| dal
| siaþ statu
| siamos stati
| siates stati
| siando stati
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Conditional
| in
! Present
| in
| sarebbi
| nal
| saresti
| sarebbet
| saremmos
| sarestes
| sarebbero
|-
|-
! Preterite
| ana
| sarebbi statu
| into, on, onto
| saresti statu
| gna
| sarebbet statu
| saremmos stati
| sarestes stati
| sarebbero stati
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Imperative
| su <sup>+ ACC/DAT</sup>
! Positive
| on, about
| &nbsp;
| sul
| vessâ
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| vessate
| &nbsp;
|-
! Negative
| &nbsp;
| non vessare
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| non vessarete
| &nbsp;
|}
|}


====''havere'', to have====
====Demonstrative pronouns contractions====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none"
 
|-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold"
Furthermore, prepositions also have optional contractions with the proximal and medial demonstrative pronouns:
| colspan="2" | Tense || colspan="6" | Forms
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Infinitive
! colspan="16" | Contractions with demonstrative pronouns
| colspan="6" | havere
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Auxiliary verb
! rowspan="2" | Luthic
| colspan="6" | havere
! rowspan="2" | English
! colspan="12" | Preposition + article
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Past participle
!m. sg. pro.
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |
!f. sg. pro.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
!n. sg. <br> pro.
!m. pl. pro.
!f. pl. pro.
!n. pl. pro.
!m. sg. med.
!f. sg. med.
!n. sg. med.
!m. pl. med.
!f. pl. med.
!n. pl. med.
|-
|-
! Number
| '''di'''
! Case
| of, from
! masculine
| daþþammo
! feminine
| daþþise
! neuter
| daþþammo
| daþþevo
| daþþevo
| daþþevo
| desti
| desta
| desta
| destevo
| destevo
| destevo
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
| '''du'''
! {{small|nom.}}
| to
| havutu
| giaþþammo
| havuta
| giaþþise
| havuto
| giaþþammo
| giaþþevo
| giaþþevo
| giaþþevo
| giesti
| giesta
| giesta
| giestevo
| giestevo
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| '''a'''
| havuto
| to, at
| havuta
| aþþo
| havuto
| aþþa
| aþþo
| aþþi
| aþþe
| aþþa
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| '''da'''
| havuta
| from, by, since
| havuta
| daþþammo
| havuta
| daþþise
| daþþammo
| daþþevo
| daþþevo
| daþþevo
| desti
| desta
| desta
| destevo
| destevo
| destevo
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| '''in'''
| havuti
| in
| havute
| naþþo
| havuti
| naþþa
| naþþo
| naþþi
| naþþe
| naþþa
| neste
| nesta
| nesto
| nesti
| neste
| nesta
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
| '''su''' <sup>+ ACC</sup>
! {{small|nom.}}
| on, about
| havuti
| suþþo
| havute
| suþþa
| havuta
| suþþo
| suþþos
| suþþas
| suþþa
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
| '''su''' <sup>+ DAT</sup>
| havutos
| on, about
| havutas
| suþþammo
| havuta
| suþþise
| suþþammo
| suþþevo
| suþþevo
| suþþevo
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| '''miþ'''
| havutevo
| with
| havutevo
| miþþammo
| havutevo
| miþþise
| miþþammo
| miþþevo
| miþþevo
| miþþevo
| miþþesti
| miþþesta
| miþþesta
| miþþestevo
| miþþestevo
| miþþestevo
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| '''faur'''
| havutoro
| for
| havutaro
| fauþþo
| havutoro
| fauþþa
|}
| fauþþo
|-
| fauþþi
! colspan="2" | Present participle
| fauþþe
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | havente
| fauþþa
|-
| —
! colspan="2" | Gerund
| —
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | havendu
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">Person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tense</div>
| '''tra'''
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''ic''
| between, among
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''þû''
| traþþammo
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''is'', ''ia'', ''atha''
| traþþise
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
| traþþammo
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''gi''
| traþþevo
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''eis'', ''ise'', ''ia''
| traþþevo
| traþþevo
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
|-
! rowspan="12" | Indicative
| '''fra'''
! Present active
| between, among
| aggio
| fraþþammo
| hais
| fraþþise
| hâþ
| fraþþammo
| abbiamos
| fraþþevo
| havetes
| fraþþevo
| hondo
| fraþþevo
|-
| —
! Present passive
| —
| havara
| —
| havasa
| —
| havaða
| —
| havanða
| —
| havanða
|}
| havanða
 
|-
===Conjunctions===
! Present perfect active
Most of the Luthic monosyllabic conjunctions and prepositions have preconsonantal and prevocalic variations.
| aggio havutu
 
| hais havutu
* ''e'' and ''ed''
| hâþ havutu
* ''au'' and ''aud''
| abbiamos havutu
* ''a'' and ''ab''
| havetes havutu
* ''a'' and ''ad''
| hondo havutu
 
|-
Examples:
! Present perfect passive
| havara havutu
| havasa havutu
| havaða havutu
| havanða havutu
| havanða havutu
| havanða havutu
|-
! Imperfect active
| havevo
| havevas
| havevat
| havevamos
| havevates
| havevando
|-
! Imperfect passive
| havevara
| havevasa
| havevaða
| havevanða
| havevanða
| havevanða
|-
! Preterite active
| ebbi
| havesti
| ebbet
| havemmos
| havestes
| ebbero
|-
! Preterite passive
| ebbira
| havessa
| ebbeða
| havemma
| havemma
| havemma
|-
! Future active
| havraggio
| havrais
| havrât
| havrêmos
| havrêtes
| havrondo
|-
! Future passive
| havrêra
| havrêsa
| havrêða
| havrênða
| havrênða
| havrênða
|-
! Future perfect active
| havraggio havutu
| havrais havutu
| havrât havutu
| havrêmos havutu
| havrêtes havutu
| havrondo havutu
|-
! Future perfect passive
| havrêra havutu
| havrêsa havutu
| havrêða havutu
| havrênða havutu
| havrênða havutu
| havrênða havutu
|-
! rowspan="6" | Subjunctive
! Present active
| abbia
| abbias
| abbiat
| abbiamos
| abbiates
| abbiando
|-
! Present passive
| abbiarau
| abbiasau
| abbiaðau
| abbianðau
| abbianðau
| abbianðau
|-
! Imperfect active
| havessi
| havessis
| havessit
| havessimos
| havessites
| havessero
|-
! Imperfect passive
| havessirau
| havessisau
| havessiðau
| havessinðau
| havessinðau
| havessinðau
|-
! Preterite active
| abbia havutu
| abbias havutu
| abbiat havutu
| abbiamos havutu
| abbiates havutu
| abbiando havutu
|-
! Preterite passive
| abbiarau havutu
| abbiasau havutu
| abbiaðau havutu
| abbianðau havutu
| abbianðau havutu
| abbianðau havutu
|-
! rowspan="4" | Conditional
! Present active
| havrebbi
| havresti
| havrebbet
| havremmos
| havrestes
| havrebbero
|-
! Present passive
| havrebbira
| havressa
| havrebbeða
| havremma
| havremma
| havremma
|-
! Preterite active
| havrebbi havutu
| havresti havutu
| havrebbet havutu
| havremmos havutu
| havrestes havutu
| havrebbero havutu
|-
! Preterite passive
| havrebbira havutu
| havressa havutu
| havrebbeða havutu
| havremma havutu
| havremma havutu
| havremma havutu
|-
! rowspan="2" | Imperative
! Positive
| &nbsp;
| havê
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| havete
| &nbsp;
|-
! Negative
| &nbsp;
| non havere
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| non haverete
| &nbsp;
|}


===Adverbs===
* Ic e þû (I and you)
An adjective can be made into a modal adverb by adding ''-mente'' (from Latin “mente”, ablative of “mens” (mind), feminine noun) to the ending of the feminine singular form of the adjective. E.g. ''lenta'' “slow (feminine)” becomes ''lenta'''mente''''' “slowly”. Adjectives ending in ''-re'' or ''-le'' lose their ''e'' before adding ''-mente'' (''facile'' “easy” becomes ''facil'''mente''''' “easily”, ''particolare'' “particular” becomes ''particolar'''mente''''' “particularly”). Other adjectives become adverbs by adding ''-e''. E.g. ''solu'' (alone) becomes ''sol'''e''''' (only).
* Ic ed esse (I and he)
* Ic au þû? (I or you?)
* Ic aud esse? (I or he?)


These adverbs can also be derived from the [[w:#Degrees of comparison|absolute superlative]] form of adjectives, e.g. ''lent'''issima'''mente'' (“very slowly").
===Romance copula===
:: ''Main article:'' [[w:Romance copula|Romance copula]]


There is also a plethora of temporal, local, modal and interrogative adverbs, mostly derived from Latin.
As a Romance language, Luthic shares the complexities of the copula in Romance languages when to its counterparts in other languages. A [[w:copula (linguistics)|copula]] is a word that links the [[w:subject (grammar)|subject]] of a sentence with a [[w:predicate (grammar)|predicate]] (a [[w:subject complement|subject complement]]). Whereas English has one main copula verb (and some languages like Russian mostly express the copula implicitly) some Romance languages have more complex forms.


===Prepositions===
''Vessare'' generally focuses on the essence of the subject, and specifically on qualities that include:
Luthic has a [[w:closed class|closed class]] of basic prepositions, to which a number of [[w:Adverb|adverbs]] can be added that also double as prepositions.
# Nationality
# Possession
# Physical and personality traits
# Material
# Origin


In modern Luthic, all the basic prepositions have to be combined with an article placed next to them. Prepositions normally require the article before the following noun in a similar way as the English language does. However [[w:Latin|Latin’s]] (and to extension, [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]) lack of articles influenced several cases of prepositions used without article in Luthic. The prepositions ''tra'' and ''fra'' are interchangeable, and often chosen on the basis of [[w:Phonaesthetics#Euphony_and_cacophony|euphony]].
''Stare'' generally focuses on the condition of the subject, and specifically on qualities that include:
# Physical condition
# Feelings, emotions, and states of mind
# Appearance
 
''Vessare'' is the main copula. ''Stare'' refers to state rather than essence, but more narrowly than in Spanish. ''Vessare'' is used for almost all cases in which English uses “to be”.  It therefore makes sense to concentrate on the few uses of ''stare''.
 
* ''Stare'' means “to be”, “to be feeling”, or “to appear”.
* ''Stare'' is used to form continuous forms of tenses.
* ''Stare''’s past participle ''statu'' has replaced that of ''vessare'', and so ''statu'' is used for “been” in all senses.
* ''Stare'' is occasionally “to be located.”  This is very common for both transient and durable location.
 
===Sentence structure===
Luthic is an OV (Object-Verb) language. Additionally, Luthic, like all Germanic languages except English, uses [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]], though only in independent clauses. In dependent clauses, the finite verb is placed last.
 
Declarative sentences use V2 (verb in the second position) word order: the finite verb is preceded by one and only one constituent (unlike in English, this doesn’t need to be the subject). The subject is usually omitted [[w:Null-subject language|when it is a pronoun]] – distinctive verb conjugations make it redundant. Subject pronouns are considered emphatic when used at all. All examples given below ignore possible clitics, reductions or other more complex grammatical features of Luthic, these are often labeled “book phrases” for Luthic students and have a very pure and simplified grammar.
 
 
:: ''(Ic) dregco la vadna.''
:: ''ic dregc-o l-a vadn-a''
:: I<small>.NOM</small> drink<small>-PRS.1SG</small> the<small>-ACC.SG.F</small> water<small>-ACC.SG</small>
:: “I drink water (lit. I drink the water).”
 
 
:: ''La vadna dregco (ic).''
:: ''l-a vadn-a dregc-o ic''
:: the<small>-ACC.SG.F</small> water<small>-ACC.SG</small> drink<small>-PRS.1SG</small> I<small>.NOM</small>
:: “The water I drink.”
 
 
Non-finite verbs as well as [[w:Separable verb|separable particles]] are placed at the end of the sentence:
 
 
:: ''La meina fregionda è al festa '''anaqemandu'''.''
:: ''l-a mein-a fregiond-a è al fest-a '''ana=qem-andu'''''
:: the<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> my<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> friend<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> is at<small>=</small>the<small>-DAT.SG.F</small> party<small>-DAT.SG</small> on<small>=</small>come<small>-GER</small>
:: “My friend is arriving (lit. is on-coming) at the party.”


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! colspan="9" | Mandatory contractions
|-
! rowspan="2" | Luthic
! rowspan="2" | English
! colspan="7" | Preposition + article
|-
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!l’
!m. pl.
!f. pl.
!n. pl.
|-
| '''di'''
| of, from
| da
| da
| da
| dal’
| devo
| devo
| devo
|-
| '''du'''
| to
| gia
| gia
| gia
| gi’
| giom
| giam
| giom
|-
| '''a'''
| to, at
| allo
| alla
| allatha
| all’
| allos
| allas
| alla
|-
| '''da'''
| from, by, since
| dalla
| dalla
| dalla
| dall’
| dallevo
| dallevo
| dallevo
|-
| '''in'''
| in
| nallo
| nalla
| nallatha
| nall’
| nallos
| nallas
| nalla
|-
| '''ana'''
| into, on, onto
| agno
| agna
| agnatha
| an’
| agnos
| agnas
| agna
|-
| '''su''' <sup>+ ACC</sup>
| on, about
| sullo
| sulla
| sullatha
| sull’
| sullos
| sullas
| sulla
|-
| '''su''' <sup>+ DAT</sup>
| on, about
| sulla
| sulla
| sulla
| sull’
| sullevo
| sullevo
| sullevo
|}


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
:: ''La meina fregionda '''qemau''' al festa '''ana'''.''
|-
:: ''l-a mein-a fregion-a qem-aut al fest-a ana''
! colspan="9" | Optional contractions
:: the<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> my<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> friend<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> come<small>-PRF.3SG</small> at<small>=</small>the<small>-DAT.SG.F</small> party<small>-DAT.SG</small> on
|-
:: “My friend arrived (lit. on-came) at the party.”
! rowspan="2" | Luthic
 
! rowspan="2" | English
 
! colspan="7" | Preposition + article
An inversion is used to emphasise an adverbial phrase, a predicative, an object, or an inner verbal phrase in a sentence. The subject phrase, at the beginning of an indicative unstressed sentence, is moved directly behind the conjugated verb, and the component to be emphasised is moved to the beginning of the sentence. The conjugated verb is always the second sentence element in indicative statements.
|-
 
!m. sg.
 
!f. sg.
Example 1:
!n. sg.
:: ''Fliuga snele''. “(It) flies fast.” – not emphasised;
!l’
:: ''Snele fliuga''. “Fast (it) flies.” – emphasised, i.e. “Fast is how it flies.”
!m. pl.
 
!f. pl.
 
!n. pl.
Example 2:
|-
:: ''Sèi liuvaleicu''. “(You) are adorable.” – not emphasised;
| '''miþ'''
:: ''Liuvaleicu sèi''. “Adorable (you) are.” – emphasised, i.e. “Adorable is what you are.”
| with
 
| miþþa
 
| miþþa
Interrogative and command sentences use the V1 (verb-first) word order: the finite verb occupies the first position in the sentence. However, wh question sentences use the V2 word order. The pronoun subject is never omitted in those cases. Questions are formed by a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (in written form, a question mark).
| miþþa
 
| miþþ’
 
| miþþevo
:: ''Fliugi þû snele?''
| miþþevo
:: ''fliug-i þû snel-e''
| miþþevo
:: fly<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small>
|-
:: “Do you fly fast?”
| '''inu'''
 
| without
 
| inna
:: ''Ce taugi þû?''
| inna
:: ''ce taugi þû''
| inna
:: what do<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>-SG</small>
| inn’
:: “What are you doing?”
| innevo
 
| innevo
 
| innevo
:: ''Taugiâ þû svasve rogio!''
|-
:: ''taugi-â þû svasve rogi-o''
| '''faur'''
:: do<small>-IMP.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> as say<small>-PRS.1SG</small>
| for, through
:: “Do as I say!”
| faullo
 
| faulla
 
| faullatha
Relative and subordinate clauses maintain the same word order.
| faull’
[[File:Luthic_intonation_2.png|thumb|[[w:Intonation (linguistics)|Intonation]] of Luthic relative clauses]]
| faullos
 
| faullas
 
| faulla
:: ''Galauvo ei, saria betese si þatta tavessimo gestradage.''
|-
:: ''galauv-o ei sari-a betes-e si þatta ta-ve-ssimo gestradag-e''
| '''tra'''
:: think<small>-PRS.1SG</small> that be<small>-CND.PRS.3SG</small> better<small>-ADVR</small> if it<small>.ACC.SG</small> do<small>-IMPF-CND.1PL</small> tomorrow<small>-ADVR</small>
| between, among
:: “I think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow.”
| tralla
 
| tralla
| tralla
| trall’
| trallevo
| trallevo
| trallevo
|-
| '''fra'''
| between, among
| fralla
| fralla
| fralla
| frall’
| frallevo
| frallevo
| frallevo
|}


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
:: ''Galauvi þû ei, saria betese si þatta tavessimo gestradage?''
|-
:: ''galauv-i þû ei sari-a betes-e si þatta ta-ve-ssimo gestradag-e''
! colspan="3" | Preconsonantal apocopated forms
:: think<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> that be<small>-CND.PRS.3SG</small> better<small>-ADVR</small> if it<small>.ACC.SG</small> do<small>-IMPF-CND.1PL</small> tomorrow<small>-ADVR</small>
|-
:: “Do you think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow?”
! Luthic
 
! English
===Case usage===
! Preposition + article
Luthic case usage is very similar to Gothic, itself who calqued Ancient Greek grammar.
|-
 
| du
:* Nominative: ''(Ic) im lûthicu''. “I am Luthic”
| to
:* Accusative: ''(Ic) rogio lo lûthico''. “I speak Luthic”
| gi
:* Dative: ''(Ic) laso lo lûthico þuoi''. “I teach Luthic to you”
|-
:* Genitive: ''La rasda lûthicoro þiuðesca non è''. “The language of the Luths is not Germanic”
| a
 
| to, at
 
| al
* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
|-
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervau þrèi chilometri''. “He walked three kilometres”
| da
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidau aen dago''. “He didn’t wait for one day”
| from, by, since
:* Place when: ''Þo staþo''. “In/on this place”
| dal
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþþo staþo''. “''id.''”
|-
:* Time when: ''Giaen vintru''. “In/at/during that winter”
| in
:* Within which: ''Leizele hore (esse) scola sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
| in
::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelevo horevo (esse) scola sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
| nal
|-
| ana
| into, on, onto
| gna
|-
| su <sup>+ ACC/DAT</sup>
| on, about
| sul
|}


====Demonstrative pronouns contractions====


Furthermore, prepositions also have optional contractions with the proximal and medial demonstrative pronouns:
* '''Dative:'''
:* Purpose: ''Mannesci non ovela, ac gôðana taugianða''. “Humans are not made for evil, but for good”
:* Action for: ''Þuoi scolo helfare gli fregiondi þeini''. “I must help your friends for you”
::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenevo naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”
:* Action against: ''La þeina frescapi scolo dauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþevo im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)
:* Concerning: ''Ce þû mièi scola taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! colspan="16" | Contractions with demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" | Luthic
! rowspan="2" | English
! colspan="12" | Preposition + article
|-
!m. sg. pro.
!f. sg. pro.
!n. sg. <br> pro.
!m. pl. pro.
!f. pl. pro.
!n. pl. pro.
!m. sg. med.
!f. sg. med.
!n. sg. med.
!m. pl. med.
!f. pl. med.
!n. pl. med.
|-
| '''di'''
| of, from
| daþþammo
| daþþise
| daþþammo
| daþþevo
| daþþevo
| daþþevo
| desti
| desta
| desta
| destevo
| destevo
| destevo
|-
| '''du'''
| to
| giaþþammo
| giaþþise
| giaþþammo
| giaþþevo
| giaþþevo
| giaþþevo
| giesti
| giesta
| giesta
| giestevo
| giestevo
|-
| '''a'''
| to, at
| aþþo
| aþþa
| aþþatha
| aþþos
| aþþas
| aþþa
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| '''da'''
| from, by, since
| daþþammo
| daþþise
| daþþammo
| daþþevo
| daþþevo
| daþþevo
| desti
| desta
| desta
| destevo
| destevo
| destevo
|-
| '''in'''
| in
| naþþo
| naþþa
| naþþatha
| naþþos
| naþþas
| naþþa
| neste
| nesta
| nestatha
| nestes
| nestas
| nesta
|-
| '''su''' <sup>+ ACC</sup>
| on, about
| suþþo
| suþþa
| suþþatha
| suþþos
| suþþas
| suþþa
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| '''su''' <sup>+ DAT</sup>
| on, about
| suþþammo
| suþþise
| suþþammo
| suþþevo
| suþþevo
| suþþevo
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| '''miþ'''
| with
| miþþammo
| miþþise
| miþþammo
| miþþevo
| miþþevo
| miþþevo
| miþþesti
| miþþesta
| miþþesta
| miþþestevo
| miþþestevo
| miþþestevo
|-
| '''faur'''
| for
| fauþþo
| fauþþa
| fauþþatha
| fauþþos
| fauþþas
| fauþþa
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| '''tra'''
| between, among
| traþþammo
| traþþise
| traþþammo
| traþþevo
| traþþevo
| traþþevo
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| '''fra'''
| between, among
| fraþþammo
| fraþþise
| fraþþammo
| fraþþevo
| fraþþevo
| fraþþevo
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|}


===Conjunctions===
* '''Instrumento-dative:'''
Most of the Luthic monosyllabic conjunctions and prepositions have preconsonantal and prevocalic variations.
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) screvo penna''. “I write with a pen”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saeco augonevo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltella velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregio þuc managa fregiaþþa''. “I love you with many affection”
::* Prepositional if with no adjective: ''(Ic) fregio þuc miþ fregiaþþa''. “I love you with affection”
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolo qemare fregiondevo''. “I shall come with friends”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolo qemare miþ fregiondevo''. “''id.''”
:* Degree of difference: ''(Esse) alþeso aenevo giarevo''. “He is older by a few years”
:* Quality: ''Aenu vaere summa honesta''. “A man of highest honesty”
 
 
* '''Ablato-dative:'''
:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculo cofare l’ovelo þuoi''. “I shall keep the evil away from you”
:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giufa Ravenna du America furondo''. “They went from Ravenna to America”
:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a levo Gôthicevo qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths”
:* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenevo scaunesa''. “More beautiful than women”
:* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason)
 
* '''Instrumento-genitive:'''
:* Material: ''La celecna staene''. “The tower made of stone”
:* Author/creator: ''Þa celecna taveða manevo meinara''. “This tower was built by my hands”
:* Behaviour: ''Molle vadne''. “Soft like water”
::* Often displaced by the relative adverb: ''Molle svasve vadna''. “Soft like water”
 
====Example text====
[[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher’s fable]] in Standard Luthic:
: '''La pecora e gl’aechi'''
 
:: Aena pecora ei, stava inu volla, saecau somi aechi: aen eisôro tirava aen pesante carro, aen anþer baerava aen mechio carico ed aen anþer transportava aen manno snele. La pecora roði all’aechi: “Mic piange ta haertene saecandu ce il mannu tratta l’aechi”. Gl’aechi roðirondo: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse è penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar signore, sic taugi aena veste la volla pecore, mentre le pecore ristondo inu volla”. Dopo ascoltauða þatta, la pecora agr fliuga.
 
:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-ava inu voll-a saec-au som-i aech-i aen-∅ eis-ôro tir-av-a aen-∅ pesant-e carr-o aen-∅ anþer-∅ baer-av-a aen-∅ mechi-o caric-o ed aen-∅ anþer-∅ transport-av-a aen-∅ mann-∅ snel-e l-a pecor-a roð-i al-l=aech-i mic piang-e ta haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-a l=aech-i gl=aech-i roð-irondo ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e è penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar signor-e sic taug-i aen-a vest-e l-a voll-a pecor-e mentre l-e pecor-e rist-ondo inu voll-a dopo ascolt-au-ða þatta l-a pecor-a agr-∅ fliug-a''
 
:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
 
==Dialectology==
[[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]]
[[File:Luthic distribution pie chart.png|thumb|Approximate distribution of native Luthic speakers (roughly 173,500):
{{legend|#6ce5e8|Standard Ravennese Luthic (91.93%)}}
{{legend|#41b8d5|Upper Luthic (1.73%)}}
{{legend|#2d8bba|Bolognese Standard Luthic (3.46%)}}
{{legend|#2f5f98|Paulistan Luthic (2.88%)}}]]
Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Ravennese Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area.
 
===Upper Luthic===
A major dialect is found nearby Ferrara, who was first mentioned when it was conquered by Germanic tribe the Lombards in 753 CE, and the Byzantine Empire lost its rule over the city. It was gifted to the [[w:Holy See|Holy See]] by the Franks in either 754 or 756 CE, and was led by the Bishops of Ravenna. Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries started reclaiming Podeltan lands in the 9th century. This contact with West Germanic languages, and the lesser presence of East Germanic influence (unlike Ravenna) modelled some sound changes in discrepancy when compared to Standard Ravennese Luthic. This dialect is often called '''Ferraresi Luthic''' (''Lûthica Estense'') or '''Upper Luthic''' (''Altalûthica'').
 
It has been estimated that Upper Luthic has approximately 3,000 speakers in Ferrara.
 
* '''Bilabial and labiodental merging:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɸ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/β/]] are merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/f/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/v/]], a common feature among Luthic dialects.
:* ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > ''soffiar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[so.fjɐr]]];
:* ''avvoltu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐβˈβol.tu]]] > ''avvolt'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐ.volt]]].
 
* '''Thorn fortition:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/θ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] are fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/t/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/d/]] in every position:
:* ''þû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] > ''tû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tu]]];
:* ''faðar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.ðɐr]]] > ''fadar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[fɐ.dɐɾ]]].
 
* '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ⟨ae⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɛ/]] > ⟨ai⟩ /ɐj/, ⟨au⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɔ/]] > ⟨au⟩ /aw/, ⟨ei⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i/]] > ⟨ei⟩ /ɐj/:
:* ''aenu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ.nu]]] > ''ain'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐjn]]];
:* ''hauveþo'', ''hauveþa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βe.θo ˈɔ.βe.θɐ]]] > ''auvet'', ''auveta'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐw.vet ɐw.vi.tɐ]]];
:* ''þeinu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθi.nu]]] > ''tein'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tɐjn]]].
::* The feminine plural form is always realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/e/]].
 
* '''Monophthongisation:''' Luthic diphthong [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ju/]] is monophthongised to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]:
:* ''diuso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdju.zo]]] > ''deus'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[dys]]].
 
* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants):
:* ''geva'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ ˈd͡ʒe.βe]]] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒef ʒe.ve]]];
:* ''manago'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu mɐˈna.d͡ʒi]]] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi]]].
 
* '''Deaffrication:''' Affricates are lenited to fricatives:
:* ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] > ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʃe]]];
:* ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] > ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒi]]].
 
* '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana:
:* ''quotidianu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo.θiˈdja.nu]]] > ''cotidian'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ko.ti.djɐn]]].
 
* '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature:
:* ''grassa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡras.sɐ]]] and ''graso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ˈɡra.zo]]] > ''gras'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɾɐs]]];
:* ''orecchia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈrek.k̟jɐ]]] > ''orecchi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[o.ɾek̟i]]].
:* ''arrazzare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐr.rɐdˈd͡za.re]]] > ''arrazzar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐ.ʀɐ.zɐɾ]]].
 
* '''Loss of coarticulations:'''
:* ''qena'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.nɐ]]] > ''qen'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[k̟en]]].
 
====Sample text and comparison====
{{Col-begin|80%}}
{{col-n|2}}
<poem style="font-style: italic">
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Ravennese Luthic'''
Faðar unsar, þû hemen,
Veiða ta namno þeino;
La þiuðanagarda þeina qemi;
Lo veglian þein taugia;
Svasve hemen ed ana aerþa.
Il chiaefu quotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Ed afietâ l’unsare colpe,
Svasve afietiamo þoi ei, colpando unsi;
E non letare unse in tentazione
Ac frieau unse da mala.
Faur þuc è þiuðanagarda,
E la forza, la volþa,
Faur saechia saechioro. Amen.
</poem>
{{col-n|2}}
<poem>
* '''Orthographic version in Upper Luthic'''
Fadar unsar, tû in emen
Veit ta namn tein
La teudanagart tein qemit
Lo velhan tein taugiat;
Sva in emen et an airt.
Il qiaif qotidian unsar gevâ uns ogi
Et afietâ le unsere colpe
Sva afietiamos esti ei, colpan unsis
E non letar unse in tentazion
Ac friau unse di il mal.
Faur tuc è la teudanagart,
E la forza, la glori
Faur la saiquia di la saiquia. Amen.
</poem>
{{Col-end}}
 
{{Col-begin|80%}}
{{col-n|2}}
<poem>
* '''Standard Ravennese Luthic narrow transcription'''
[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈmen
ˈvi.ðɐ tɐ‿nˈnam.no ˈθi.no
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkᶣe.mi
lo veʎˈʎan ˈθin ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐ
zvɐ.zve eˈme.n e.ð‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.θiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi
e.ð‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta‿lˈũ.sɐ.re ˈk̠ol.pe
zvɐ.zve ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo θoj ˈi | k̠olˈpɐn.do ũ.si
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjo.ne
ɐx frjeˈɔ ũ.se dɐ‿mˈma.lɐ
fɔr θux ˈɛ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ
e lɐ ˈfɔr.t͡sɐ | lɐ ˈvol.θɐ
fɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men]
</poem>
{{col-n|2}}
<poem>
* '''Upper Luthic narrow transcription'''
[fɐ.dɐɾ ũ.sɐɾ | tu in e.men
vɐjt tɐ nɐmn tɐjn
lɐ ty.dɐ.nɐ.ɡɐɾt tɐjn k̟e.mit
lo ve.ʎɐn tɐjn tɐw.ʒɐt
zvɐ in e.men e.t‿ɐn ɐjɾt
il k̟jɐjf ko.ti.djɐn ũ.sɐɾ ʒe.vɐ ũs ɔ.ʒi
e.t‿ɐ.fje.tɐ le ũ.sɐ.ɾe kol.pe
zvɐ ɐ.fje.tjɐ.mos es.ti i | kol.pɐn ũ.sis
e non le.tɐɾ ũs in ten.tɐ.sjon
ɐk fɾjɔ ũs di il mɐl
fɔɾ tuk ist lɐ ty.dɐ.nɐ.ɡɐɾt
e lɐ fɔrs | lɐ ɡlɔ.ɾi
fɔɾ lɐ sɐj.k̟jɐ di lɐ sɐj.k̟jɐ ‖ ɐ.men]
</poem>
{{Col-end}}
 
Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body:
 
* ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʒ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒa]]], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒɐ]]];
* ⟨gli⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʎ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʎi]]], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʎi]]];
* ⟨gni⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ɲ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signore'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siɲˈɲo.re]]], Upper Luthic ''signior'' or ''sinhor'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[si.ɲoɾ]]];
* ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nju]]], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü''[[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic| [ny]]];
* Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐk]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡar.dɐ]]], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɐɾt]]].


* ''e'' and ''ed''
Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics:
* ''au'' and ''aud''
* ''a'' and ''ab''
* ''a'' and ''ad''


Intervocalic conjunctions are often reduced, these reductions are however not mandatory:
* Unknown amount of native speakers;
* Unknown status as an endangered language;
* Lack of resources.


* ''e'', ''ed'' but ''·d'' if intervocalic
====Upper Luthic phonology====
* ''ac'' but ''·c'' if intervocalic
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|-
Examples:
|+ '''Estimate vowels of Upper Luthic'''
 
|-
* Ic e þû (I and you)
!rowspan="2"|
* Ic ed is (I and he)
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
* Þû·d ic (You and I)
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
* Is ed ic (He and I)
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
* Ic au þû? (I or you?)
|-
* Ic aud is? (I or he?)
!{{small|oral}}
* Þû·d ic? (You or I?)
!{{small|nasal}}
* Is aud ic? (He or I?)
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ĩ]]
|
|
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ũ]]
|-
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ẽ]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|[[w:Nasalization|õ]]
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|
|[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ɐ̃]]
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|
|}


===Romance copula===
* Nasal vowels may be realised as velar nasal release [[w:Nasal release|[ɐᵑ eᵑ iᵑ oᵑ uᵑ]]];
:: ''Main article:'' [[w:Romance copula|Romance copula]]
* /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are in free variation with [[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|[ɜ]]] and [[w:Open-mid central rounded vowel|[ɞ]]];
 
* /ɐ/ is in free variation with [[w:Mid central vowel|[ə]]].
As a Romance language, Luthic shares the complexities of the copula in Romance languages when to its counterparts in other languages. A [[w:copula (linguistics)|copula]] is a word that links the [[w:subject (grammar)|subject]] of a sentence with a [[w:predicate (grammar)|predicate]] (a [[w:subject complement|subject complement]]). Whereas English has one main copula verb (and some languages like Russian mostly express the copula implicitly) some Romance languages have more complex forms.
 
''Vessare'' generally focuses on the essence of the subject, and specifically on qualities that include:
# Nationality
# Possession
# Physical and personality traits
# Material
# Origin
 
''Stare'' generally focuses on the condition of the subject, and specifically on qualities that include:
# Physical condition
# Feelings, emotions, and states of mind
# Appearance
 
''Vessare'' is the main copula. ''Stare'' refers to state rather than essence, but more narrowly than in Spanish. ''Vessare'' is used for almost all cases in which English uses “to be”.  It therefore makes sense to concentrate on the few uses of ''stare''.
 
* ''Stare'' means “to be”, “to be feeling”, or “to appear”.
* ''Stare'' is used to form continuous forms of tenses.
* ''Stare''’s past participle ''statu'' has replaced that of ''vessare'', and so ''statu'' is used for “been” in all senses.
* ''Stare'' is occasionally “to be located.”  This is very common for both transient and durable location.
 
===Sentence structure===
Luthic is an OV (Object-Verb) language. Additionally, Luthic, like all Germanic languages except English, uses [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]], though only in independent clauses. In dependent clauses, the finite verb is placed last.
 
Declarative sentences use V2 (verb in the second position) word order: the finite verb is preceded by one and only one constituent (unlike in English, this doesn’t need to be the subject). The subject is usually omitted [[w:Null-subject language|when it is a pronoun]] – distinctive verb conjugations make it redundant. Subject pronouns are considered emphatic when used at all. All examples given below ignore possible clitics, reductions or other more complex grammatical features of Luthic, these are often labeled “book phrases” for Luthic students and have a very pure and simplified grammar.
 
 
:: ''(Ic) dregco la vadne.''
:: ''ic dregc-o l-a vadn-e''
:: I<small>.NOM</small> drink<small>-PRS.1SG</small> the<small>-ACC.SG.F</small> water<small>-ACC.SG</small>
:: “I drink water (lit. I drink the water).”
 
 
:: ''La vadne dregco (ic).''
:: ''l-a vadn-a dregc-o ic''
:: the<small>-ACC.SG.F</small> water<small>-ACC.SG</small> drink<small>-PRS.1SG</small> I<small>.NOM</small>
:: “The water I drink.”
 
 
Non-finite verbs as well as [[w:Separable verb|separable particles]] are placed at the end of the sentence:
 
 
:: ''La meina fregionda ist al festa '''anaqemandu'''.''
:: ''l-a mein-a fregiond-a ist al fest-a '''ana=qem-andu'''''
:: the<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> my<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> friend<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> is at<small>=</small>the<small>-DAT.SG.F</small> party<small>-DAT.SG</small> on<small>=</small>come<small>-GER</small>
:: “My friend is arriving (lit. is on-coming) at the party.”
 
 
:: ''La meina fregionda '''qemaut''' al festa '''ana'''.''
:: ''l-a mein-a fregion-a qem-aut al fest-a ana''
:: the<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> my<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> friend<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> come<small>-PRF.3SG</small> at<small>=</small>the<small>-DAT.SG.F</small> party<small>-DAT.SG</small> on
:: “My friend arrived (lit. on-came) at the party.”
 
 
An inversion is used to emphasise an adverbial phrase, a predicative, an object, or an inner verbal phrase in a sentence. The subject phrase, at the beginning of an indicative unstressed sentence, is moved directly behind the conjugated verb, and the component to be emphasised is moved to the beginning of the sentence. The conjugated verb is always the second sentence element in indicative statements.
 
 
Example 1:
:: ''Fliugat snele''. “(It) flies fast.” – not emphasised;
:: ''Snele fliugat''. “Fast (it) flies.” – emphasised, i.e. “Fast is how it flies.”
 
 
Example 2:
:: ''Is liuvaleicu''. “(You) are adorable.” – not emphasised;
:: ''Liuvaleicu is''. “Adorable (you) are.” – emphasised, i.e. “Adorable is what you are.”


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Estimate consonants of Upper Luthic
!colspan=2|
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|[[w:semivowel|semivowel]]}}
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]
|}


Interrogative and command sentences use the V1 (verb-first) word order: the finite verb occupies the first position in the sentence. However, wh question sentences use the V2 word order. The pronoun subject is never omitted in those cases. Questions are formed by a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (in written form, a question mark).
* /k/ and /ɡ/ are described as pre-velar [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟]]] and [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[ɡ̟]]] to palatal [[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|[c]]] and [[w:Voiced palatal plosive|[ɟ]]] before [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]];
 
* /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not labialised and are in free variation with [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|[ʂ]]] and [[w:Voiced retroflex fricative|[ʐ]]];
 
* /ʀ/ is in free variation with [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|[r]]];
:: ''Fliugas þû snele?''
* /ʎ/ may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].
:: ''fliug-as þû snel-e''
:: fly<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small>
:: “Do you fly fast?”
 
 
:: ''Ce taugis þû?''
:: ''ce taugis þû''
:: what do<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>-SG</small>
:: “What are you doing?”


====Upper Luthic morphology====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Nominal declension
! Number
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! d-stem <sup>unm</sup>
|-
! Singular
| dac (< dagu)
| gef (< geva)
| auvet (< hauveþo)
| craft (< crafte)
| brotar (< broþar)
| piet (< pied-)
|-
! Plural
| dagi
| geve
| auveta
| crafti
| brotari
| piedi
|}


:: ''Taugiâ þû svasve rogio!''
In general, Upper Luthic has similar, and simpler, nominal declension paradigmata. For u-stems nouns, they are fully merged with o-stems.
:: ''taugi-â þû svasve rogi-o''
:: do<small>-IMP.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> as say<small>-PRS.1SG</small>
:: “Do as I say!”


===Standard Bolognese Luthic===
<div style="float:right; width:35%; padding:15px; background: #f5f8ff; border: 1px solid blue; margin-left:8px; margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:15px; text-align:center; font-size: small">
:''"… I say, then, that perhaps those are not wrong who claim that the Bolognese speak a more beautiful language than most, especially since they take many features of their own speech from that of the people who live around them, in Imola, Ferrara and Modena I believe that everybody does this with respect to his own neighbours.... So the above-mentioned citizens of Bologna take a soft, yielding quality from those of Imola, and from the people of Ferrara and Modena, on the other hand, a certain abruptness which is more typical of the Lombards.... If, then, the Bolognese take from all sides, as I have said, it seems reasonable to suggest that their language, tempered by the combination of opposites mentioned above, should achieve a praiseworthy degree of elegance; and this, in my opinion, is beyond doubt true."''<br/> ([[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], [[w:De vulgari eloquentia|''De vulgari eloquentia'']] - ''Liber I'', xv, 2-5)
</div>
Although very similar to Standard Ravennese Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family. It has been estimated that Stadard Bolognese Luthic has approximately 6,000 speakers in Bologna.


Relative and subordinate clauses maintain the same word order.
* [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/]] are fully merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/t͡s d͡z/]].
[[File:Luthic_intonation_2.png|thumb|[[w:Intonation (linguistics)|Intonation]] of Luthic relative clauses]]


Furthermore, Standard Bolognese Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em; text-align:center;"
|+Raising-type metaphony
! Unaffected !! Mutated
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmet.to/]] “I put” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmit.ti/]] “you put”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈes.to/]] “this (neut.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈis.tu/]] “this (masc.)”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/moˈdɛs.tɐ/]] “modest (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/moˈdes.tu/]] “modest (masc.)”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspo.zɐ/]] “wife” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspu.zu/]] “husband”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.re/]] “he dies” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ri/]] “you die”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.ʃɐ/]] “depressed (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ʃu/]] “depressed (masc.)”
|}


:: ''Galauvo ei, sariat beteze si þatha tavissimos gestradage.''
====Standard Bolognese Luthic phonology====
:: ''galauv-o ei sari-at betez-e si þatha ta-vi-ssimos gestradag-e''
Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic, itself being very similar to the phonology of Emilian Bolognese dialects.
:: think<small>-PRS.1SG</small> that be<small>-CND.PRS.3SG</small> better<small>-ADVR</small> if it<small>.ACC.SG</small> do<small>-IMPF-CND.1PL</small> tomorrow<small>-ADVR</small>
:: “I think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow.”


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Standard Bolognese Luthic'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ĩ]]
|
|
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ũ]]
|-
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ẽ]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|[[w:Nasalization|õ]]
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|
|[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ɐ̃]]
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|}


:: ''Galauvas þû ei, sariat beteze si þatha tavissimos gestradage?''
* Although Luthic contrasts /e, o/ and /ɛ, ɔ/ vowels in stressed syllables, the distinction is neutralised in unstressed position, where they are realized as [​[[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]], [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]].
:: ''galauv-as þû ei sari-at betez-e si þatha ta-vi-ssimos gestradag-e''
:: think<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> that be<small>-CND.PRS.3SG</small> better<small>-ADVR</small> if it<small>.ACC.SG</small> do<small>-IMPF-CND.1PL</small> tomorrow<small>-ADVR</small>
:: “Do you think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow?”


===Case usage===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Luthic case usage is very similar to Gothic, itself who calqued Ancient Greek grammar.
|-
 
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Bolognese Luthic
:* Nominative: ''(Ic) im lûthicu''. “I am Luthic”
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
:* Accusative: ''(Ic) rogio lo lûthico''. “I speak Luthic”
! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
:* Dative: ''(Ic) laso lo lûthico þus''. “I teach Luthic to you”
! rowspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
:* Genitive: ''La rasda lûthicoro þiudesca non ist''. “The language of the Luths is not Germanic”
! rowspan=2| [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
 
! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
 
! colspan=2| [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
|-
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervaut þreis chilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”
! {{small|plain}}
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidaut aeno dago''. “He didn’t wait for one day”
! {{small|[[w:Labialization|labialized]]}}
:* Place when: ''Þo staþo''. “In/on this place”
|-
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþþo staþo''. “''id.''”
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
:* Time when: ''Giaeno vintru''. “In/at/during that winter”
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
:* Within which: ''Leizelas horas (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelevo horevo (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
|
 
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
 
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
* '''Dative:'''
| [[w:Labialization|(ŋʷ)]]
:* Purpose: ''Mannesci non ovela, ac gôðana taugianda''. “Humans are not made for evil, but for good”
|-
:* Action for: ''Þus scolo helfare los fregiondos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenevo naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
:* Action against: ''La þeina frescapi scolo dauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþevo im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]]
:* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”
|
 
|
 
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
* '''Instrumento-dative:'''
| [[w:Labialization|kʷ]]
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) screvo penna''. “I write with a pen”
|-
:* Means: ''(Ic) saeco augonevo''. “I see with the eyes”
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltella velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregio þuc managa fregiaþþa''. “I love you with many affection”
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]]
::* Prepositional if with no adjective: ''(Ic) fregio þuc miþ fregiaþþa''. “I love you with affection”
|
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolo qemare fregiondevo''. “I shall come with friends”
|
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolo qemare miþ fregiondevo''. “''id.''”
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
:* Degree of difference: ''(Is) alþezo aenevo giarevo''. “He is older by a few years”
| [[w:Labialization|ɡʷ]]
:* Quality: ''Aenu vaere summa honesta''. “A man of highest honesty”
|-
 
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
 
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
* '''Ablato-dative:'''
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculo cofare l’ovelo þus''. “I shall keep the evil away from you”
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]
:* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giofa Ravenna du America furondo''. “They went from Ravenna to America”
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a levo Gôthicevo qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths”
|
:* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenevo scauneza''. “More beautiful than women”
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|(x)]]
:* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason)
|
 
|-
* '''Instrumento-genitive:'''
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
:* Material: ''La celecna staene''. “The tower made of stone”
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
:* Author/creator: ''Þa celecna taveða manum meinara''. “This tower was built by my hands”
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
:* Behaviour: ''Molle vadni''. “Soft like water”
|
::* Often displaced by the relative adverb: ''Molle svasve vadne''. “Soft like water”
|
 
|colspan=2|
====Example text====
|-
[[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher’s fable]] in Standard Luthic:
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
: '''La pecora e gl’aechi'''
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
 
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|(p͡f)]]
:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu volla, saecaut somos aecos: aeno eisôro tiravat aeno pesante carro, aeno anþero baeravat aeno mechio carico ed aeno anþero transportavat aeno manno snele. La pecora roðit all’aecos: “Mic pianget atha haertene saecandu ce il mannu trattat l’aecos”. Gl’aechi roðirondo: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar signore, sic taugit aena veste la volla pecore, mentre le pecore ristondo inu volla”. Dopo ascoltauða þatha, la pecora agro fliugat.
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] [[w:Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate|(t͡θ)]]
 
|
:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-a saec-aut som-os aec-os aen-o eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-o pesant-e carr-o aen-o anþer-o baer-av-at aen-o mechi-o caric-o ed aen-o anþer-o transport-av-at aen-o mann-o snel-e l-a pecor-a roð-it al-l=aec-os mic piang-et atha haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-at l=aec-os gl=aec-i roð-irondo ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar signor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-a voll-a pecor-e mentre l-e pecor-e rist-ondo inu voll-a dopo ascolt-au-ða þatha l-a pecor-a agr-o fliug-at''
|
 
|
:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
|
 
|-
==Dialectology==
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
[[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]]
|
[[File:Luthic distribution pie chart.png|thumb|Approximate distribution of native Luthic speakers (roughly 173,500):
| [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]]
{{legend|#6ce5e8|Standard Ravennese Luthic (91.93%)}}
|
{{legend|#41b8d5|Upper Luthic (1.73%)}}
|
{{legend|#2d8bba|Bolognese Standard Luthic (3.46%)}}
|
{{legend|#2f5f98|Paulistan Luthic (2.88%)}}]]
|-
Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Ravennese Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area.
!rowspan=3| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
 
! {{small|[[w:semivowel|semivowel]]}}
===Upper Luthic===
|
A major dialect is found nearby Ferrara, who was first mentioned when it was conquered by Germanic tribe the Lombards in 753 CE, and the Byzantine Empire lost its rule over the city. It was gifted to the [[w:Holy See|Holy See]] by the Franks in either 754 or 756 CE, and was led by the Bishops of Ravenna. Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries started reclaiming Podeltan lands in the 9th century. This contact with West Germanic languages, and the lesser presence of East Germanic influence (unlike Ravenna) modelled some sound changes in discrepancy when compared to Standard Ravennese Luthic. This dialect is often called '''Ferraresi Luthic''' (''Lûthica Estense'') or '''Upper Luthic''' (''Altalûthica'').
|
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|colspan=2|
|-
! {{small|[[w:Tuscan gorgia|Gorgia Toscana]]}}
| [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|(ʋ)]]
| [[w:Voiced dental approximant|(ð̞)]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar approximant|(ɣ˕)]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|colspan=2|
|}


It has been estimated that Upper Luthic has approximately 3,000 speakers in Ferrara.
Voiceless continuants /f, s, θ, x/ are always constrictive [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[f, s, θ, x]]], but voiced continuants /v, ð, j, ɣ/ are not very constrictive and are often closer to approximants [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[ʋ, ð˕, j, ɣ˕]]] than fricatives [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[v, ð, ʝ, ɣ]]]. Voiceless fricatives are often fortified to affricates after alveolar consonants, such as /n l r/, or general nasals:
 
* '''Bilabial and labiodental merging:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɸ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/β/]] are merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/f/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/v/]], a common feature among Luthic dialects.
* ''Il monþo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[il ˈmõ.t͡θu]]].
:* ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > ''soffiar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[so.fjɐr]]];
* ''L’inferno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[l‿ĩˈp͡fɛr.nu]]].
:* ''avvoltu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐβˈβol.tu]]] > ''avvolt'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐ.volt]]].
* ''La salsa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[lɐ ˈsal.t͡sɐ]]].
* ''L’arsenale'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[l‿ɐr.t͡seˈna.le]]].


* '''Thorn fortition:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/θ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] are fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/t/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/d/]] in every position:
===Paulistan Luthic===
:* ''þû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] > ''tû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tu]]];
{{Infobox language
:* ''faðar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.ðɐr]]] > ''fadar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[fɐ.dɐɾ]]].
|name              = Paulistan Luthic
|nativename        = Lútico (paulista)
|pronunciation    = ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku (pawˈlis.tɐ)
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic
|region            = [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
|speakers          = 5,000
|date              = 2022
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3              = [[w:Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4              = [[w:Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
|fam5              = Gotho-Romance
|fam6              = Italo-Luthian Romance
|fam7              = Standard Ravennese Luthic
| creator          = User:Lëtzelúcia
|script1          = Latn
|script2          = Brai
|minority          = [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] (recognised in [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]])
|agency            = Council for the Luthic Language (partially)
|ethnicity        = Lutho-Brazilians
}}
Italian migration to [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] initiated in 1875, when Brazil began to promote to the country in order to increase its population, creating rural “colonies” for Italians and other Europeans to migrate to, as in between 1880 and 1920, more than one million Italians have immigrated to Brazil. Among all Italians who immigrated to Brazil, 70% went to the [[w:São Paulo (state)|State of São Paulo]]. In consequence, São Paulo has more people with Italian ancestry than any region of Italy itself. Despite the poverty and even semi-slavery conditions faced by many Italians in Brazil, most of the population achieved some personal success and changed their lower-class situation.


* '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ⟨ae⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɛ/]] > ⟨ai⟩ /ɐj/, ⟨au⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɔ/]] > ⟨au⟩ /aw/, ⟨ei⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i/]] > ⟨ei⟩ /ɐj/:
Brazil remained neutral at the start of [[w:World War II|World War II]] in September 1939, however, German [[w:U-boat|U-boats]] sank six Brazilian ships in the [[w:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], resulting on Brazil declaring war on Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942. The Brazilians forces fought mainly within Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions.
:* ''aenu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ.nu]]] > ''ain'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐjn]]];
:* ''hauveþo'', ''hauveþa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βe.θo ˈɔ.βe.θɐ]]] > ''auvet'', ''auveta'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐw.vet ɐw.vi.tɐ]]];
:* ''þeinu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθi.nu]]] > ''tein'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tɐjn]]].
::* The feminine plural form is always realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/e/]].


* '''Monophthongisation:''' Luthic diphthong [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ju/]] is monophthongised to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]:
The Brazilian contact with Emilia-Romagna and the [[w:Italian_Brazilians#Italian_immigration_to_Brazil|Italian immigration to Brazil]] resulted in a Brazilian dialect of Luthic spoken in São Paulo, known as '''Paulistan Luthic''' (endonym: ''Lútico paulista'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|
:* ''diuso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdju.zo]]] > ''deus'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[dys]]].
[ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku pawˈlis.tɐ]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic: ''Lûthica Paülista'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ pɐwˈlis.tɐ]]]). Paulistan Luthic is heavily influenced by the [[w:Paulistano dialect|Paulistano dialect]] of Portuguese (<small>Portuguese pronunciation:</small> [[wikt:AP:pron:pt|[paw.lisˈtɐ̃.nu]]]), as the accent is dominant in Brazilian [[w:Mass media|mass media]] and is often associated with “standard” Brazilian Portuguese.


* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants):
====Characteristics of Paulistan Luthic====
:* ''geva'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ ˈd͡ʒe.βe]]] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒef ʒe.ve]]];
Main phonological differences:
:* ''manago'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu mɐˈna.d͡ʒi]]] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi]]].


* '''Deaffrication:''' Affricates are lenited to fricatives:
* '''e-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]]:''' In word-initially /sC/ clusters, e-prosthesis is triggered: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''stare'' > Paulistan Luthic ''estare''.
:* ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] > ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʃe]]];
* '''degemination:''' Paulistan Luthic lacks geminate consonants: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > Paulistan Luthic [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[soˈfja.re]]]
:* ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] > ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒi]]].
* '''thorn stopping and voicing:''' A similar process that happened with southern [[w:German dialects|German dialects]], the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þû'' > Paulistan Luthic ''du''
* '''edh stopping:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] is fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/d/]] in every position: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''faðar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''fadre''
* '''r-[[w:Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]:''' r-stem nouns ending in -ar are always reanalised as -re: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''broþar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''brodre''
* '''[[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/t, d/]] palatalisation before [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/i, ĩ, j/]]:''' In most of Portuguese varieties spoken in Brazil, the variable palatalisation of alveolar stops turns consonants /t, d/ into affricates [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ], this highly affected Paulistan Luthic: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[di]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''Lútica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈlu.t͡ʃi.kɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]]
* '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈɾaz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈbaɹ.kɐ]]]. Due to Paulistano influence, word-initial rhotics are often realised as [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] ~ [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]], resulting in ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʁaz.dɐ]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈhaz.dɐ]]], a great example is Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rapportu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐpˈpɔr.tu]]] and Paulistan Luthic ''rapporto'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ʁɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[hɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]]
* '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈka.pu]]]
* '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ɐ.kĭ]]], this may also be considered a kind of [[w:Paragoge|paragoge]]. This may also happen in consonant clusters if if the second consonant is not /ɾ/ or /l/, resulting in ''opziune'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|/opˈsju.ne/]] > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[opiˈsju.ni]]]
* '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/k/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡ/]], are realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/ʒ/]] retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʒe.vɐ]]] and Standard Ravennese Luthic Luthic ''ziu'' (from Latin [[wikt:thius#Latin|thīus]]) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si.u]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''zio'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈsi.u ~ ˈzi.u]]]. In some cases, where [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t͡s/]] is voiced to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/d͡z/]], it is realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/z/]]
* '''nasalisation:''' like Paulitano, Paulistan Luthic nasalises every vowel before a nasal in NV.N-: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bɐˈna.nɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[bɐˈnɐ̃.nɐ]]]
 
Main orthographical differences:


* '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana:
* Masculine nouns ending in ⟨u⟩ are always spelt as ⟨o⟩
:* ''qotidianu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo.θiˈdja.nu]]] > ''qotidian'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ko.ti.djɐn]]].
* Greco-Roman digraphs such as ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨ch⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨t⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨c⟩
* For velar plosives before front vowels, they are spelt as ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩
** The velar nasal is no longer spelt as ⟨g⟩ before another velar, but rather as ⟨n⟩
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is displaced by the [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]]
* Lack of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ in the alphabet
* Due to Portuguese influence ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are way commoner instead of the nativisations ⟨gi, c(h), v, c ~ ss, i⟩ present in Standard Ravennese Luthic
* The spellings ⟨gni⟩ and ⟨gli⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨nh⟩ and ⟨lh⟩; ⟨gni⟩ is also found as ⟨ñ⟩ in many communities nearby Spanish speakers, mainly outside the capital, such as [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], [[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]] and [[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]]


* '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature:
Main grammatical differences:
:* ''grassa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡras.sɐ]]] and ''graso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ˈɡra.zo]]] > ''gras'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɾɐs]]];
:* ''orecchia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈrek.k̟jɐ]]] > ''orecchi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[o.ɾek̟i]]].
:* ''arrazzare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐr.rɐdˈd͡za.re]]] > ''arrazzar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐ.ʀɐ.zɐɾ]]].


* '''Loss of coarticulations:'''
* Loss of the neuter gender
:* ''qena'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.nɐ]]] > ''qen'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[k̟en]]].
* Loss of the passive voice
* u-stems are merged with o-stems
* The verbs ''vessare'' and ''havere'' are fully displaced by ''tenere'' as the common auxiliary verb, mainly due to Portuguese influence
* The nominative merges with the accusative, simplifying the general declension paradigmata


====Sample text and comparison====
====Demography and distribution====
{{Col-begin|80%}}
[[File:Paulistan Luthic speakers.jpg|thumb|left|Map showing the areas of São Paulo where Paulistan Luthic is spoken today]]
{{col-n|2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
<poem style="font-style: italic">
|-
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Ravennese Luthic'''
|+Luthic speakers over 3 years of age in the municipality with most speakers (2022 IBGE census data). Absolute and relative numbers. Percentages given are in comparison to the total population of the corresponding state.
Faðar unsar, þû hemeno,
|-
Veiða latha namno þeino;
!Region
La þiuðanagarda þeina qemit;
!Totals
Lo vegliano þeino taugiat;
!Percentages
Svasve hemeno ed ana aerþa.
|-
Il chiaefu qotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi,
|[[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]]
Ed afietâ las unsaras colpas,
|align="right"|1,200
Svasve afietiamos þos ei, colpando unsis;
|align="right"|24%
E non letare unse in tentazione
|-
Ac frieau unse da mala.
|[[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]]
Faur þuc ist þiuðanagarda,
|align="right"|700
E la forza, la volþa,
|align="right"|14%
Faur saechia saechioro. Amen.
|-
</poem>
|[[w:Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]]
{{col-n|2}}
|align="right"|500
<poem>
|align="right"|10%
* '''Orthographic version in Upper Luthic'''
|-
Fadar unsar, tû in emen
|[[w:Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]]
Veit lat namn tein
|align="right"|250
La teudanagart tein qemit
|align="right"|5%
Lo velhan tein taugiat;
|-
Sva in emen et an airt.
|[[w:São Caetano do Sul|São Caetano do Sul]]
Il qiaif qotidian unsar gevâ uns ogi
|align="right"|230
Et afietâ le unsere colpe
|align="right"|4.6%
Sva afietiamos esti ei, colpan unsis
|-
E non letar unse in tentazion
|[[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]]
Ac friau unse di il mal.
|align="right"|230
Faur tuc ist la teudanagart,
|align="right"|4.6%
E la forza, la glori
Faur la saiqia di la saiqia. Amen.
</poem>
{{Col-end}}
 
{{Col-begin|80%}}
{{col-n|2}}
<poem>
* '''Standard Ravennese Luthic narrow transcription'''
[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈme.no
ˈvi.ðɐ lɐ.tɐ‿nˈnam.no ˈθi.no
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkᶣe.miθ
lo veʎˈʎa.no ˈθi.no ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐθ
zvɐ.zve eˈme.no e.ð‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.θiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi
e.ð‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta‿llɐs ˈũ.sɐ.rɐs ˈk̠ol.pɐs
zvɐ.zve ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo.θ‿θos ˈi | k̠olˈpɐn.do ũ.sis
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjo.ne
ɐ.f‿frjeˈɔ ũ.se dɐ‿mˈma.lɐ
fɔr θux ist θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ
e lɐ ˈfɔr.t͡sɐ | lɐ ˈvol.θɐ
fɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men]
</poem>
{{col-n|2}}
<poem>
* '''Upper Luthic narrow transcription'''
[fɐ.dɐɾ ũ.sɐɾ | tu in e.men
vɐjt lɐt nɐmn tɐjn
lɐ ty.dɐ.nɐ.ɡɐɾt tɐjn k̟e.mit
lo ve.ʎɐn tɐjn tɐw.ʒɐt
zvɐ in e.men e.t‿ɐn ɐjɾt
il k̟jɐjf ko.ti.djɐn ũ.sɐɾ ʒe.vɐ ũs ɔ.ʒi
e.t‿ɐ.fje.tɐ le ũ.sɐ.ɾe kol.pe
zvɐ ɐ.fje.tjɐ.mos es.ti i | kol.pɐn ũ.sis
e non le.tɐɾ ũs in ten.tɐ.sjon
ɐk fɾjɔ ũs di il mɐl
fɔɾ tuk ist lɐ ty.dɐ.nɐ.ɡɐɾt
e lɐ fɔrs | lɐ ɡlɔ.ɾi
fɔɾ lɐ sɐj.k̟jɐ di lɐ sɐj.k̟jɐ ‖ ɐ.men]
</poem>
{{Col-end}}
 
Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body:
 
* ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʒ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒa]]], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒɐ]]];
* ⟨gli⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʎ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʎi]]], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʎi]]];
* ⟨gni⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ɲ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signore'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siɲˈɲo.re]]], Upper Luthic ''signior'' or ''sinhor'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[si.ɲoɾ]]];
* ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nju]]], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü''[[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic| [ny]]];
* Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐk]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡar.dɐ]]], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɐɾt]]].
 
Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics:
 
* Unknown amount of native speakers;
* Unknown status as an endangered language;
* Lack of resources.
 
====Upper Luthic phonology====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''Estimate vowels of Upper Luthic'''
|[[w:Bauru|Bauru]]
|align="right"|210
|align="right"|4.2%
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|[[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
|align="right"|180
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
|align="right"|3.6%
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
!{{small|oral}}
|[[w:Ferraz de Vasconcelos|Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[w:Embu Guaçu|Embu Guaçu]], <br> [[w:São Lourenço da Serra|São Lourenço da Serra]], [[w:Itapecerica da Serra|Itapecerica da Serra]], <br> [[w:Cotia|Cotia]], [[w:Embu das Artes|Embu das Artes]], [[w:Taboão da Serra|Taboão da Serra]], <br> [[w:Osasco|Osasco]], [[w:Carapicuíba|Carapicuíba]], [[w:Barueri|Barueri]], [[w:Jandira|Jandira]], <br> [[w:Itapevi|Itapevi]],  [[w:Vargem Grande Paulista|Vargem Grande Paulista]]
!{{small|nasal}}
|align="right"|750
!{{small|oral}}
|align="right"|15%
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|[[w:Piratininga|Piratininga]], [[w:Cabrália Paulista|Cabrália Paulista]], [[w:Duartina|Duartina]], [[w:Avaí|Avaí]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|align="right"|650
|[[w:Nasalization|ĩ]]
|align="right"|13%
|
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;"
|
|'''''Total:'''''
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|align="right"|5,000
|[[w:Nasalization|ũ]]
|align="right"|100%
|-
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ẽ]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|[[w:Nasalization|õ]]
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|
|[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ɐ̃]]
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|
|}
|}
According to [[w:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] ([[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística''; '''IBGE''') Luthic is only spoken in São Paulo, and numbers may range anywhere from “perhaps a few dozen, up to almost two thousand people”.


* Nasal vowels may be realised as velar nasal release [[w:Nasal release|[ɐᵑ eᵑ iᵑ oᵑ uᵑ]]];
According to the 2022 census by IBGE, Paulistan Luthic is spoken by 5,000 people, some 45 (0.9%) of whom are monolingual. The largest concentrations of Paulistan Luthic speakers are found in the municipalities of [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]] and the [[w:ABC Region|ABCD Region]], consisting of [[w:Santo André, São Paulo|Santo '''A'''ndré]], [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São '''B'''ernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Caetano do Sul|São '''C'''aetano do Sul]] and [[w:Diadema|'''D'''iadema]]. A coniderable amount of Paulistan Luthic speakers are also found nearby the capital, in [[w:Ferraz de Vasconcelos|Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[w:Embu Guaçu|Embu Guaçu]], [[w:São Lourenço da Serra|São Lourenço da Serra]], [[w:Itapecerica da Serra|Itapecerica da Serra]], [[w:Cotia|Cotia]], [[w:Embu das Artes|Embu das Artes]], [[w:Taboão da Serra|Taboão da Serra]], [[w:Osasco|Osasco]], [[w:Carapicuíba|Carapicuíba]], [[w:Barueri|Barueri]], [[w:Jandira|Jandira]], [[w:Itapevi|Itapevi]], [[w:Vargem Grande Paulista|Vargem Grande Paulista]], and nearby [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], in [[w:Piratininga|Piratininga]], [[w:Cabrália Paulista|Cabrália Paulista]], [[w:Duartina|Duartina]] and [[w:Avaí|Avaí]].
* /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are in free variation with [[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|[ɜ]]] and [[w:Open-mid central rounded vowel|[ɞ]]];
* /ɐ/ is in free variation with [[w:Mid central vowel|[ə]]].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
====Paulistan Luthic phonology====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Paulistan Luthic
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]/[[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
|-
|+ Estimate consonants of Upper Luthic
! {{small|plain}}
!colspan=2|  
! {{small|[[w:Labialization|labial]]}}
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
Line 6,005: Line 5,994:
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|
| [[w:Labialization|(kʷ)]]
|-
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
| [[w:Labialization|(ɡʷ)]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|(t͡ʃ)]]
|
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|(d͡ʒ)]]
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 6,024: Line 6,026:
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
|
|
|
|
|
Line 6,032: Line 6,033:
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|[[w:semivowel|semivowel]]}}
|
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
! {{small|[[w:Central consonant|central]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]]
|
| [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|(ʁ)]]
|
|
|-
|-
Line 6,048: Line 6,054:
|
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|
|
|
|
|}
* /ʁ/ can be [[w:Velar consonant|velar]], [[w:Uvular consonant|uvular]], or [[w:Glottal consonant|glottal]] and may be voiceless unless between voiced sounds.
* /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ may be realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[kw]]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[ɡw]]] instead.
* /ɲ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal palatal approximant|[j̃]]], which [[w:Nasalization|nasalises]] the preceding vowel.
* /ŋ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal labial–velar approximant|[w̃]]], which nasalises the preceding vowel.
* /j, w/ are often realised as [[w:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|[ɪ̯]], [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ̯]​]] in unstressed position.
* /s/ and /z/ are normally [[w:Laminal consonant|lamino-alveolar]], as in English.
* As phonemes, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ occur only in loanwords, but due to palatalisation, they are also found as [[w:Allophone|allophones]] of /t/ and /d/ before /i/, /ĩ/ and /j/.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Flap consonant|Flap]]
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Standard Luthic'''
|
|-
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]]
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ĩ]]
|
|
|
|
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ũ]]
|-
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ẽ]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|[[w:Nasalization|õ]]
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|
|
|[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ɐ̃]]
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|
|
|colspan="2"|
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]
|}
|}


* /k/ and /ɡ/ are described as pre-velar [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟]]] and [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[ɡ̟]]] to palatal [[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|[c]]] and [[w:Voiced palatal plosive|[ɟ]]] before [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]];
* /u/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|[ʊ]]] if unstressed.
* /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not labialised and are in free variation with [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|[ʂ]]] and [[w:Voiced retroflex fricative|[ʐ]]];
* /i/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|[ɪ]]] if unstressed.
* /ʀ/ is in free variation with [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|[r]]];
* /e/ is often realised as [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|[i]]] if unstressed.
* /ʎ/ may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].
* Nasalised /e/ and /o/ are often “diphthongised”, resulting in /ẽ/ > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[ẽȷ̃]]] and, /õ/ > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[õw̃]]].
 
====Paulistan Luthic morphology====
Paulistan Luthic has been greatly affected by Paulistano, however, it still has grammatical cases for noun, a feature it has not been lost, however, unlike Standard Ravennese Luthic, Paulistan Luthic does not drop its prepositions before a declined noun, another common feature in Luthic is to decline only the article preceding the noun. Paulistan Luthic retains the archaic accusative plural in -s.
 
* Standard Ravennese Luthic ''i fregiondi'' “the friends” > Paulistan Luthic ''los fregiondo'' “the friends”
* Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þo staþo'' “in this place” > Paulistan Luthic ''in do stado'' “in this place”
* Standard Ravennese Luthic ''miþ levo piedevo'' “with the feet” > Paulistan Luthic ''mid levo piede'' “with the feet”


====Upper Luthic morphology====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+Nominal declension
! Number
! Number
! Case
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! d-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! d-stem <sup>unm</sup>
|-
|-
! Singular
!rowspan=3| Singular
| dac (< dagu)
! {{small|nom. acc.}}
| gef (< geva)
| dago
| auvet (< hauveþo)
| geva
| craft (< crafte)
| crafte
| brotar (< broþar)
| brodre
| piet (< pied-)
| piede
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| daga
| geva
| crafti
| brodri
| piedi
|-
|-
! Plural
! {{small|gen.}}
| dagi
| dagi
| geve
| geve
| auveta
| crafti
| crafti
| brotari
| brodri
| piedi
| piedi
|}
In general, Upper Luthic has similar, and simpler, nominal declension paradigmata. For u-stems nouns, they are fully merged with o-stems.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center
|-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold"
|+Verbal conjugation
| colspan="2" | Tense || colspan="6" | Forms
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Infinitive
!rowspan=3| Plural
| colspan="6" | aver
! {{small|nom. acc.}}
| dagos
| gevas
| craftes
| brodres
| piedes
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Auxiliary verb
! {{small|dat.}}
| colspan="6" | aver
| dagevo
|-
| gevevo
! colspan="2" | Past participle
| craftevo
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |
| brodrevo
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
| piedevo
|-
! Number
! masculine
! feminine
! neuter
|-
|-
! Singular
! {{small|gen.}}
| avut
| dagoro
| avuta
| gevaro
| avut
| crafte
|-
| brodre
! Plural
| piede
| avuti
| avute
| avuta
|}
|}
Verbs in Paulistan Luthic are way simpler than any other Luthic dialect, as there is no number distinction and basically no person distinction as well. Thence, Verbs are basically only conjugated according to mood and tense, the first person singular, however, is differentiated.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Present participle
|+ Active Indicative
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | avent
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Gerund
!  
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | avent
! '''''danc<span style="color:green">are</span>'''''
! '''''cred<span style="color:darkorange">ere</span>'''''
! '''''hol<span style="color:red">ore</span>'''''
! '''''dorm<span style="color:purple">ire</span>'''''
! '''''vessare'''''
! '''''havere'''''
! '''''ganare'''''
! '''''stare'''''
! '''''taugiare'''''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">Person&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tense</div>
! ''ic''
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular<br/>''ic''
| danc<span style="color:green">o</span>
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular<br/>''tû''
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">o</span>
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular<br/>''is'', ''ia'', ''at''
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural<br/>''vi''
| dorm<span style="color:purple">o</span>
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''gi''
| ''im''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''eis'', ''ise'', ''ia''
| ''hô''
| ''gô''
| ''stô''
| ''taugio''
|-
|-
! rowspan="12" | Indicative
! ''du''
! Present active
| danc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| o
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| ais
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| at
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| aimos
| ''è''
| aites
| ''hâ''
| an
| ''gâ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugi''
|-
|-
! Present passive
! ''esse''
| avar
| danc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| avas
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| avat
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| avant
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| avant
| ''è''
| avant
| ''hâ''
| ''gâ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugi''
|-
|-
! Present perfect active
! ''vi''
| o avut
| danc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| ais avut
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| at avut
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| aimos avut
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| aites avut
| ''è''
| an avut
| ''hâ''
|-
| ''gâ''
! Present perfect passive
| ''stâ''
| avar avut
| ''taugi''
| avas avut
| avat avut
| avant avut
| avant avut
| avant avut
|-
|-
! Imperfect active
! ''gi''
| avait
| danc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| avaitas
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| avaitat
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| avaitamos
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| avaitates
| ''è''
| avaitan
| ''hâ''
| ''gâ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugi''
|-
|-
! Imperfect passive
! ''esses''
| avaitar
| danc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| avaitas
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| avaitat
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| avaitant
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| avaitant
| ''è''
| avaitant
| ''hâ''
|-
| ''gâ''
! Preterite active
| ''stâ''
| ep
| ''taugi''
| avest
| ebbet
| avemmos
| avestes
| ebber
|-
! Preterite passive
| ebbira
| aves
| ebbet
| avem
| avem
| avem
|-
! Future active
| avro
| avrais
| avrat
| avremos
| avretes
| avran
|-
! Future passive
| avrar
| avras
| avrat
| avrant
| avrant
| avrant
|-
! Future perfect active
| avro avut
| avrais avut
| avrat avut
| avremos avut
| avrêtes avut
| avran avut
|-
! Future perfect passive
| avrar avut
| avras avut
| avrat avut
| avrant avut
| avrant avut
| avrant avut
|-
! rowspan="6" | Subjunctive
! Present active
| abbi
| abbias
| abbiat
| abbiamos
| abbiates
| abbian
|-
! Present passive
| abbair
| abbais
| abbait
| abbaint
| abbaint
| abbaint
|-
! Imperfect active
| avessi
| avessis
| avessit
| avessimos
| avessites
| avesser
|-
! Imperfect passive
| avessir
| avessis
| avessit
| avessint
| avessint
| avessint
|-
! Preterite active
| abbi avut
| abbias avut
| abbiat avut
| abbiamos avut
| abbiates avut
| abbian avut
|-
! Preterite passive
| abbair avut
| abbais avut
| abbait avut
| abbaint avut
| abbaint avut
| abbaint avut
|-
! rowspan="4" | Conditional
! Present active
| averi
| averias
| averiat
| averiamos
| averiates
| averian
|-
! Present passive
| averiar
| averias
| averiat
| averiant
| averiant
| averiant
|-
! Preterite active
| averi avut
| averias avut
| averiat avut
| averiamos avut
| averiates avut
| averian avut
|-
! Preterite passive
| averiar avut
| averias avut
| averiat avut
| averiant avut
| averiant avut
| averiant avut
|-
! rowspan="2" | Imperative
! Positive
| &nbsp;
| ave
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| avet
| &nbsp;
|-
! Negative
| &nbsp;
| non aver
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| non averet
| &nbsp;
|}
|}


Some verbal forms are speculation (by applying and following the common sound changes), as they are not attested.
==Vocabulary==
It is generally stated that Luthic has around 370,000 words, or 410,000 if [[w:Archaism|obsolete words]] are counted, however 98% of the Luthic used today consists of only 5,800 words.


===Standard Bolognese Luthic===
[[File:Luthic lexis.png|thumb|Luthic’s core lexicon (3,172 words), Lúcia Yamane (2016)]]
<div style="float:right; width:35%; padding:15px; background: #f5f8ff; border: 1px solid blue; margin-left:8px; margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:15px; text-align:center; font-size: small">
A 2016 statistic by Lúcia Yamane is based on 3,172 words chosen on the criteria of frequency, semantic richness and productivity, which also contain words formed on the territory of the Luthic language. This statistic gives the percentages below:
:''"… I say, then, that perhaps those are not wrong who claim that the Bolognese speak a more beautiful language than most, especially since they take many features of their own speech from that of the people who live around them, in Imola, Ferrara and Modena I believe that everybody does this with respect to his own neighbours.... So the above-mentioned citizens of Bologna take a soft, yielding quality from those of Imola, and from the people of Ferrara and Modena, on the other hand, a certain abruptness which is more typical of the Lombards.... If, then, the Bolognese take from all sides, as I have said, it seems reasonable to suggest that their language, tempered by the combination of opposites mentioned above, should achieve a praiseworthy degree of elegance; and this, in my opinion, is beyond doubt true."''<br/> ([[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], [[w:De vulgari eloquentia|''De vulgari eloquentia'']] - ''Liber I'', xv, 2-5)
</div>
Although very similar to Standard Ravennese Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family. It has been estimated that Stadard Bolognese Luthic has approximately 6,000 speakers in Bologna.


* [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/]] are fully merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/t͡s d͡z/]].
* 1,200 words inherited from Gothic;
* 953 words inherited from Latin;
* 510 words, academic loanwords from Latin;
* 133 words borrowed from Italian;
* 125 words borrowed from West Germanic, such as Frankish, Langobardic and Standard High German;
* 101 words formed in Luthic;
* 98 words borrowed from French;
* 52 words borrowed from Greek.
 
Luthic has approximately 2,000 uncompounded words inherited from Proto-Indo-European. These were inherited via:
 
* 45% Germanic;
* 43% Italic, Romance;
* 8% Celtic;
* 2% Hellenic;
* 2% Uncertain.
 
A single etymological root appears in Luthic in a native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from Classical Latin. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective:
 
* finger: ''ditu'' / ''digitale'' from Latin [[wikt:digitus#Latin|''digitus'']] / [[wikt:digitalis#Latin|''digitālis'']];
* faith: ''fê'' (stem ''fed-'') / ''fidele'' from Latin [[wikt:fides#Latin|''fidēs'']] / [[wikt:fidelis#Latin|''fidēlis'']];
* foot: ''piê'' (stem ''pied-'') / ''pedale'' from [[wikt:pes#Latin|''pēs'']] / [[wikt:pedalis#Latin|''pedālis'']].
 
There are also noun-noun and adjective-adjective pairs with slightly different meanings:
 
* thing / cause: ''causa'' / ''caüsa'' from Latin [[wikt:causa#Latin|''causa'']];
* bull / calf: ''tauru'' / ''taüru'' from Latin [[wikt:taurus#Latin|''taurus'']];
* chilled / frozen: ''freddu'' / ''frigidu'' from Latin [[wikt:frigidus#Latin|''frīgidus'']].
 
===Insertional code-switching===
[[w:Code-switching|Code-switching]] or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or [[w:Variety (linguistics)|language varieties]], in the context of a single conversation or situation. Code-switching is different from [[w:Plurilingualism|plurilingualism]] in that plurilingualism refers to the ability of an individual to use multiple languages, while code-switching is the act of using multiple languages together.
 
'''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.”
 
* '''Standard Luthic:''' Il nattu stâ scaunu. Le staerne sceinando e la luna stâ foglia.
* '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena.
* '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il nattu è '''bellu'''. Le '''stelle''' sceinan(d)o e la luna è '''piena'''.
 
The borrowed words can be integrated into the host language either partially or entirely, taking into account their phonological and morphological structure.
 
===Swadesh list===
The [[w:Swadesh list|'''Swadesh list''']] ([[w:IPA:Help|/ˈswɑːdɛʃ/]]) is a compilation of tentatively universal concepts for the purposes of [[w:lexicostatistics|lexicostatistics]]. Translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages. The Swadesh list is named after linguist [[w:Morris Swadesh|Morris Swadesh]]. It is used in lexicostatistics (the quantitative assessment of the genealogical relatedness of languages) and [[w:glottochronology|glottochronology]] (the dating of language divergence). Because there are several different lists, some authors also refer to "Swadesh lists".
 
The most used list nowadays is the Swadesh 207-word list, adapted from Swadesh 1952.


Furthermore, Standard Bolognese Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]:
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em; text-align:center;"
!colspan="4"|Swadesh list
|+Raising-type metaphony
! Unaffected !! Mutated
|-
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmet.to/]] “I put” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmit.tis/]] “you put”
! width="25%"|1-52
! width="25%"|53-104
! width="25%"|105-156
! width="25%"|157-207
|-
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈes.to/]] “this (neut.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈis.tu/]] “this (masc.)”
| '''1.''' ic [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ix]]] “I” || '''53.''' stecca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛk.kɐ]]] “stick” || '''105.''' fiaerare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjɛˈra.re]]] “to smell” || '''157.''' sabbia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsab.bjɐ]]] “sand”
|-
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/moˈdɛs.tɐ/]] “modest (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/moˈdes.tu/]] “modest (masc.)”
| '''2.''' þû [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] “you” || '''54.''' acrano [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈkra.no]]] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈɡa.re]]] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɔl.dɐ]]] “dust”
|-
| '''3.''' esse [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.se]]] “he” <br>   essa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.sɐ]]] “she” <br>   esso [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.so]]] “it” || '''55.''' semne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsem.ne]]] “seed” || '''107.''' slefare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zleˈɸa.re]]] “sleep” || '''159.''' aerþa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛr.θɐ]]] “earth”
|-
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspo.zɐ/]] “wife” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspu.zu/]] “husband”
| '''4.''' vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vi]]] “we” || '''56.''' laufu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlɔ.ɸu]]] “leaf” || '''108.''' vivere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[viˈβe.re]]] “to live” || '''160.''' molmanu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɔlˈma.nu]]] “cloud”
|-
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.reθ/]] “he dies” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ris/]] “you die”
| '''5.''' gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.te]]] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvɛlˈta.re]]] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.βo.lɐ]]] “fog”
|-
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.ʃɐ/]] “depressed (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ʃu/]] “depressed (masc.)”
| '''6.''' essi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.si]]] “they” <br>   esse [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈe.sse]]] “they” <br>   essa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.sɐ]]] “they” || '''58.''' renda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛn.dɐ]]] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɔˈθa.re]]] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eˈme.nu]]] “sky”
|}
 
====Standard Bolognese Luthic phonology====
Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic, itself being very similar to the phonology of Emilian Bolognese dialects.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Standard Bolognese Luthic'''
| '''7.''' su [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su]]] “this” <br>   sa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sɐ]]] “this” <br>   þatha [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐ.tɐ]]] “this” || '''59.''' biomna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbjom.nɐ]]] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lotˈta.re]]] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈven.du]]] “wind”
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
| '''8.''' este [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.te]]] “that” <br>   esta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.tɐ]]] “that” <br>   esto [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.to]]] “that” || '''60.''' herba [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛr.bɐ]]] “grass” || '''112.''' cacciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐtˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to hunt”  || '''164.''' neve [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnɛ.βe]]] “snow”
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
!{{small|oral}}
| '''9.''' har [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐr]]] “here” || '''61.''' corda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠ɔr.dɐ]]] “rope” || '''113.''' biegguare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bjeɡˈɡʷa.re]]] “to hit” || '''165.''' ghiaccio [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡ̟jat.t͡ʃo]]] “ice”
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| '''10.''' þar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐr]]] “there” || '''62.''' pelle [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpɛl.le]]] “skin” || '''114.''' tagliare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[tɐʎˈʎa.re]]] “to cut” || '''166.''' fumu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfu.mu]]] “smoke”
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ĩ]]
|
|
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ũ]]
|-
|-
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| '''11.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “who” || '''63.''' carne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkar.ne]]] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʃinˈde.re]]] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfo.nɐ]]] “fire”
|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ẽ]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|[[w:Nasalization|õ]]
|-
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| '''12.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsaŋᶣ.ɡᶣe]]] “blood” || '''116.''' pognalare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[poɲ.ɲɐˈla.re]]] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] “ash”
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|
|[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ɐ̃]]
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|
|-
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| '''13.''' car [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr]]] “where” || '''65.''' beine [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbi.ne]]] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[krɐtˈt͡so.re]]] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bruˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to burn”
|colspan="2"|
|-
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
| '''14.''' can [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐn]]] “when” || '''66.''' grassa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡras.sɐ]]] “fat” || '''118.''' gravare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡrɐˈβa.re]]] “to dig” || '''170.''' strada [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstra.ðɐ]]] “road”
|
|-
|colspan="2"|
| '''15.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “how” || '''67.''' uovo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈwo.βo]]] “egg” || '''119.''' svemmare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvẽˈma.re]]] “to swim” || '''171.''' baergana [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɛr.ɡɐ.nɐ]]] “mountain”
|}
 
* Although Luthic contrasts /e, o/ and /ɛ, ɔ/ vowels in stressed syllables, the distinction is neutralised in unstressed position, where they are realized as [​[[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]], [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]].
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Bolognese Luthic
| '''16.''' non [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non]]] “not” || '''68.''' haurno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔr.no]]] “horn” || '''120.''' fiugare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjuˈɡa.re]]] “to fly” || '''172.''' rossu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɔs.su]]] “red”
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2| [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|-
! {{small|plain}}
| '''17.''' allu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈal.lu]]] “all” || '''69.''' coda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠o.ðɐ]]] “tail” || '''121.''' carvore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐrˈβo.re]]] “to walk” || '''173.''' verde [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈver.de]]] “green”
! {{small|[[w:Labialization|labialized]]}}
|-
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| '''18.''' managu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu]]] “many” || '''70.''' feþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfe.θɐr]]] “feather” || '''122.''' qemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] “to come” || '''174.''' giallu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒal.lu]]] “yellow”
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| [[w:Labialization|(ŋʷ)]]
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| '''19.''' somu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈso.mu]]] “some” || '''71.''' taglio [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtaʎ.ʎo]]] “hair” || '''123.''' legare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[leˈɡa.re]]] “to lie” || '''175.''' biagcu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbjaŋ˗.k̠u]]] “white”
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
| [[w:Labialization|kʷ]]
|-
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| '''20.''' favu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.βu]]] “few” || '''72.''' capu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.ɸu]]] “head” <br>       hauviþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo]]] “head” || '''124.''' setare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[seˈta.re]]] “to sit” || '''176.''' neru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.ru]]] “black”
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
| [[w:Labialization|ɡʷ]]
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| '''21.''' anþeru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ̃ˈθe.ru]]] “other” || '''73.''' orecchia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈrek̟.k̟jɐ]]] “ear” || '''125.''' stare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.re]]]. “stand” || '''177.''' nattu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnat.tu]]] “night”
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|-
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| '''22.''' aenu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ.nu]]] “one” || '''74.''' augno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]] “eye” || '''126.''' girare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒiˈra.re]]] “to turn” || '''178.''' dagu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈda.ɣu]]] “day”
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]
|-
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| '''23.''' tvi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtvi]]] “two” || '''75.''' nasu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈna.zu]]] “nose” || '''127.''' driusare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[drjuˈza.re]]] “to fall” || '''179.''' giar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒɐr]]] “year”
|  
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|(x)]]
|  
|-
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| '''24.''' þreis [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθris]]] “three” || '''76.''' monþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmõ.θu]]] “mouth” || '''128.''' gevare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒeˈβa.re]]] “to give” || '''180.''' varmu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvar.mu]]] “warm”
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| '''25.''' fidvor [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfid.vor]]] “four” || '''77.''' dente [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈden.te]]] “tooth” || '''129.''' haldare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐlˈda.re]]] “to hold” || '''181.''' caldu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkal.du]]] “cold”
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|(p͡f)]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] [[w:Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate|(t͡θ)]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| '''26.''' fimfe [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfĩ.ɸe]]] “five” || '''78.''' tugga [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtuŋ.ɡɐ]]] “tongue” <br>         rasda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]] “tongue” <br>         liggua [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈliŋʷ.ɡʷɐ]]] “tongue” || '''130.''' spremere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[spreˈme.re]]] “to squeeze” || '''182.''' follu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfol.lu]]] “full”
|
| [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]]
|  
|
|
|-
|-
!rowspan=3| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| '''27.''' mechiu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈme.k̟ju]]] “big” || '''79.''' oggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈoŋ˖.ɡ̟jɐ]]] “fingernail” || '''131.''' fregare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[freˈɡa.re]]] “to rub” || '''183.''' nuovu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnwɔ.βu]]] “new”
! {{small|[[w:semivowel|semivowel]]}}
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
|-
|-
! {{small|[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
| '''28.''' laggu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlaŋ˗.ɡ˗u]]] “long” || '''80.''' piê [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpje]]] “foot” || '''132.''' þvare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈðva.re]]] “to wash” || '''184.''' altu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈal.tu]]] “old”
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|colspan=2|
|-
|-
! {{small|[[w:Tuscan gorgia|Gorgia Toscana]]}}
| '''29.''' largu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlar.ɡ˗u]]] “wide” || '''81.''' gamba [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈgam.bɐ]]] “leg” || '''133.''' asciugare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐʃ.ʃuˈɡa.re]]] “to wipe” || '''185.''' buonu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwo.nu]]] “good” <br>     gôðanu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡo.ðɐ.nu]]] “good”
| [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|(ʋ)]]
|-
| [[w:Voiced dental approximant|(ð̞)]]
| '''30.''' spessu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈspes.su]]] “thick” || '''82.''' gnivo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲi.βo]]] “knee” || '''134.''' tirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[tiˈra.re]]] “to pull” || '''186.''' malu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.lu]]] “bad” <br>     ovelu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈo.βe.lu]]] “bad”
|  
|-
|  
| '''31.''' pesante [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[peˈzan.te]]] “heavy” || '''83.''' manu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.nu]]] “hand” <br>         handu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈan.du]]] || '''135.''' spiggere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[spiŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.re]]] “to push” || '''187.''' maciu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.t͡ʃu]]] “rotten”
| [[w:Voiced velar approximant|(ɣ˕)]]
|-
|
| '''32.''' leizelu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlid.d͡ze.lu]]] “little” || '''84.''' ala [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈa.lɐ]]] “wing” || '''136.''' vaerfare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vɛrˈɸa.re]]] “to throw” || '''188.''' sporcu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈspor.k̠u]]] “dirty”
|-
| '''33.''' scaurtu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsk̠ɔr.tu]]] “short” || '''85.''' qeþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.θu]]] “belly” || '''137.''' bendare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[benˈda.re]]] “to tie” || '''189.''' drittu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdrit.tu]]] “straight”
|-
| '''34.''' agguu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu]]] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviʃ.ʃe.re]]] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sjuˈd͡ʒa.re]]] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[riˈton.du]]] “round”
|-
| '''35.''' sottile [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sotˈti.le]]] “thin” || '''87.''' collo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠ɔl.lo]]] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠onˈta.re]]] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈskar.ɸu]]] “sharp”
|-
| '''36.''' qena [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.nɐ]]] “woman” || '''88.''' dorso [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdɔr.so]]] “back” || '''140.''' rogiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[roˈd͡ʒa.re]]] “to say” || '''192.''' smussatu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zmusˈsa.θu]]] “dull”
|-
| '''37.''' mannu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] “man” || '''89.''' brostu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbros.tu]]] “breast” || '''141.''' segguare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[seŋʷˈɡʷa.re]]] “to sing” || '''193.''' slaettu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈzlɛt.tu]]] “smooth”
|-
| '''38.''' mannescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐ̃ˈnes.k̠u]]] “human being” || '''90.''' haertene [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛr.te.ne]]] “heart” || '''142.''' giucare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒuˈka.re]]] “to play” || '''194.''' ûmidu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu.mi.ðu]]] “wet”
|-
| '''39.''' bambinu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bamˈbi.nu]]] “child” || '''91.''' figato [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fiˈɡa.θo]]] “liver” || '''143.''' fiutore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjuˈto.re]]] “to float” || '''195.''' þaursu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθɔr.su]]] “dry”
|-
| '''40.''' sposa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈspo.zɐ]]] “wife” || '''92.''' dregcare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dreŋˈka.re]]] “to drink” || '''144.''' fiuire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjuˈi.re]]] “to flow” || '''196.''' raettu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛt.tu]]] “correct”
|-
| '''41.''' abnu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈab.nu]]] “husband” || '''93.''' mangiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐnˈd͡ʒa.re]]] “to eat” || '''145.''' giacciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡ̟jɐtˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to freeze” || '''197.''' vicinu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[viˈt͡ʃi.nu]]] “near”
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| '''42.''' moðar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmo.ðɐr]]] “mother” || '''94.''' beidare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[biˈda.re]]] “to bite” || '''146.''' svellare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvɛlˈla.re]]] “to swell” || '''198.''' lontanu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lonˈta.nu]]] “far”
|
|-
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
| '''43.''' faðar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.ðɐr]]] “father” || '''95.''' succhiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[suk̟ˈk̟ja.re]]] “to suck” || '''147.''' sauilo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lo]]] “sun” || '''199.''' destra [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdes.trɐ]]] “right”
|
|-
|
| '''44.''' animale [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.niˈma.le]]] “animal” || '''96.''' speivare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[spiˈβa.re]]] “to spit” || '''148.''' luna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.nɐ]]] “moon” || '''200.''' sinistra [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siˈnis.trɐ]]] “left”
|colspan=2|
|-
|}
| '''45.''' fescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfes.k̠u]]] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vo.miˈta.re]]] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛr.nɐ]]] “star” || '''201.''' a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ]]] “at” <br>     ad [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.ð‿]]]  “at”
 
|-
Voiceless continuants /f, s, θ, x/ are always constrictive [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[f, s, θ, x]]], but voiced continuants /v, ð, j, ɣ/ are not very constrictive and are often closer to approximants [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[ʋ, ð˕, j, ɣ˕]]] than fricatives [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[v, ð, ʝ, ɣ]]]. Voiceless fricatives are often fortified to affricates after alveolar consonants, such as /n l r/, or general nasals:
| '''46.''' fogliu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfoʎ.ʎu]]] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvad.nɐ]]] “water” || '''202''' in [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[in]]] “in”
|-
* ''Il monþo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[il ˈmõ.t͡θu]]].
| '''47.''' hondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈon.du]]] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ris.piˈra.re]]] “to breathe” || '''151.''' pioggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpjod.d͡ʒa]]] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[miθ]]] “with”
* ''L’inferno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[l‿ĩˈp͡fɛr.nu]]].
|-
* ''La salsa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[lɐ ˈsal.t͡sɐ]]].
| '''48.''' pidocchiu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[piˈdɔk̟.k̟ju]]] “louse” || '''100.''' chiaire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̟jaj.re]]] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈa.xɐ]]] “river” || '''204.''' e [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e]]] “and” <br>     ed [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.ð‿]]] “and”
* ''L’arsenale'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|[l‿ɐr.t͡seˈna.le]]].
|-
 
| '''49.''' serpe [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛr.pe]]] “snake” || '''101.''' saecare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sɛˈka.re]]] “to see” || '''153.''' lagu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈla.ɣu]]] “lake” || '''205.''' si [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[si]]] “if”
===Paulistan Luthic===
|-
{{Infobox language
| '''50.''' vaurmu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.mu]]] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɔˈza.re]]] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈri.na]]] “sea” || '''206.''' ducê [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[duˈt͡ʃe]]] “because”
|name              = Paulistan Luthic
|-
|nativename        = Lútico (paulista)
| '''51.''' trivo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtri.βo]]] “tree” || '''103.''' gnoscere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]] “to know” || '''155.''' sale [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsa.le]]] “salt” || '''207.''' namno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnam.no]]] “name”
|pronunciation    = ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku (pawˈlis.tɐ)
|-
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic
| '''52.''' valþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈval.θu]]] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐŋˈka.re]]] “to think” || '''156.''' staenu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛ.nu]]] “stone” ||
|region            = [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
|}
|speakers          = 5,000
 
|date              = 2022
Creating word lists depends on the decay of morphemes or changes in vocabulary. For glottochronology to be applicable to a language, the rate of morpheme decay must remain constant. This has led to criticism of the glottochronologic formula, as some linguists contend that the rate of morpheme decay cannot be assumed to be consistent over time. American linguist [[w:Robert Lees (linguist)|Robert Lees]] acquired a value for the “glottochronological constant” ('''r''') of words by analysing the known changes in 13 pairs of languages using the 200-word list by Swadesh. He calculated a value of 0.805 ± 0.0176 with 90% confidence. Swadesh obtained a value of 0.86 for his 100-word list, with the higher value reflecting the exclusion of semantically unstable words. This constant is related to the retention rate of words by the following formula:
|familycolor      = Indo-European
 
|fam2              = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]]
[[File:Glottochronologic_constant.png|frameless]]
|fam3              = [[w:Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4              = [[w:Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
|fam5              = Gotho-Romance
|fam6              = Italo-Luthian Romance
|fam7              = Standard Ravennese Luthic
| creator          = User:Lëtzelúcia
|script1          = Latn
|script2          = Brai
|minority          = [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] (recognised in [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]])
|agency            = Council for the Luthic Language (partially)
|ethnicity        = Lutho-Brazilians
}}
Italian migration to [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] initiated in 1875, when Brazil began to promote to the country in order to increase its population, creating rural “colonies” for Italians and other Europeans to migrate to, as in between 1880 and 1920, more than one million Italians have immigrated to Brazil. Among all Italians who immigrated to Brazil, 70% went to the [[w:São Paulo (state)|State of São Paulo]]. In consequence, São Paulo has more people with Italian ancestry than any region of Italy itself. Despite the poverty and even semi-slavery conditions faced by many Italians in Brazil, most of the population achieved some personal success and changed their lower-class situation.


Brazil remained neutral at the start of [[w:World War II|World War II]] in September 1939, however, German [[w:U-boat|U-boats]] sank six Brazilian ships in the [[w:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], resulting on Brazil declaring war on Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942. The Brazilians forces fought mainly within Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions.
''L'' is the rate of replacement, ''ln'' represents the [[w:Natural logarithm|natural logarithm]] and ''r'' is the glottochronological constant.


The Brazilian contact with Emilia-Romagna and the [[w:Italian_Brazilians#Italian_immigration_to_Brazil|Italian immigration to Brazil]] resulted in a Brazilian dialect of Luthic spoken in São Paulo, known as '''Paulistan Luthic''' (endonym: ''Lútico paulista'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|
The basic formula of glottochronology in its shortest form is this:
[ˈlu.t͡ʃi.ku pawˈlis.tɐ]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic: ''Lûthica Paülista'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ pɐwˈlis.tɐ]]]). Paulistan Luthic is heavily influenced by the [[w:Paulistano dialect|Paulistano dialect]] of Portuguese (<small>Portuguese pronunciation:</small> [[wikt:AP:pron:pt|[paw.lisˈtɐ̃.nu]]]), as the accent is dominant in Brazilian [[w:Mass media|mass media]] and is often associated with “standard” Brazilian Portuguese.


====Characteristics of Paulistan Luthic====
[[File:Divergence time (short).png|frameless]]
Main phonological differences:


* '''e-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]]:''' In word-initially /sC/ clusters, e-prosthesis is triggered: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''stare'' > Paulistan Luthic ''estare''.
''t'' is a given period of time from one stage of the language to another (measured in millennia), ''c'' is the proportion of wordlist items retained at the end of that period and ''L'' is the rate of replacement for that word list.
* '''degemination:''' Paulistan Luthic lacks geminate consonants: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > Paulistan Luthic [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[soˈfja.re]]]
* '''thorn stopping and voicing:''' A similar process that happened with southern [[w:German dialects|German dialects]], the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þû'' > Paulistan Luthic ''du''
* '''edh stopping:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] is fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/d/]] in every position: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''faðar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''fadre''
* '''r-[[w:Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]]:''' r-stem nouns ending in -ar are always reanalised as -re: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''broþar'' > Paulistan Luthic ''brodre''
* '''[[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/t, d/]] palatalisation before [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/i, ĩ, j/]]:''' In most of Portuguese varieties spoken in Brazil, the variable palatalisation of alveolar stops turns consonants /t, d/ into affricates [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ], this highly affected Paulistan Luthic: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[di]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''Lútica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈlu.t͡ʃi.kɐ]]], ''di'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]]
* '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈɾaz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈbaɹ.kɐ]]]. Due to Paulistano influence, word-initial rhotics are often realised as [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] ~ [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]], resulting in ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʁaz.dɐ]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈhaz.dɐ]]], a great example is Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rapportu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐpˈpɔr.tu]]] and Paulistan Luthic ''rapporto'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ʁɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[hɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]]
* '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈka.pu]]]
* '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], ''ist'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ist]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ɐ.kĭ]]], ''est'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[es.t͡ʃĭ]]], this may also be considered a kind of [[w:Paragoge|paragoge]]. This may also happen in consonant clusters if if the second consonant is not /ɾ/ or /l/, resulting in ''opziune'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|/opˈsju.ne/]] > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[opiˈsju.ni]]]
* '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/k/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡ/]], are realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/ʒ/]] retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʒe.vɐ]]] and Standard Ravennese Luthic Luthic ''ziu'' (from Latin [[wikt:thius#Latin|thīus]]) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si.u]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''zio'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈsi.u ~ ˈzi.u]]]. In some cases, where [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t͡s/]] is voiced to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/d͡z/]], it is realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/z/]]
* '''nasalisation:''' like Paulitano, Paulistan Luthic nasalises every vowel before a nasal in NV.N-: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bɐˈna.nɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[bɐˈnɐ̃.nɐ]]]


Main orthographical differences:
[[File:Divergence time (long).png|frameless]]


* Masculine nouns ending in ⟨u⟩ are always spelt as ⟨o⟩
By testing historically verifiable cases in which ''t'' is known by nonlinguistic data (such as the approximate distance from Classical Latin to modern Romance languages), Swadesh arrived at the empirical value of approximately 0.14 for ''L'', which means that the rate of replacement constitutes around 14 words from the 100-wordlist per millennium. This is represented in the table below.
* Greco-Roman digraphs such as ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨ch⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨t⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨c⟩
* For velar plosives before front vowels, they are spelt as ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩
** The velar nasal is no longer spelt as ⟨g⟩ before another velar, but rather as ⟨n⟩
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is displaced by the [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]]
* Lack of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ð⟩ in the alphabet
* Due to Portuguese influence ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are way commoner instead of the nativisations ⟨gi, c(h), v, c ~ ss, i⟩ present in Standard Ravennese Luthic
* The spellings ⟨gni⟩ and ⟨gli⟩ are fully displaced by ⟨nh⟩ and ⟨lh⟩; ⟨gni⟩ is also found as ⟨ñ⟩ in many communities nearby Spanish speakers, mainly outside the capital, such as [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], [[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]] and [[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]]


Main grammatical differences:
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+ Glottochronology Time Scale
* Loss of the neuter gender
* Loss of the passive voice
* u-stems are merged with o-stems
* The verbs ''vessare'' and ''havere'' are fully displaced by ''tenere'' as the common auxiliary verb, mainly due to Portuguese influence
* The nominative merges with the accusative, simplifying the general declension paradigmata
 
====Demography and distribution====
[[File:Paulistan Luthic speakers.jpg|thumb|left|Map showing the areas of São Paulo where Paulistan Luthic is spoken today]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|-
|-
|+Luthic speakers over 3 years of age in the municipality with most speakers (2022 IBGE census data). Absolute and relative numbers. Percentages given are in comparison to the total population of the corresponding state.
! Rough Median Dating !! Median Cognate Retention in 100-Word List
|-
|-
!Region
| 500 BP || 86%
!Totals
!Percentages
|-
|-
|[[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]]
| 1000 BP || 74%
|align="right"|1,200
|align="right"|24%
|-
|-
|[[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]]
| 1500 BP || 64%
|align="right"|700
|align="right"|14%
|-
|-
|[[w:Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]]
| 2000 BP || 55%
|align="right"|500
|align="right"|10%
|-
|-
|[[w:Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]]
| 2500 BP || 47%
|align="right"|250
|-
|align="right"|5%
| 3000 BP || 40%
|-
| 4000 BP || 30%
|-
|-
|[[w:São Caetano do Sul|São Caetano do Sul]]
| 5000 BP || 22%
|align="right"|230
|align="right"|4.6%
|-
|-
|[[w:Jundiaí|Jundiaí]]
| 6000 BP || 16%
|align="right"|230
|align="right"|4.6%
|-
|-
|[[w:Bauru|Bauru]]
| 7000 BP || 12%
|align="right"|210
|align="right"|4.2%
|-
|-
|[[w:Sorocaba|Sorocaba]]
| 8000 BP || 9%
|align="right"|180
|align="right"|3.6%
|-
|-
|[[w:Ferraz de Vasconcelos|Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[w:Embu Guaçu|Embu Guaçu]], <br> [[w:São Lourenço da Serra|São Lourenço da Serra]], [[w:Itapecerica da Serra|Itapecerica da Serra]], <br> [[w:Cotia|Cotia]], [[w:Embu das Artes|Embu das Artes]], [[w:Taboão da Serra|Taboão da Serra]], <br> [[w:Osasco|Osasco]], [[w:Carapicuíba|Carapicuíba]], [[w:Barueri|Barueri]], [[w:Jandira|Jandira]], <br> [[w:Itapevi|Itapevi]],  [[w:Vargem Grande Paulista|Vargem Grande Paulista]]
| 9000 BP || 7%
|align="right"|750
|align="right"|15%
|-
|-
|[[w:Piratininga|Piratininga]], [[w:Cabrália Paulista|Cabrália Paulista]], [[w:Duartina|Duartina]], [[w:Avaí|Avaí]]
| 10000 BP || 5%
|align="right"|650
|align="right"|13%
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;"
|'''''Total:'''''
|align="right"|5,000
|align="right"|100%
|}
|}
According to [[w:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] ([[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística''; '''IBGE''') Luthic is only spoken in São Paulo, and numbers may range anywhere from “perhaps a few dozen, up to almost two thousand people”.


According to the 2022 census by IBGE, Paulistan Luthic is spoken by 5,000 people, some 45 (0.9%) of whom are monolingual. The largest concentrations of Paulistan Luthic speakers are found in the municipalities of [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]] and the [[w:ABC Region|ABCD Region]], consisting of [[w:Santo André, São Paulo|Santo '''A'''ndré]], [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São '''B'''ernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Caetano do Sul|São '''C'''aetano do Sul]] and [[w:Diadema|'''D'''iadema]]. A coniderable amount of Paulistan Luthic speakers are also found nearby the capital, in [[w:Ferraz de Vasconcelos|Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[w:Embu Guaçu|Embu Guaçu]], [[w:São Lourenço da Serra|São Lourenço da Serra]], [[w:Itapecerica da Serra|Itapecerica da Serra]], [[w:Cotia|Cotia]], [[w:Embu das Artes|Embu das Artes]], [[w:Taboão da Serra|Taboão da Serra]], [[w:Osasco|Osasco]], [[w:Carapicuíba|Carapicuíba]], [[w:Barueri|Barueri]], [[w:Jandira|Jandira]], [[w:Itapevi|Itapevi]], [[w:Vargem Grande Paulista|Vargem Grande Paulista]], and nearby [[w:Bauru|Bauru]], in [[w:Piratininga|Piratininga]], [[w:Cabrália Paulista|Cabrália Paulista]], [[w:Duartina|Duartina]] and [[w:Avaí|Avaí]].
===Comparison===
[[File:Ravenna linguistic map.jpg|thumb|Linguistic map of Ravenna and neighbouring regions. <br />'''Italian:''' ''“Lingue parlate accanto al Lutico”'' <br />'''English:''' “Languages spoken alongside Luthic”]]
Lexical and grammatical similarities among the Romance languages spoken in Ravenna and Emilia-Romagna, and between Latin and each of them, are apparent from the following examples in various Romance lects, all meaning ‘''She always closes the window before she dines/before dining''’. Additional translations are provided in Gothic, German, Icelandic, due to Luthic Germanic stems, and other related Romance languages.
 
:{| cellspacing="3px"


====Paulistan Luthic phonology====
| [[w:Latin|Latin]] || ''(Ea) semper antequam cēnat fenestram claudit.''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Paulistan Luthic
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]/[[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
|-
! {{small|plain}}
| [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] || 𐍃𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂(𐌰) 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸. <br />''Si aiw faur(a) matjiþ augadaurō galūkiþ.''
! {{small|[[w:Labialization|labial]]}}
|-
|-
! colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:German language|German]] || ''Sie schließt immer das Fenster, bevor sie speist.'' <br />''Sie immer schließt das Fenster bevor speist.'' (altered, wrong in [[w:German grammar|Standard German]])
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || ''Hún æ fyrir metur glugganum lókar.'' (obsolete or altered)  <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum áður en hún borðar.'' (standard [[w:Icelandic language|Modern Icelandic]]) <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum fyrir mat.'' (also correct)
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
| [[w:Labialization|(kʷ)]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
| [[w:Labialization|(ɡʷ)]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|(t͡ʃ)]]
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|(d͡ʒ)]]
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
! {{small|[[w:Central consonant|central]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|ɾ]]
|
| [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|(ʁ)]]
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|
|
|}
 
* /ʁ/ can be [[w:Velar consonant|velar]], [[w:Uvular consonant|uvular]], or [[w:Glottal consonant|glottal]] and may be voiceless unless between voiced sounds.
* /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ may be realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[kw]]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[ɡw]]] instead.
* /ɲ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal palatal approximant|[j̃]]], which [[w:Nasalization|nasalises]] the preceding vowel.
* /ŋ/ is often realised as [[w:Nasal labial–velar approximant|[w̃]]], which nasalises the preceding vowel.
* /j, w/ are often realised as [[w:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|[ɪ̯]], [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ̯]​]] in unstressed position.
* /s/ and /z/ are normally [[w:Laminal consonant|lamino-alveolar]], as in English.
* As phonemes, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ occur only in loanwords, but due to palatalisation, they are also found as [[w:Allophone|allophones]] of /t/ and /d/ before /i/, /ĩ/ and /j/.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Standard Luthic'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ĩ]]
|
|
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ũ]]
|-
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ẽ]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|[[w:Nasalization|õ]]
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|
|[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ɐ̃]]
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|}
 
* /u/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|[ʊ]]] if unstressed.
* /i/ is laxed to [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|[ɪ]]] if unstressed.
* /e/ is often realised as [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|[i]]] if unstressed.
* Nasalised /e/ and /o/ are often “diphthongised”, resulting in /ẽ/ > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[ẽȷ̃]]] and, /õ/ > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|[õw̃]]].
 
====Paulistan Luthic morphology====
Paulistan Luthic has been greatly affected by Paulistano, however, it still has grammatical cases for noun, a feature it has not been lost, however, unlike Standard Ravennese Luthic, Paulistan Luthic does not drop its prepositions before a declined noun, another common feature in Luthic is to decline only the article preceding the noun.
 
* Standard Ravennese Luthic ''i fregiondi'' “the friends” > Paulistan Luthic ''los fregiondo'' “the friends”
* Standard Ravennese Luthic ''þo staþo'' “in this place” > Paulistan Luthic ''in do stado'' “in this place”
* Standard Ravennese Luthic ''miþ levo piedevo'' “with the feet” > Paulistan Luthic ''mid levo piede'' “with the feet”
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Number
! Case
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! d-stem <sup>unm</sup>
|-
!rowspan=3| Singular
! {{small|nom. acc.}}
| dago
| geva
| crafte
| brodre
| piede
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| daga
| geva
| crafti
| brodri
| piedi
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| dagi
| geve
| crafti
| brodri
| piedi
|-
!rowspan=3| Plural
! {{small|nom. acc.}}
| dagos
| gevas
| craftes
| brodres
| piedes
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| dagevo
| gevevo
| craftevo
| brodrevo
| piedevo
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| dagoro
| gevaro
| crafte
| brodre
| piede
|}
 
Verbs in Paulistan Luthic are way simpler than any other Luthic dialect, as there is no number distinction and basically no person distinction as well. Thence, Verbs are basically only conjugated according to mood and tense, the first person singular, however, is differentiated.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Active Indicative
|-
!
! '''''þagc<span style="color:green">are</span>'''''
! '''''cred<span style="color:darkorange">ere</span>'''''
! '''''hol<span style="color:red">ore</span>'''''
! '''''dorm<span style="color:purple">ire</span>'''''
! '''''vessare'''''
! '''''havere'''''
! '''''ganare'''''
! '''''stare'''''
! '''''taugiare'''''
|-
! ''ic''
| þagc<span style="color:green">o</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">o</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">o</span>
| ''im''
| ''hô''
| ''gô''
| ''stô''
| ''taugio''
|-
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| ''is''
| ''hâ''
| ''gâ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugi''
|-
! ''is''
| þagc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| ''is''
| ''hâ''
| ''gâ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugi''
|-
! ''vi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| ''is''
| ''hâ''
| ''gâ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugi''
|-
! ''gi''
| þagc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| ''is''
| ''hâ''
| ''gâ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugi''
|-
! ''eis''
| þagc<span style="color:green">a</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span>
| ''is''
| ''hâ''
| ''gâ''
| ''stâ''
| ''taugi''
|}
 
==Vocabulary==
It is generally stated that Luthic has around 370,000 words, or 410,000 if [[w:Archaism|obsolete words]] are counted, however 98% of the Luthic used today consists of only 5,800 words.
 
[[File:Luthic lexis.png|thumb|Luthic’s core lexicon (3,172 words), Lúcia Yamane (2016)]]
A 2016 statistic by Lúcia Yamane is based on 3,172 words chosen on the criteria of frequency, semantic richness and productivity, which also contain words formed on the territory of the Luthic language. This statistic gives the percentages below:
 
* 1,200 words inherited from Gothic;
* 953 words inherited from Latin;
* 510 words, academic loanwords from Latin;
* 133 words borrowed from Italian;
* 125 words borrowed from West Germanic, such as Frankish, Langobardic and Standard High German;
* 101 words formed in Luthic;
* 98 words borrowed from French;
* 52 words borrowed from Greek.
 
Luthic has approximately 2,000 uncompounded words inherited from Proto-Indo-European. These were inherited via:
 
* 45% Germanic;
* 43% Italic, Romance;
* 8% Celtic;
* 2% Hellenic;
* 2% Uncertain.
 
A single etymological root appears in Luthic in a native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from Classical Latin. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective:
 
* finger: ''ditu'' / ''digitale'' from Latin [[wikt:digitus#Latin|''digitus'']] / [[wikt:digitalis#Latin|''digitālis'']];
* faith: ''fê'' (stem ''fed-'') / ''fidele'' from Latin [[wikt:fides#Latin|''fidēs'']] / [[wikt:fidelis#Latin|''fidēlis'']];
* foot: ''piê'' (stem ''pied-'') / ''pedale'' from [[wikt:pes#Latin|''pēs'']] / [[wikt:pedalis#Latin|''pedālis'']].
 
There are also noun-noun and adjective-adjective pairs with slightly different meanings:
 
* thing / cause: ''causa'' / ''caüsa'' from Latin [[wikt:causa#Latin|''causa'']];
* bull / calf: ''tauru'' / ''taüru'' from Latin [[wikt:taurus#Latin|''taurus'']];
* chilled / frozen: ''freddu'' / ''frigidu'' from Latin [[wikt:frigidus#Latin|''frīgidus'']].
 
===Insertional code-switching===
[[w:Code-switching|Code-switching]] or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or [[w:Variety (linguistics)|language varieties]], in the context of a single conversation or situation. Code-switching is different from [[w:Plurilingualism|plurilingualism]] in that plurilingualism refers to the ability of an individual to use multiple languages, while code-switching is the act of using multiple languages together.
 
'''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.”
 
* '''Standard Luthic:''' Il nattu stâþ scaunu. Le staerne sceinando e la luna stâþ foglia.
* '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena.
* '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il nattu '''ae bellu'''. Le '''stelle''' sceinan(d)o e la luna '''ae piena'''.
*: Note that both ''è'' and ''ae'' stand for /ɛ/.
 
The borrowed words can be integrated into the host language either partially or entirely, taking into account their phonological and morphological structure.
 
===Swadesh list===
The [[w:Swadesh list|'''Swadesh list''']] ([[w:IPA:Help|/ˈswɑːdɛʃ/]]) is a compilation of tentatively universal concepts for the purposes of [[w:lexicostatistics|lexicostatistics]]. Translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages. The Swadesh list is named after linguist [[w:Morris Swadesh|Morris Swadesh]]. It is used in lexicostatistics (the quantitative assessment of the genealogical relatedness of languages) and [[w:glottochronology|glottochronology]] (the dating of language divergence). Because there are several different lists, some authors also refer to "Swadesh lists".
 
The most used list nowadays is the Swadesh 207-word list, adapted from Swadesh 1952.
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
!colspan="4"|Swadesh list
|-
! width="25%"|1-52
! width="25%"|53-104
! width="25%"|105-156
! width="25%"|157-207
|-
| '''1.''' ic [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ix]]] “I” || '''53.''' stecca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛk.kɐ]]] “stick” || '''105.''' fiaerare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjɛˈra.re]]] “to smell” || '''157.''' sabbia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsab.bjɐ]]] “sand”
|-
| '''2.''' þû [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] “you” || '''54.''' acrano [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈkra.no]]] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈɡa.re]]] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɔl.dɐ]]] “dust”
|-
| '''3.''' is [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is]]] “he” <br>   ia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[jɐ]]] “she” <br>   atha [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.tɐ]]] “it” || '''55.''' seme [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈse.me]]] “seed” || '''107.''' slefare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sleˈɸa.re]]] “sleep” || '''159.''' aerþa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛr.θɐ]]] “earth”
|-
| '''4.''' vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vi]]] “we” || '''56.''' laufu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlɔ.ɸu]]] “leaf” || '''108.''' vivere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[viˈβe.re]]] “to live” || '''160.''' molmanu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɔlˈma.nu]]] “cloud”
|-
| '''5.''' gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.te]]] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvɛlˈta.re]]] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.βo.lɐ]]] “fog”
|-
| '''6.''' eis [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis]]] “they” <br>   ise [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[iˈse]]] “they” <br>   eis [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis]]] “they” || '''58.''' renda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛn.dɐ]]] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɔˈθa.re]]] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eˈme.nu]]] “sky”
|-
| '''7.''' su [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su]]] “this” <br>   sa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sɐ]]] “this” <br>   þatha [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐ.tɐ]]] “this” || '''59.''' biomna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbjom.nɐ]]] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lotˈta.re]]] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈven.du]]] “wind”
|-
| '''8.''' este [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.te]]] “that” <br>   esta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.tɐ]]] “that” <br>   esto [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.to]]] “that” || '''60.''' herba [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛr.bɐ]]] “grass” || '''112.''' cacciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐtˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to hunt” || '''164.''' neve [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnɛ.βe]]] “snow”
|-
| '''9.''' har [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐr]]] “here” || '''61.''' corda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠ɔr.dɐ]]] “rope” || '''113.''' biegguare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bjeɡˈɡʷa.re]]] “to hit” || '''165.''' ghiaccio [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡ̟jat.t͡ʃo]]] “ice”
|-
| '''10.''' þar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐr]]] “there” || '''62.''' pelle [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpɛl.le]]] “skin” || '''114.''' tagliare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[tɐʎˈʎa.re]]] “to cut” || '''166.''' fumu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfu.mu]]] “smoke”
|-
| '''11.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “who” || '''63.''' carne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkar.ne]]] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʃinˈde.re]]] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfo.nɐ]]] “fire”
|-
| '''12.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsaŋᶣ.ɡᶣe]]] “blood” || '''116.''' pognalare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[poɲ.ɲɐˈla.re]]] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] “ash”
|-
| '''13.''' car [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr]]] “where” || '''65.''' beine [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbi.ne]]] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[krɐtˈt͡so.re]]] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bruˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to burn”
|-
| '''14.''' can [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐn]]] “when” || '''66.''' grassa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡras.sɐ]]] “fat” || '''118.''' gravare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡrɐˈβa.re]]] “to dig” || '''170.''' strada [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstra.ðɐ]]] “road”
|-
| '''15.''' ce [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] “how” || '''67.''' uovo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈwo.βo]]] “egg” || '''119.''' svemmare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvẽˈma.re]]] “to swim” || '''171.''' baergana [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɛr.ɡɐ.nɐ]]] “mountain”
|-
| '''16.''' non [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non]]] “not” || '''68.''' haurno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔr.no]]] “horn” || '''120.''' fiugare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjuˈɡa.re]]] “to fly” || '''172.''' rossu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɔs.su]]] “red”
|-
| '''17.''' allu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈal.lu]]] “all” || '''69.''' coda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠o.ðɐ]]] “tail” || '''121.''' carvore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐrˈβo.re]]] “to walk” || '''173.''' verde [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈver.de]]] “green”
|-
| '''18.''' managu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu]]] “many” || '''70.''' feþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfe.θɐr]]] “feather” || '''122.''' qemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] “to come” || '''174.''' giallu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒal.lu]]] “yellow”
|-
| '''19.''' somu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈso.mu]]] “some” || '''71.''' taglio [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtaʎ.ʎo]]] “hair” || '''123.''' legare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[leˈɡa.re]]] “to lie” || '''175.''' biagcu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbjaŋ˗.k̠u]]] “white”
|-
| '''20.''' favu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.βu]]] “few” || '''72.''' capu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.ɸu]]] “head” <br>       hauviþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo]]] “head” || '''124.''' setare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[seˈta.re]]] “to sit” || '''176.''' neru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.ru]]] “black”
|-
| '''21.''' anþeru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ̃ˈθe.ru]]] “other” || '''73.''' orecchia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈrek̟.k̟jɐ]]] “ear” || '''125.''' stare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.re]]]. “stand” || '''177.''' nattu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnat.tu]]] “night”
|-
| '''22.''' aenu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ.nu]]] “one” || '''74.''' augno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]] “eye” || '''126.''' girare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒiˈra.re]]] “to turn” || '''178.''' dagu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈda.ɣu]]] “day”
|-
| '''23.''' tvi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtvi]]] “two” || '''75.''' nasu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈna.zu]]] “nose” || '''127.''' driusare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[drjuˈza.re]]] “to fall” || '''179.''' giar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒɐr]]] “year”
|-
| '''24.''' þreis [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθris]]] “three” || '''76.''' monþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmõ.θu]]] “mouth” || '''128.''' gevare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒeˈβa.re]]] “to give” || '''180.''' varmu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvar.mu]]] “warm”
|-
| '''25.''' fidvor [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfid.vor]]] “four” || '''77.''' dente [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈden.te]]] “tooth” || '''129.''' haldare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐlˈda.re]]] “to hold” || '''181.''' caldu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkal.du]]] “cold”
|-
| '''26.''' fimfe [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfĩ.ɸe]]] “five” || '''78.''' tugga [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtuŋ.ɡɐ]]] “tongue” <br>         rasda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]] “tongue” <br>         liggua [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈliŋʷ.ɡʷɐ]]] “tongue” || '''130.''' spremere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[spreˈme.re]]] “to squeeze” || '''182.''' follu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfol.lu]]] “full”
|-
| '''27.''' mechiu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈme.k̟ju]]] “big” || '''79.''' oggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈoŋ˖.ɡ̟jɐ]]] “fingernail” || '''131.''' fregare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[freˈɡa.re]]] “to rub” || '''183.''' nuovu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnwɔ.βu]]] “new”
|-
| '''28.''' laggu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlaŋ˗.ɡ˗u]]] “long” || '''80.''' piê [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpje]]] “foot” || '''132.''' þvare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈðva.re]]] “to wash” || '''184.''' altu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈal.tu]]] “old”
|-
| '''29.''' largu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlar.ɡ˗u]]] “wide” || '''81.''' gamba [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈgam.bɐ]]] “leg” || '''133.''' asciugare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐʃ.ʃuˈɡa.re]]] “to wipe” || '''185.''' buonu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwo.nu]]] “good” <br>     gôðanu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡo.ðɐ.nu]]] “good”
|-
| '''30.''' spessu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈspes.su]]] “thick” || '''82.''' gnivo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲi.βo]]] “knee” || '''134.''' tirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[tiˈra.re]]] “to pull” || '''186.''' malu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.lu]]] “bad” <br>     ovelu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈo.βe.lu]]] “bad”
|-
| '''31.''' pesante [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[peˈzan.te]]] “heavy” || '''83.''' manu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.nu]]] “hand” <br>         handu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈan.du]]] || '''135.''' spiggere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[spiŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.re]]] “to push” || '''187.''' maciu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.t͡ʃu]]] “rotten”
|-
| '''32.''' leizelu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlid.d͡ze.lu]]] “little” || '''84.''' ala [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈa.lɐ]]] “wing” || '''136.''' vaerfare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vɛrˈɸa.re]]] “to throw” || '''188.''' sporcu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈspor.k̠u]]] “dirty”
|-
| '''33.''' scaurtu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsk̠ɔr.tu]]] “short” || '''85.''' qeþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.θu]]] “belly” || '''137.''' bendare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[benˈda.re]]] “to tie” || '''189.''' drittu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdrit.tu]]] “straight”
|-
| '''34.''' agguu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu]]] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviʃ.ʃe.re]]] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sjuˈd͡ʒa.re]]] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[riˈton.du]]] “round”
|-
| '''35.''' sottile [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sotˈti.le]]] “thin” || '''87.''' collo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠ɔl.lo]]] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠onˈta.re]]] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈskar.ɸu]]] “sharp”
|-
| '''36.''' qena [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.nɐ]]] “woman” || '''88.''' dorso [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdɔr.so]]] “back” || '''140.''' rogiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[roˈd͡ʒa.re]]] “to say” || '''192.''' smussatu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zmusˈsa.θu]]] “dull”
|-
| '''37.''' mannu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] “man” || '''89.''' brostu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbros.tu]]] “breast” || '''141.''' segguare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[seŋʷˈɡʷa.re]]] “to sing” || '''193.''' slaettu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈzlɛt.tu]]] “smooth”
|-
| '''38.''' mannescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐ̃ˈnes.k̠u]]] “human being” || '''90.''' haertene [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛr.te.ne]]] “heart” || '''142.''' giucare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒuˈka.re]]] “to play” || '''194.''' ûmidu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu.mi.ðu]]] “wet”
|-
| '''39.''' bambinu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bamˈbi.nu]]] “child” || '''91.''' figato [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fiˈɡa.θo]]] “liver” || '''143.''' fiutore [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjuˈto.re]]] “to float” || '''195.''' þaursu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθɔr.su]]] “dry”
|-
| '''40.''' sposa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈspo.zɐ]]] “wife” || '''92.''' dregcare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dreŋˈka.re]]] “to drink” || '''144.''' fiuire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[fjuˈi.re]]] “to flow” || '''196.''' raettu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛt.tu]]] “correct”
|-
| '''41.''' abnu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈab.nu]]] “husband” || '''93.''' mangiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐnˈd͡ʒa.re]]] “to eat” || '''145.''' giacciare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡ̟jɐtˈt͡ʃa.re]]] “to freeze” || '''197.''' vicinu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[viˈt͡ʃi.nu]]] “near”
|-
| '''42.''' moðar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmo.ðɐr]]] “mother” || '''94.''' beidare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[biˈda.re]]] “to bite” || '''146.''' svellare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvɛlˈla.re]]] “to swell” || '''198.''' lontanu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lonˈta.nu]]] “far”
|-
| '''43.''' faðar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.ðɐr]]] “father” || '''95.''' succhiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[suk̟ˈk̟ja.re]]] “to suck” || '''147.''' sauilo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lo]]] “sun” || '''199.''' destra [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdes.trɐ]]] “right”
|-
| '''44.''' animale [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.niˈma.le]]] “animal” || '''96.''' speivare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[spiˈβa.re]]] “to spit” || '''148.''' luna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.nɐ]]] “moon” || '''200.''' sinistra [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siˈnis.trɐ]]] “left”
|-
| '''45.''' fescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfes.k̠u]]] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vo.miˈta.re]]] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛr.nɐ]]] “star” || '''201.''' a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ]]] “at” <br>     ad [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.ð‿]]]  “at”
|-
| '''46.''' fogliu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfoʎ.ʎu]]] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvad.ne]]] “water” || '''202''' in [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[in]]] “in”
|-
| '''47.''' hondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈon.du]]] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ris.piˈra.re]]] “to breathe” || '''151.''' pioggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpjod.d͡ʒa]]] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[miθ]]] “with”
|-
| '''48.''' pidocchiu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[piˈdɔk̟.k̟ju]]] “louse” || '''100.''' chiaire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̟jaj.re]]] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈa.xɐ]]] “river” || '''204.''' e [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e]]] “and” <br>     ed [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.ð‿]]] “and”
|-
| '''49.''' serpe [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛr.pe]]] “snake” || '''101.''' saecare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sɛˈka.re]]] “to see” || '''153.''' lagu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈla.ɣu]]] “lake” || '''205.''' si [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[si]]] “if”
|-
| '''50.''' vaurmu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.mu]]] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɔˈza.re]]] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈri.na]]] “sea” || '''206.''' ducê [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[duˈt͡ʃe]]] “because”
|-
| '''51.''' trivo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtri.βo]]] “tree” || '''103.''' gnoscere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]] “to know” || '''155.''' sale [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsa.le]]] “salt” || '''207.''' namno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnam.no]]] “name”
|-
| '''52.''' valþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈval.θu]]] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐŋˈka.re]]] “to think” || '''156.''' staenu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛ.nu]]] “stone” ||
|}
 
Creating word lists depends on the decay of morphemes or changes in vocabulary. For glottochronology to be applicable to a language, the rate of morpheme decay must remain constant. This has led to criticism of the glottochronologic formula, as some linguists contend that the rate of morpheme decay cannot be assumed to be consistent over time. American linguist [[w:Robert Lees (linguist)|Robert Lees]] acquired a value for the “glottochronological constant” ('''r''') of words by analysing the known changes in 13 pairs of languages using the 200-word list by Swadesh. He calculated a value of 0.805 ± 0.0176 with 90% confidence. Swadesh obtained a value of 0.86 for his 100-word list, with the higher value reflecting the exclusion of semantically unstable words. This constant is related to the retention rate of words by the following formula:
 
[[File:Glottochronologic_constant.png|frameless]]
 
''L'' is the rate of replacement, ''ln'' represents the [[w:Natural logarithm|natural logarithm]] and ''r'' is the glottochronological constant.
 
The basic formula of glottochronology in its shortest form is this:
 
[[File:Divergence time (short).png|frameless]]
 
''t'' is a given period of time from one stage of the language to another (measured in millennia), ''c'' is the proportion of wordlist items retained at the end of that period and ''L'' is the rate of replacement for that word list.
 
[[File:Divergence time (long).png|frameless]]
 
By testing historically verifiable cases in which ''t'' is known by nonlinguistic data (such as the approximate distance from Classical Latin to modern Romance languages), Swadesh arrived at the empirical value of approximately 0.14 for ''L'', which means that the rate of replacement constitutes around 14 words from the 100-wordlist per millennium. This is represented in the table below.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Glottochronology Time Scale
|-
! Rough Median Dating !! Median Cognate Retention in 100-Word List
|-
| 500 BP || 86%
|-
| 1000 BP || 74%
|-
| 1500 BP || 64%
|-
| 2000 BP || 55%
|-
| 2500 BP || 47%
|-
| 3000 BP || 40%
|-
| 4000 BP || 30%
|-
| 5000 BP || 22%
|-
| 6000 BP || 16%
|-
| 7000 BP || 12%
|-
| 8000 BP || 9%
|-
| 9000 BP || 7%
|-
| 10000 BP || 5%
|}
 
===Comparison===
[[File:Ravenna linguistic map.jpg|thumb|Linguistic map of Ravenna and neighbouring regions. <br />'''Italian:''' ''“Lingue parlate accanto al Lutico”'' <br />'''English:''' “Languages spoken alongside Luthic”]]
Lexical and grammatical similarities among the Romance languages spoken in Ravenna and Emilia-Romagna, and between Latin and each of them, are apparent from the following examples in various Romance lects, all meaning ‘''She always closes the window before she dines/before dining''’. Additional translations are provided in Gothic, German, Icelandic, due to Luthic Germanic stems, and other related Romance languages.
 
:{| cellspacing="3px"
 
| [[w:Latin|Latin]] || ''(Ea) semper antequam cēnat fenestram claudit.''
|-
|-
| [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] || 𐍃𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂(𐌰) 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸. <br />''Si aiw faur(a) matjiþ augadaurō galūkiþ.''
| [[Luthic]] || ''(Essa) galuce aeve la finestra faur di cenare / mazzire.''
|-
|-
| [[w:German language|German]] || ''Sie schließt immer das Fenster, bevor sie speist.'' <br />''Sie immer schließt das Fenster bevor speist.'' (altered, wrong in [[w:German grammar|Standard German]])
| '''Upper Luthic''' || ''(Lei) galuce aif la finestar faur id cenar / mazzir.''
|-
|-
| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || ''Hún æ fyrir metur glugganum lókar.'' (obsolete or altered)  <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum áður en hún borðar.'' (standard [[w:Icelandic language|Modern Icelandic]]) <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum fyrir mat.'' (also correct)
| '''Paulistan Luthic''' || ''(Essa) galuz aeve la finestre faur di cenare / jantare.''
|-
| [[Luthic]] || ''(Ia) galucet aeve la finestra faur di cenare / mazzire.''
|-
| '''Upper Luthic''' || ''(Lei) galucet aif la finestar faur id cenar / mazzir.''
|-
|-
| [[w:Emilian dialects|Reggiano Emilian]] || ''(Lē) la sèra sèmpar sù la fnèstra prima ad snàr.''
| [[w:Emilian dialects|Reggiano Emilian]] || ''(Lē) la sèra sèmpar sù la fnèstra prima ad snàr.''
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| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || Kaldi veturinn nálgast, snjóstormur mun koma. Komdu inn í hlýja húsið mitt, vinur minn. Velkominn! Komdu hingað, syngdu og dansaðu, borðaðu og drekktu. Það er planið mitt. Við höfum vatn, bjór, og mjólk ferska úr kúnni. Ó, og volga súpu!
| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || Kaldi veturinn nálgast, snjóstormur mun koma. Komdu inn í hlýja húsið mitt, vinur minn. Velkominn! Komdu hingað, syngdu og dansaðu, borðaðu og drekktu. Það er planið mitt. Við höfum vatn, bjór, og mjólk ferska úr kúnni. Ó, og volga súpu!
|-
|-
| [[Luthic]] || Il caldu vintru ist vicinu, aenu snaevosturmu qerrât. Qemâ gia meina rasna varma, fregiondu meinu. Beneqemutu! Qemâ har, segguâ e danzâ, mangiâ e dregcâ. Su ist il meinu pianu. Vi abbiamos vadne, biure, e meluco fresco da vacca. Ah, e zuppa varma!
| [[Luthic]] || Il caldu vintru è vicinu, aenu snaevosturmu qerrâ. Qemâ gia meina rasna varma, fregiondu meinu. Beneqemutu! Qemâ har, segguâ e danzâ, mangiâ e dregcâ. S’è i’ meinu pianu. Vi abbiamo vadna, biure, e meluco fresco da vacca. Ah, e zuppa varma!
|-
|-
| [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || O inverno gelado está a chegar, uma tempestade de neve virá. Vem para a minha casa quente, meu amigo. Bem-vindo! Vem cá, canta e dança, come e bebe. É esse o meu plano. Temos água, cerveja e leite fresco da vaca. Ah, e sopa quente!
| [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || O inverno gelado está a chegar, uma tempestade de neve virá. Vem para a minha casa quente, meu amigo. Bem-vindo! Vem cá, canta e dança, come e bebe. É esse o meu plano. Temos água, cerveja e leite fresco da vaca. Ah, e sopa quente!
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| [[w:Romanian language|Romanian]] || Acesta este un palat regal magnific. Îndepărtaţi-vă, țăranule ignorant! Doar elitele respectabile din politică, știință, cultură și artă sunt autorizate să intre. Întoarceți-vă imediat la ferma voastră mizerabilă. Și plătiţi taxele, altfel gărzile vă vor extermina familia.
| [[w:Romanian language|Romanian]] || Acesta este un palat regal magnific. Îndepărtaţi-vă, țăranule ignorant! Doar elitele respectabile din politică, știință, cultură și artă sunt autorizate să intre. Întoarceți-vă imediat la ferma voastră mizerabilă. Și plătiţi taxele, altfel gărzile vă vor extermina familia.
|-
|-
| [[Luthic]] || Este ist aenu magnificu palazzu reale. Partite, pedone ignorante! Sole le elite rispettavoli in politica, scienzia, coltura e crafte autorizzanða ad entrare. Tornate immediatamente all’isvara misera garda e pagate lo geldo, aud i vardi sterminerando l’isvara famiglia.
| [[Luthic]] || Este è aenu magnificu palazzu reale. Partite, pedone ignorante! Sole le elite rispettavoli in politica, scienzia, coltura e crafte autorizzanða ad entrare. Tornate immediatamente all’isvara misera garda e pagate lo geldo, aud i vardi sterminerando l’isvara famiglia.
|-
|-
| [[w:English language|English]] || This is a magnificent royal palace. Depart, ignorant peasant! Only respectable elites in politics, science, culture and art are authorised to enter. Return immediately to your miserable farm. And pay the tax, or the guards will exterminate your family.
| [[w:English language|English]] || This is a magnificent royal palace. Depart, ignorant peasant! Only respectable elites in politics, science, culture and art are authorised to enter. Return immediately to your miserable farm. And pay the tax, or the guards will exterminate your family.
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| Buona maurgna || Good morning || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔr.ɲɐ]]]
| Buona maurgna || Good morning || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔr.ɲɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Buono dago || Good afternoon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.no ˈda.ɣo]]]
| Buondago || Good afternoon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔnˈda.ɣo]]]
|-
|-
| Buona sera || Good evening || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈse.rɐ]]]
| Buona sera || Good evening || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈse.rɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Ce ist atha þeino namno? || What is your name? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ist ɐ.tɐ‿θˈθi.no ˈnam.no]]]
| C’è ta þeino namno? || What is your name? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃ‿ˈɛ tɐ‿θˈθi.no ˈnam.no]]]
|-
|-
| Atha meino namno ist [...] || My name is [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.tɐ‿mˈmi.no ˈnam.no ist ⸨...⸩]]]
| Ta meino namno è [...] || My name is [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[tɐ‿mˈmi.no ˈnam.no ˈɛ ⸨...⸩]]]
|-
|-
| Car is? || Where are you from? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr is]]]
| Car sèi? || Where are you from? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈsɛj]]]
|-
|-
| Im di [...] || I am from [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im di ⸨...⸩]]]
| Im di [...] || I am from [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im di ⸨...⸩]]]
|-
|-
| Beneqemutu <sup>m</sup><br >Beneqemuta <sup>f</sup> || Welcome || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbe.ne.kᶣeˈmu.tu]]] <sup>m</sup><br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbe.ne.kᶣeˈmu.tɐ]]] <sup>f</sup>
| Beneqemutu <sup>m</sup><br >Beneqemuta <sup>f</sup> || Welcome || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbɛ.ne.kᶣeˈmu.tu]]] <sup>m</sup><br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbɛ.ne.kᶣeˈmu.tɐ]]] <sup>f</sup>
|-
|-
| Piacere! || Pleased to meet you! || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐˈt͡ʃe.re]]]
| Piacere! || Pleased to meet you! || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐˈt͡ʃe.re]]]
|-
|-
| Ce taugis? || How are you? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ˈtɔ.d͡ʒis]]]
| Ce taugi? || How are you? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ˈtɔ.d͡ʒi]]]
|-
|-
| Bene <br >Male || Fine <br >Bad || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.ne]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.le]]]
| Bene <br >Male || Fine <br >Bad || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɛ.ne]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.le]]]
|-
|-
| Ic ezia || Me too || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ix ˈe.t͡sjɐ]]]
| Ic ezia || Me too || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ix ˈe.t͡sjɐ]]]
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| Anþerottante || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ̃ˌθe.rotˈtan.te]]]
| Anþerottante || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ̃ˌθe.rotˈtan.te]]]
|-
|-
| Giumane her rogiat Lûthico? || Does anyone here speak Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒuˈma.ne er ˈro.d͡ʒɐθ ˈlu.ti.xo]]]
| Giumane her rogia Lûthico? || Does anyone here speak Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒuˈma.ne er ˈro.d͡ʒɐ ˈlu.ti.xo]]]
|-
|-
| Rogias Lûthico? || Do you speak Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈro.d͡ʒɐs ˈlu.ti.xo]]]
| Rogia Lûthico? || Do you speak Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈro.d͡ʒɐ ˈlu.ti.xo]]]
|-
|-
| Sei <br >Non <br >Forse|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsi]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfor.se]]]
| Sei <br >Non <br >Forse|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsi]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfor.se]]]
|-
|-
| Ce pronuncias þatha vaurdo? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe proˈnun.t͡ʃɐ‿ssɐ.tɐ‿vˈvɔr.do]]]
| Ce pronuncia þatta vaurdo? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe proˈnun.t͡ʃɐ θɐt.tɐ‿vˈvɔr.do]]]
|-
|-
| Ce rogiare [...] in Lûthico? || How to say [...] in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe roˈd͡ʒa.re ⸨...⸩ in ˈlu.ti.xo]]]
| Ce rogiare [...] in Lûthico? || How to say [...] in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe roˈd͡ʒa.re ⸨...⸩ in ˈlu.ti.xo]]]
|-
|-
| Cantas rasdas rogias? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkan.tɐs ˈraz.dɐs ˈro.d͡ʒɐs]]]
| Cante rasde rogia? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkan.te ˈraz.de ˈro.d͡ʒɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Begio, rogiâ maeze lentamente || Please, speak more slowly || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜roˈd͡ʒa‿mˈmɛd.d͡ze len.tɐˈmen.te]]]
| Begio, rogiâ maese lentamente || Please, speak more slowly || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜roˈd͡ʒa‿mˈmɛ.ze len.tɐˈmen.te]]]
|-
|-
| Begio, ripetê þatha || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ri.ɸeˈte‿θθɐ.tɐ]]]
| Begio, ripetê þatta || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ri.ɸeˈte‿θθɐt.tɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Begio, screvê þatha || Please, write that down || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜skreˈβɛ‿θθɐ.tɐ]]]
| Begio, screvê þatta || Please, write that down || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜skreˈβɛ‿θθɐt.tɐ]]]
|-  
|-  
| Scias? || Do you understand? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈʃi.as]]]
| Scei? || Do you understand? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈʃi]]]
|-
|-
| Scio <br >Non scio || I understand <br >I don’t understand || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈʃi.o]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non ˈʃi.o]]]
| Scio <br >Non scio || I understand <br >I don’t understand || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈʃi.o]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non ˈʃi.o]]]
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| Helpâ || Help || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈel.pɐ]]]
| Helpâ || Help || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈel.pɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Ist aena emergenza || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ist ˈɛ.nɐ e.merˈd͡ʒɛn.t͡sɐ]]]ˈ
| È aena emergenza || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ ˈɛ.nɐ e.merˈd͡ʒɛn.t͡sɐ]]]ˈ
|-
|-
| Chiamâ los pompieros || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̟jɐˈma‿llos pomˈpjɛ.ros]]]
| Chiamâ gli pompieri || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̟jɐˈma‿ʎʎi pomˈpjɛ.ri]]]
|-
|-
| Chiamâ la polizia || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̟jɐˈma‿llɐ po.litˈt͡si.ɐ]]]
| Chiamâ la polizia || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̟jɐˈma‿llɐ po.litˈt͡si.ɐ]]]
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! width="33%"|IPA
! width="33%"|IPA
|-
|-
| Buono natto || Good night || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.no ˈnat.to]]]
| Buonnatto || Good night || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔnˈnat.to]]]
|-
|-
| Dormei bene || Sleep well || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dorˈmi‿bˈbe.ne]]]
| Dormei bene || Sleep well || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dorˈmi‿bˈbe.ne]]]
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| Arrivederci || See you soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐr.ri.βeˈder.t͡ʃi]]]
| Arrivederci || See you soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐr.ri.βeˈder.t͡ʃi]]]
|-
|-
| Buono viaggo || Bon voyage || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.no ˈvjad.d͡ʒo]]]
| Buonviaggo || Bon voyage || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔnˈvjad.d͡ʒo]]]
|}
|}
|}
|}
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| Begio, puosserebbi saecare lo menu? || Please, could I see the menu? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜pwɔs.seˈrɛb.bi sɛˈka.re lo ˈme.nu]]]
| Begio, puosserebbi saecare lo menu? || Please, could I see the menu? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜pwɔs.seˈrɛb.bi sɛˈka.re lo ˈme.nu]]]
|-
|-
| Begio, hais aeno menu in Lûthica? || Please, do you have a menu in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ˈajs ˈɛ.no ˈme.nu in ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]
| Begio, hai aen menu in Lûthica? || Please, do you have a menu in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ˈaj ˈɛn ˈme.nu in ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Mangiasti? || Have you eaten? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐnˈd͡ʒas.ti]]]
| Mangiasti? || Have you eaten? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐnˈd͡ʒas.ti]]]
|-
|-
| Buono appetito || Bon appetit || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.no ɐp.peˈti.θo]]]
| Buonappetito || Bon appetit || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔn.ɐp.peˈti.θo]]]
|-
|-
| Begio, passâ lo sale || Please, pass the salt || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜pɐsˈsa‿llo ˈsa.le]]]
| Begio, passâ lo sale || Please, pass the salt || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜pɐsˈsa‿llo ˈsa.le]]]
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! width="33%"|IPA
! width="33%"|IPA
|-
|-
| Stais betizu nu? <sup>m sg</sup> <br> Stais betiza nu? <sup>f sg</sup> <br> States betizi nu? <sup>m pl</sup> <br> States betize nu? <sup>f pl</sup> || Are you feeling better? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstajs beˈtid.d͡zu nu]]] <sup>m sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstajs beˈtid.d͡zɐ nu]]] <sup>f sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.tes beˈtid.d͡zi nu]]] <sup>m pl</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.tes beˈtid.d͡ze nu]]] <sup>f pl</sup>
| Stai betesu nu? <sup>m sg</sup> <br> Stai betesa nu? <sup>f sg</sup> <br> State betesi nu? <sup>m pl</sup> <br> State betese nu? <sup>f pl</sup> || Are you feeling better? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstaj beˈte.zu nu]]] <sup>m sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstaj beˈte.zɐ nu]]] <sup>f sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.te beˈte.zi nu]]] <sup>m pl</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.te beˈte.ze nu]]] <sup>f pl</sup>
|-
|-
| Betizâ preste || Get well soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[be.θidˈd͡za‿pˈprɛs.te]]]
| Betesâ preste || Get well soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[be.θeˈza‿pˈprɛs.te]]]
|-
|-
| Curâ <sup>sg</sup> <br> Curate <sup>pl</sup> || Take care of yourself <sup>sg</sup> <br> Take care of yourselves || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra]]] <sup>sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra.θe]]] <sup>pl</sup>
| Curâ <sup>sg</sup> <br> Curate <sup>pl</sup> || Take care of yourself <sup>sg</sup> <br> Take care of yourselves || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra]]] <sup>sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra.θe]]] <sup>pl</sup>
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| Veglio ganare al toeletta || I want to go to the toilet || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vɛʎ.ʎo ɡɐˈna.re ɐl to.ɛˈlɛt.tɐ]]]
| Veglio ganare al toeletta || I want to go to the toilet || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vɛʎ.ʎo ɡɐˈna.re ɐl to.ɛˈlɛt.tɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Þaurvo aeno dottore || I need a doctor || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθɔr.βo ˈɛ.no dotˈto.re]]]
| Þaurvo aen dottore || I need a doctor || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθɔr.βo ˈɛn dotˈto.re]]]
|}
|}
|
|
Line 7,489: Line 6,806:
! width="33%"|IPA
! width="33%"|IPA
|-
|-
| Buono natale || Merry Christmas || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.no nɐˈta.le]]]
| Buonnatale || Merry Christmas || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔn.nɐˈta.le]]]
|-
|-
| Felice giar nuovo || Happy New Year || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[feˈli.t͡ʃe d͡ʒɐr ˈnwɔ.βo]]]
| Felice giar nuovo || Happy New Year || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[feˈli.t͡ʃe d͡ʒɐr ˈnwɔ.βo]]]
Line 7,531: Line 6,848:
! width="33%"|IPA
! width="33%"|IPA
|-
|-
| Is ciaelibe? || Are you single? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈt͡ʃɛ.li.βe]]]
| Sèi ciaelibe? || Are you single? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ˈt͡ʃɛ.li.βe]]]
|-
|-
| Is coniugatu? <sup>m</sup> <br> Is coniugata? <sup>f</sup> || Are you married? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ko.njuˈɡa.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ko.njuˈɡa.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup>
| Sèi coniugatu? <sup>m</sup> <br> Sèi coniugata? <sup>f</sup> || Are you married? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ko.njuˈɡa.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ko.njuˈɡa.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup>
|-
|-
| Mis piacis || I like you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mis ˈpja.t͡ʃis]]]
| Mièi piaci || I like you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmjɛj ˈpja.t͡ʃi]]]
|-
|-
| Fregio þuc <br> Fregio·t || I love you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfrɛ.d͡ʒo θux]]] <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfrɛ.d͡ʒoθ]]]
| Fregio þuc || I love you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfrɛ.d͡ʒo θux]]]
|-
|-
| Piaceresti salire mis? || Would you like to go out with me? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐ.t͡ʃeˈres.ti sɐˈli.re mis]]]
| Piaceresti salire mièi? || Would you like to go out with me? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐ.t͡ʃeˈres.ti sɐˈli.re ˈmjɛj]]]
|-
|-
| Im heterosessuale || I am straight || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im ˌɛ.θe.ro.sesˈswa.le]]]
| Im heterosessuale || I am straight || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im ˌɛ.θe.ro.sesˈswa.le]]]
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| Im homosessuale || I am gay || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im ˌɔ.mo.sesˈswa.le]]]
| Im homosessuale || I am gay || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im ˌɔ.mo.sesˈswa.le]]]
|-
|-
| Is scaunu <br> Is scauna || You are handsome <br> You are beautiful || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈsk̠ɔ.nu]]] <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈsk̠ɔ.nɐ]]]
| Sèi scaunu <br> Sèi scauna || You are handsome <br> You are beautiful || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ˈsk̠ɔ.nu]]] <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ˈsk̠ɔ.nɐ]]]
|}
|}
|
|
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| Ce arrivo al ferroviaria || How do I get to the train station? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl fer.ro.viˈa.rjɐ]]]
| Ce arrivo al ferroviaria || How do I get to the train station? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl fer.ro.viˈa.rjɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Canto þatha costat? || How much does it cost? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkan.to θɐ.tɐ ˈk̠os.tɐθ]]]
| Canto þatta costa? || How much does it cost? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkan.to θɐt.tɐ ˈk̠os.tɐ]]]
|-
|-
| Stô fralosnatu <sup>m</sup> <br> Stô fralosnata <sup>f</sup> || I am lost || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br>  [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup>
| Stô fralosnatu <sup>m</sup> <br> Stô fralosnata <sup>f</sup> || I am lost || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br>  [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup>
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| Stoppô lo vagno || Stop the car || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[stopˈpo‿llo ˈvaɲ.ɲo]]]
| Stoppô lo vagno || Stop the car || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[stopˈpo‿llo ˈvaɲ.ɲo]]]
|-
|-
| Car puosso begetare aeno hotele? || Where can I find a hotel? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.no oˈtɛ.le]]]
| Car puosso begetare aen hotele? || Where can I find a hotel? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛn oˈtɛ.le]]]
|-
|-
| Car puosso begetare aena drogheria? || Where can I find a grocery store? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.nɐ droˈɡe.rjɐ]]]
| Car puosso begetare aena drogheria? || Where can I find a grocery store? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.nɐ droˈɡe.rjɐ]]]
Line 7,580: Line 6,897:


# Monþo al volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”.
# Monþo al volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”.
# Dauþit lo volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:crepi il lupo|crepi in lupo]], an answer similar to “thank you”; literally, “may the wolf die”.
# Dauþi lo volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:crepi il lupo|crepi in lupo]], an answer similar to “thank you”; literally, “may the wolf die”.
# Tvi italiani miþ sole aena mana: equivalent to [[wikt:two birds with one stone|two birds with one stone]]; literally, “two Italians with only one hand”, a mock to Italians’ [[w:Che vuoi?|''che vuoi?'']].
# Tvi italiani miþ sole aena mana: equivalent to [[wikt:two birds with one stone|two birds with one stone]]; literally, “two Italians with only one hand”, a mock to Italians’ [[w:Che vuoi?|''che vuoi?'']].
# Vegliare anþero pomodoro: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”.
# Vegliare anþer pomodor: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”.
# La herba vicini ist aeve verdeza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”.
# La herba vicini è aeve verdeza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”.
# La fame laþot pasta, agce si inu salsa: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”.
# La fame laþo pasta, agce si inu salsa: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”.
# L’amore dominat inu regolevo: somewhat equivalent to [[wikt:all's fair in love and war|all’s fair in love and war]]; literally, “Love rules without rules”.
# L’amore domina inu regolevo: somewhat equivalent to [[wikt:all's fair in love and war|all’s fair in love and war]]; literally, “Love rules without rules”.
# Biegguare lo chiudo capo: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation.
# Biegguare lo chiudo capo: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation.
# Martellare lo dito: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”.
# Martellare lo dito: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”.
# Gnosco las meinas patatas: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”.
# Gnosco le meine patate: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”.
# Stoppau di rogiare fragcese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”.
# Stoppô di rogiare fragcese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”.
# Imparasti fragcese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”.
# Imparasti fragcese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”.
# Pasta miþ salsa e caffê aeve neru: equivalent to [[wikt:call a spade a spade|call a spade a spade]]; literally, “Pasta with sauce and coffee always black”.
# Pasta miþ salsa e caffê aeve neru: equivalent to [[wikt:call a spade a spade|call a spade a spade]]; literally, “Pasta with sauce and coffee always black”.
# Il þeinu sale stâþ dolce: equivalent to [[wikt:out of one's mind|out of one’s mind]]; literally, “Your salt is sweet”.
# I’ þeinu sale stâ dolce: equivalent to [[wikt:out of one's mind|out of one’s mind]]; literally, “Your salt is sweet”.
# Havere managos casos faul·lo dativo: equivalent to [[wikt:wear too many hats|wear too many hats]]; literally, “Have too many usages for the dative”, a joke about the many usages of the dative case in Luthic.
# Havere managhi casi faulli dativo: equivalent to [[wikt:wear too many hats|wear too many hats]]; literally, “Have too many usages for the dative”, a joke about the many usages of the dative case in Luthic.
# Sputâ la patata da seina monþa faur di rogiare: equivalent to [[wikt:speak up|speak up]]; literally, “Spit the potato out of your mouth before speaking”.
# Sputâ la patata da seina monþa faur di rogiare: equivalent to [[wikt:speak up|speak up]]; literally, “Spit the potato out of your mouth before speaking”.
# Rogiando da diavola: equivalent to [[wikt:speak of the devil|speak of the devil]], with the same literal translation.
# Rogiando da diavola: equivalent to [[wikt:speak of the devil|speak of the devil]], with the same literal translation.
# Il pomudoru non taugit lo capocuocu: equivalent to [[wikt:clothes don't make the man|clothes don’t make the man]]; literally, “The tomato doesn’t make the chef”.
# Il pomudoru non taugi lo capocuocu: equivalent to [[wikt:clothes don't make the man|clothes don’t make the man]]; literally, “The tomato doesn’t make the chef”.
# Aenu pomodoru grossu: equivalent to [[wikt:big shot|big shot]]; literally, “A big tomato”.
# Aenu pomodoru grossu: equivalent to [[wikt:big shot|big shot]]; literally, “A big tomato”.
# Havere aeno cervello di fragcesi: an expression for someone who ''acts stupidly, has low intelligence or has poor judgement''; literally, “To have a French brain”.
# Havere aen cervello di fragcesi: an expression for someone who ''acts stupidly, has low intelligence or has poor judgement''; literally, “To have a French brain”.
# Cosa ist marcia in Roma: equivalent to [[wikt:something is rotten in the state of Denmark|something is rotten in the state of Denmark]]; literally, “Something is rotten in Rome”.
# Cosa è marcia in Roma: equivalent to [[wikt:something is rotten in the state of Denmark|something is rotten in the state of Denmark]]; literally, “Something is rotten in Rome”.
# Scimmia non dauþat scimmia: equivalent to ''honour among thieves''; literally, “Monkey doesn’t kill monkey”.
# Scimmia non dauþa scimmia: equivalent to ''honour among thieves''; literally, “Monkey doesn’t kill monkey”.
# Costare aeno augono: equivalent to [[wikt:an arm and a leg|an arm and a leg]]; literally, “To cost an eye”.
# Costare aen augn: equivalent to [[wikt:an arm and a leg|an arm and a leg]]; literally, “To cost an eye”.
# Þatha ist Italiana mis: equivalent to [[wikt:it's all Greek to me|it’s all Greek to me]]; literally, “This is Italian to me”.
# Þatta è Italiana mis: equivalent to [[wikt:it's all Greek to me|it’s all Greek to me]]; literally, “This is Italian to me”.
# Drigcare svasve aenu russu: equivalent to [[wikt:drink like a fish|drink like a fish]]; literally, “To drink like a Russian”.
# Dregcare svasve aenu russu: equivalent to [[wikt:drink like a fish|drink like a fish]]; literally, “To drink like a Russian”.
# Vivere grande ed al fragcesa: an expression for ''living in extravagance'', ''to live in luxury''; literally, “To live big and French”, mocking the French lifestyle.
# Vivere grande ed al fragcesa: an expression for ''living in extravagance'', ''to live in luxury''; literally, “To live big and French”, mocking the French lifestyle.
# Puossere drigcare veleno ana þatha: equivalent to [[wikt:bet one's bottom dollar|bet one’s bottom dollar]]; literally, “To can drink poison on that”.
# Puossere dregcare velen ana þatta: equivalent to [[wikt:bet one's bottom dollar|bet one’s bottom dollar]]; literally, “To can drink poison on that”.
# Il volfu danzat har: an expression for a great party; literally, “The wolf dances here”.
# Il volfu danza har: an expression for a great party; literally, “The wolf dances here”.
# Non vendere los seinos pomosdoros faur di maturanda: equivalent to [[wikt:don't count your chickens before they're hatched|don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched]]; literally, “Don’t sell your tomatoes before they’re ripe”.
# Non vendere los seinos pomosdoros faur di maturanda: equivalent to [[wikt:don't count your chickens before they're hatched|don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched]]; literally, “Don’t sell your tomatoes before they’re ripe”.
# Pizza buona non cambiat la ricetta: equivalent to [[wikt:if it ain't broke, don't fix it|if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it]]; literally, “A good pizza doesn’t change its recipe”.
# Pizza buona non cambia la ricetta: equivalent to [[wikt:if it ain't broke, don't fix it|if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it]]; literally, “A good pizza doesn’t change its recipe”.
# Taugiare lo haurno: equivalent to [[wikt:cuckoldize|to cuckoldise]]; literally, “To make the horn”.
# Taugiare lo haurn: equivalent to [[wikt:cuckoldize|to cuckoldise]]; literally, “To make the horn”.


===Further reading===
===Further reading===
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* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic'''
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic'''
: ''Il vendu trabaergna ed atha sauilo giucavando carge erat il fortezu, can aenu pellegrinu qemavat avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, il fromu a rimuovere lo hacolo pellegrina sariat il fortezu anþera. Il vendu trabaergna dustoggit a soffiare violenza, ac atha maese is soffiavat, atha maese il pellegrinu striggevat hacolo; tantu ei, allo angio il vendu desistaet da seina sforza. Atha sauilo allora sceinaut varmamente nallo hemeno, e þan il pellegrinu rimuovaet lo hacolo immediatamente. Þan il vendu trabaergna obbligauða ad andaetare ei, latha sauilo erat atha fortezo tvoro.''
: ''Il vendu trabaergna e ta sauilo giucavando carge era il fortesu, can aenu pellegrinu qemava avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, il fromu a rimuovere lo hacolo pellegrina saria il fortesu anþera. Il vendu trabaergna dustoggi a soffiare violenza, ac ta maese is soffiava, ta maese il pellegrinu striggeva hacol; tantu ei, allo angio il vendu desistae da seina sforza. Ta sauilo allora sceinau varmamente nallo hemen, e þan il pellegrinu rimuovae lo hacol immediatamente. Þan il vendu trabaergna obbligauða ad andaetare ei, ta sauilo era ta forteso tvoro.''




* '''Broad transcription'''
* '''Broad transcription'''
: /il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ e.d‿ɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo d͡ʒu.kɐˈβɐn.do kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐθ il ˈɸɔr.te.d͡zu | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu kʷeˈma.βɐθ ɐβˈβol.tu ɐˈkɔ.lɐ ˈβar.mɐ ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tβi di.t͡ʃi.deˈron.do ˈi | il ˈɸro.mu ɐ ri.mwoˈβe.re lo ɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡri.nɐ ˈsa.rjɐθ il ˈɸɔr.te.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ duˈstɔd.d͡ʒiθ ɐ soɸˈɸja.re βjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ | ɐ.k‿ɐ.tɐ ˈmɛ.ze is soɸˈɸja.βɐθ | ɐ.tɐ ˈmɛ.ze il pel.leˈɡri.nu striŋˈɡe.βɐθ ɐˈkɔ.lo | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈβen.du deˈzi.stɛθ dɐ ˈsi.nɐ ˈsɸɔr.t͡sɐ ‖ ɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ βɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛθ lo ɐˈkɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.tɐˈmen.te ‖ θɐn il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ ob.bliˈɡɔ.ðɐ ɐ.d‿ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | lɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.rɐθ ɐ.tɐ ˈɸɔr.te.d͡zo ˈtβo.ro/
: /il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ e tɐ ˈsɔj.lo d͡ʒu.kɐˈβɐn.do kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐ il ˈɸɔr.te.zu | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu kʷeˈma.βɐ ɐβˈβol.tu ɐˈkɔ.lɐ ˈβar.mɐ ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tβi di.t͡ʃi.deˈron.do ˈi | il ˈɸro.mu ɐ ri.mwoˈβe.re lo ɐˈkɔl pel.leˈɡri.nɐ ˈsa.rjɐ il ˈɸɔr.te.zu ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ duˈstɔd.d͡ʒi ɐ soɸˈɸja.re βjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ | ɐk tɐ ˈmɛ.ze is soɸˈɸja.βɐ | tɐ ˈmɛ.ze il pel.leˈɡri.nu striŋˈɡe.βɐ ɐˈkɔl | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈβen.du deˈzi.stɛ dɐ ˈsi.nɐ ˈsɸɔr.t͡sɐ ‖ tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔ βɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈmen | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛ lo ɐˈkɔl ĩ.me.djɐ.tɐˈmen.te ‖ θɐn il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ ob.bliˈɡɔ.ðɐ ɐ.d‿ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.rɐ tɐ ˈɸɔr.te.zo ˈtβo.ro/




* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)'''
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)'''
: [il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e.ð‿ɐ.tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo d͡ʒu.xɐˈβɐn.do''' kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.ted.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu '''kᶣeˈma.βɐθ''' ɐβˈβol.tu '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lɐ ˈvar.mɐ''' ɐ.nɐ ‖ i '''tvi di.t͡ʃi.ðeˈron.do''' ˈi | il '''ˈfro.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈβe.re''' lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo''' pel.leˈɡri.nɐ ˈsa.rjɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.ted.d͡zu''' ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ dusˈtɔd.d͡ʒiθ '''ɐ‿ssoɸˈɸja.re vjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ''' | '''ɐ.x‿ɐ.tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' is soɸˈɸja.βɐθ | '''ɐ.tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' il pel.leˈɡri.nu '''striŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐθ ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il '''ˈven.du''' deˈzi.stɛθ '''dɐ‿sˈsi.nɐ ˈsfɔr.t͡sɐ''' ‖ '''ɐ.tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ '''vɐr.mɐˈmen.te''' nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛθ lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''ob.bliˈɡ˗ɔ.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿ɐn.dɛˈta.re''' ˈi | '''lɐ.tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ˈɛ.rɐθ '''ɐ.tɐ‿fˈfɔr.ted.d͡zo ˈtvo.ro''']
: [il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo d͡ʒu.xɐˈβɐn.do''' kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐ il '''ˈfɔr.te.zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu '''kᶣeˈma.βɐ''' ɐβˈβol.tu '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lɐ ˈvar.mɐ''' ɐ.nɐ ‖ i '''tvi di.t͡ʃi.ðeˈron.do''' ˈi | il '''ˈfro.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈβe.re''' lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔl''' pel.leˈɡri.nɐ ˈsa.rjɐ il '''ˈfɔr.ted.zu''' ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ dusˈtɔd.d͡ʒi '''ɐ‿ssoɸˈɸja.re vjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ''' | '''ɐx tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' is soɸˈɸja.βɐ | '''tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' il pel.leˈɡri.nu '''striŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐ ɐˈk̠ɔl''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il '''ˈven.du''' deˈzi.stɛ '''dɐ‿sˈsi.nɐ ˈsfɔr.t͡sɐ''' ‖ '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔ '''vɐr.mɐˈmen.te''' nɐl.lo eˈmen | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛ lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔl ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''ob.bliˈɡ˗ɔ.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿ɐn.dɛˈta.re''' ˈi | '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ˈɛ.rɐ '''tɐ‿fˈfɔr.te.zo ˈtvo.ro''']




Line 7,636: Line 6,953:
This extranarrow transcription illustrates a Lugo Ravennese, educated, middle-generation speech, in his twenties, and a careful yet colloquial style.
This extranarrow transcription illustrates a Lugo Ravennese, educated, middle-generation speech, in his twenties, and a careful yet colloquial style.


: ⟦il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ e.ð‿ɐ.t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o d͡ʒʷu̽ə̯̆.xɐˈβɐn̻.d̻o kɐr.d͡ʒʷe ˈɛ̝.rɐθ il̻ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻ed̻.d̻͡z̪uu̥ˣ | kɐn̻ ɛæ̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ kᶣeˈmä.βɐθ ɐβˈβol̻.t̻uu̥ˣ ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻ɐ ˈvär.mɐ ɐ.n̻ɐ ‖ ii̥ᶜ̧ t̻vii̥ᶜ̧ d̻i̽ə̯̆.t͡ʃʷi̽ə̯̆.ðeˈron̻.d̻o ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | il̻ ˈfro.muu̥ˣ ɐ‿rri̽ə̯̆.mwoˈβe.re l̻o ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻o pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻ɐ ˈs̻ä.rjɐθ il̻ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻ed̻.d̻͡z̪uu̥ˣ ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il̻ ˈven̻.d̻u t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ d̻us̻ˈt̻ɔ̟d.d͡ʒʷiθ ɐ‿s̻s̻oɸˈɸjä.re vjoˈl̻ɛ̝n̻.t̻͡s̪ɐ | ɐ.x‿ɐ.t̻ɐ‿mˈmɛæ̯̆.z̪e is̻ s̻oɸˈɸjä.βɐθ | ɐ.t̻ɐ‿mˈmɛæ̯̆.z̪e il̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ s̻t̻ri̽ə̯̆ŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐθ ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻o | ˈt̻än̻.t̻uu̥ˣ ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | ɐl̻.l̻o ˈän̻.d͡ʒʷo il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ d̻eˈz̻i̽ə̯̆.s̻tɛ̝θ d̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻i̽ə̯̆.n̻ɐ ˈs̻fɔ̟r.t̻͡s̪ɐ ‖ ɐ.t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o ɐl̻ˈl̻ɔ.rɐ ʃʷi̽ə̯̆ˈn̻ɔ̟θ vɐr.mɐˈmen̻.t̻e n̻ɐl̻.l̻o eˈme.n̻o | e θɐn̻ il̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ ri̽ə̯̆ˈmwo.βɛ̝θ l̻o ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻o ĩ.me.d̻jɐ.θɐˈmen̻.t̻e ‖ θɐn̻ il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ ob.bl̻i̽ə̯̆ˈɡ˗ɔ̟.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿ɐn̻.d̻ɛæ̯̆ˈt̻ä.re ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | l̻ɐ.t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o ˈɛ̝.rɐθ ɐ.t̻ɐ‿fˈfɔ̟r.t̻ed̻.d̻͡z̪o ˈt̻vo.ro⟧
: ⟦il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ e t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o d͡ʒʷu̽ə̯̆.xɐˈβɐn̻.d̻o kɐr.d͡ʒʷe ˈɛ̝.rɐ il̻ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻e.z̪uu̥ˣ | kɐn̻ ˈɛæ̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ kᶣeˈmä.βɐ ɐβˈβol̻.t̻uu̥ˣ ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻ɐ ˈvär.mɐ ɐ.n̻ɐ ‖ ii̥ᶜ̧ t̻vii̥ᶜ̧ d̻i̽ə̯̆.t͡ʃʷi̽ə̯̆.ðeˈron̻.d̻o ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | il̻ ˈfro.muu̥ˣ ɐ‿rri̽ə̯̆.mwoˈβe.re l̻o ɐˈk̠ɔ̟l̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻ɐ ˈs̻ä.rjɐ il̻ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻e.z̪uu̥ˣ ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il̻ ˈven̻.d̻u t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ d̻us̻ˈt̻ɔ̟d.d͡ʒʷi ɐ‿s̻s̻oɸˈɸjä.re vjoˈl̻ɛ̝n̻.t̻͡s̪ɐ | ɐx t̻ɐ‿mˈmɛæ̯̆.z̪e is̻ s̻oɸˈɸjä.βɐ | t̻ɐ‿mˈmɛæ̯̆.z̪e il̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ s̻t̻ri̽ə̯̆ŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐ ɐˈk̠ɔ̟l̻ | ˈt̻än̻.t̻uu̥ˣ ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | ɐl̻.l̻o ˈän̻.d͡ʒʷo il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ d̻eˈz̻i̽ə̯̆.s̻tɛ̝ d̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻i̽ə̯̆.n̻ɐ ˈs̻fɔ̟r.t̻͡s̪ɐ ‖ t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o ɐl̻ˈl̻ɔ.rɐ ʃʷi̽ə̯̆ˈn̻ɔ̟ vɐr.mɐˈmen̻.t̻e n̻ɐl̻.l̻o eˈmen̻ | e θɐn̻ il̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ ri̽ə̯̆ˈmwo.βɛ̝ l̻o ɐˈk̠ɔ̟l̻ ĩ.me.d̻jɐ.θɐˈmen̻.t̻e ‖ θɐn̻ il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ ob.bl̻i̽ə̯̆ˈɡ˗ɔ̟.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿ɐn̻.d̻ɛæ̯̆ˈt̻ä.re ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o ˈɛ̝.rɐ t̻ɐ‿fˈfɔ̟r.t̻e.z̪o ˈt̻vo.ro⟧




* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)'''
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)'''
: [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu kɐr.d͡ze''' ˈɛ.rɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn '''e.nu pel.liˈɡri.nu''' '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ ɐvˈvul.tu''' ɐˈkɔ.lɐ ˈvar.mɐ ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡si.ð̞iˈrun.du''' ˈi | il '''ˈfru.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''pel.liˈɡri.nɐ''' ˈsa.rjɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.rɐ''' ‖ il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''dusˈtɔd.d͡ziθ ɐ‿ssofˈfja.re''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ | '''ɐ.x‿ɐ.tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze is sofˈfja.vɐθ''' | '''ɐ.tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐθ''' ɐˈkɔ.lo | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo '''ˈan.d͡zo''' il '''ˈvin.du deˈzis.tɛθ dɐ‿sˈsi.nɐ''' ˈsfɔr.t͡sɐ ‖ '''ɐ.tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.vɛθ''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | '''lɐ.tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.tɐ‿fˈfɔr.ted.d͡zo ˈtvu.ru''']
: [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu kɐr.d͡ze''' ˈɛ.rɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.ti.zu''' | kɐn '''e.nu pel.liˈɡri.nu''' '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ ɐvˈvul.tu''' ɐˈkɔ.lɐ ˈvar.mɐ ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡si.ð̞iˈrun.du''' ˈi | il '''ˈfru.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''pel.liˈɡri.nɐ''' ˈsa.rjɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.ti.zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.rɐ''' ‖ il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''dusˈtɔd.d͡ziθ ɐ‿ssofˈfja.re''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ | '''ɐx tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze is sofˈfja.vɐθ''' | '''tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐθ''' ɐˈkɔ.lo | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo '''ˈan.d͡zo''' il '''ˈvin.du deˈzis.tɛθ dɐ‿sˈsi.nɐ''' ˈsfɔr.t͡sɐ ‖ '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.vɛθ''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''tɐ‿fˈfɔr.te.zo ˈtvu.ru''']




* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions and syntactic gemination'''
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions and syntactic gemination'''
: ''Il vendu trabaergna·d atha·ssauilo giucavando carge erat il fortezu, can aenu pellegrinu qemavat avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, il fromu a·rrimuovere l’hacolo pellegrina sariat il fortezu anþera. Il vendu trabaergna dustoggit a·ssoffiare violenza, ac atha·mmaese is soffiavat, atha·mmaese il pellegrinu striggevat hacolo; tantu ei, all’angio il vendu desistaet da·sseina sforza. Atha·ssauilo allora sceinaut varmamente nall’hemeno, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet l’hacolo immediatamente. Þan il vendu trabaergna obbligauða·d andaetare ei, latha·ssauilo erat atha·ffortezo tvoro.''
: ''I’ vendu trabaergna e ta·ssauilo giucavando carge era i’ fortesu, can aen’ pellegrin’ qemava avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, i’ fromu a·rrimuovere l’hacol pellegrina saria i’ fortesu anþera. I’ vendu trabaergna dustoggi a·ssoffiare violenza, ac ta·mmaese is soffiava, ta·mmaese i’ pellegrin’ striggeva hacol; tantu ei, all’angio i’ vendu desistae da·sseina sforza. Ta·ssauilo allora sceinau varmamente nall’hemen, e þan i’ pellegrin’ rimuovae l’hacol immediatamente. Þan i’ vendu trabaergna obbligauða ad andaetare ei, ta·ssauilo era ta·fforteso tvoro.''




Line 7,656: Line 6,973:
<poem style="font-style: italic">
<poem style="font-style: italic">
* '''Orthographic version in Luthic'''
* '''Orthographic version in Luthic'''
Faðar unsar, þû hemeno,
Faðar unsar, þû hemen,
Veiða latha namno þeino;
Veiða ta namno þeino;
La þiuðanagarda þeina qemit;
La þiuðanagarda þeina qemi;
Lo vegliano þeino taugiat;
Lo veglian þein taugia;
Svasve hemeno ed ana aerþa.
Svasve hemen ed ana aerþa.
Il chiaefu qotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Il chiaefu quotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi,
Ed afietâ las unsaras colpas,
Ed afietâ l’unsare colpe,
Svasve afietiamos þos ei, colpando unsis;
Svasve afietiamo þoi ei, colpando unsi;
E non letare unse in tentazione
E non letare unse in tentazion
Ac frieau unse da mala.
Ac frieau unse da mala.
Faur þuc ist þiuðanagarda,
Faur þuc è þiuðanagarda,
E la forza, la volþa,
E la forza, la volþa,
Faur saechia saechioro. Amen.
Faur saechia saechioro. Amen.
Line 7,673: Line 6,990:
<poem>
<poem>
* '''Broad transcription'''
* '''Broad transcription'''
/ˈɸa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈme.no
/ˈɸa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈmen
ˈβi.ðɐ lɐ.tɐ ˈnam.no ˈθi.no
ˈβi.ðɐ tɐ ˈnam.no ˈθi.no
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkʷe.miθ
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkʷe.mi
lo βeʎˈʎa.no ˈθi.no ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐθ
lo βeʎˈʎan ˈθin ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐ
zβɐ.zβe eˈme.no e.d‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ
zβɐ.zβe eˈmen e.d‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.tiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.tiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi
e.d‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta lɐs ˈũ.sɐ.rɐs ˈkol.pɐs
e.d‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta l‿ˈũ.sɐ.re ˈkol.pe
zβɐ.zβe ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mos θos ˈi | kolˈpɐn.do ũ.sis
zβɐ.zβe ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo θoj ˈi | kolˈpɐn.do ũ.si
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjo.ne
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjon
ɐk ɸrjeˈɔ ũ.se da ˈma.la
ɐk ɸrjeˈɔ ũ.se da ˈma.la
ɸɔr θuk ist θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.da
ɸɔr θuk ˈɛ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.da
e la ˈɸɔr.t͡sa | la ˈvol.θa
e la ˈɸɔr.t͡sa | la ˈvol.θa
ɸɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men/
ɸɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men/
Line 7,693: Line 7,010:
<poem>
<poem>
* '''Narrow transcription'''
* '''Narrow transcription'''
[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈme.no
[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈmen
ˈvi.ðɐ lɐ.tɐ‿nˈnam.no ˈθi.no
ˈvi.ðɐ tɐ‿nˈnam.no ˈθi.no
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkᶣe.miθ
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkᶣe.mi
lo veʎˈʎa.no ˈθi.no ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐθ
lo veʎˈʎan ˈθin ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐ
zvɐ.zve eˈme.no e.ð‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ
zvɐ.zve eˈme.n e.ð‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.θiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.θiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi
e.ð‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta‿llɐs ˈũ.sɐ.rɐs ˈk̠ol.pɐs
e.ð‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta‿lˈũ.sɐ.re ˈk̠ol.pe
zvɐ.zve ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo.θ‿θos ˈi | k̠olˈpɐn.do ũ.sis
zvɐ.zve ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo θoj ˈi | k̠olˈpɐn.do ũ.si
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjo.ne
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjon
ɐ.f‿frjeˈɔ ũ.se dɐ‿mˈma.lɐ
ɐx frjeˈɔ ũ.se dɐ‿mˈma.lɐ
fɔr θux ist θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ
fɔr θux ˈɛ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ
e lɐ ˈfɔr.t͡sɐ | lɐ ˈvol.θɐ
e lɐ ˈfɔr.t͡sɐ | lɐ ˈvol.θɐ
fɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men]
fɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men]
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