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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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{{Featured | {{Featured | ||
|featured banner= Þatta artighio | |featured banner= Þatta artighio è iena rasda ascritta. Gia votauda ascritta grazie alla sina livella qualitadi, piausevoletadi e capacitadi di utilizza.}} | ||
{{privatelang}} | {{privatelang}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
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| brcl = luth | | brcl = luth | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Disclaimer== | |||
This article is extremely outdated, without a forecast to be updated. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/12cxldxeUnAzpVeVElpPF4qe81NrwHjPGbeSIYspeAIA/edit?usp=sharing| The most updated resource can be checked here.] | |||
<br> | |||
Sincerely, [[User:Lëtzelúcia|Lëtzelúcia]]. | |||
==Luthic== | |||
[[Luthic]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[w:Help:IPA|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide. | [[Luthic]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[w:Help:IPA|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide. | ||
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| [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈax.tɔː/]] || [[wikt:athe#Crimean_Gothic|athe]] /ˈa.te/ || attau [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] || eight | | [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈax.tɔː/]] || [[wikt:athe#Crimean_Gothic|athe]] /ˈa.te/ || attau [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] || eight | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂]] (''baur'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/bɔr/]] <br >[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽]] (''barn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/barn/]] || [[wikt:baar#Crimean_Gothic|baar]] /bar/ <br >*ba(a)rn /barn/? || | | [[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂]] (''baur'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/bɔr/]] <br >[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽]] (''barn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/barn/]] || [[wikt:baar#Crimean_Gothic|baar]] /bar/ <br >*ba(a)rn /barn/? || bauro [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɔ.ro]]] <br >barno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.no]]] || child | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂]] (''brōþar'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈbroː.θar/]] || [[wikt:bruder#Crimean_Gothic|bruder]] /'bru.der/ || broþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] || brother | | [[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂]] (''brōþar'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈbroː.θar/]] || [[wikt:bruder#Crimean_Gothic|bruder]] /'bru.der/ || broþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] || brother | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂#Gothic|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂]] (''wair'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/wɛr/]] || [[wikt:fers#Crimean_Gothic|fers]] /fers/ || | | [[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂#Gothic|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂]] (''wair'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/wɛr/]] || [[wikt:fers#Crimean_Gothic|fers]] /fers/ || vaeru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɛ.ru]]] || were- (as in werewolf) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃]] (''handus'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhan.dus/]] || [[wikt:handa#Crimean_Gothic|handa]] /ˈan.da/ || | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃]] (''handus'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhan.dus/]] || [[wikt:handa#Crimean_Gothic|handa]] /ˈan.da/ || andu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈan.du]]] || hand | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸]] (''haubiþ'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhɔː.βiθ/]] || [[wikt:hoef#Crimean_Gothic|hoef]] (for *hoeft) /oft/ || | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸]] (''haubiþ'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhɔː.βiθ/]] || [[wikt:hoef#Crimean_Gothic|hoef]] (for *hoeft) /oft/ || auveþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βe.θo]]] || head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈkʷi.man/]] || [[wikt:kommen#Crimean_Gothic|kommen]] /'ko.men/ || | | [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈkʷi.man/]] || [[wikt:kommen#Crimean_Gothic|kommen]] /'ko.men/ || quemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] || to come | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''hlahjan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/'hlax.jan/]] || [[wikt:lachen#Crimean_Gothic|lachen]] /'la.xen/ (/'la.ɣen/?) || chiaire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkjaj.re]]] || to laugh | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''hlahjan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/'hlax.jan/]] || [[wikt:lachen#Crimean_Gothic|lachen]] /'la.xen/ (/'la.ɣen/?) || chiaire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkjaj.re]]] || to laugh | ||
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|source= Giuseppe il Lûthicu, proverbs | |source= Giuseppe il Lûthicu, proverbs | ||
}} | }} | ||
Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareicu Biagci’s 1657 Latin grammar '''''De studio linguæ luthicæ'''''. Late Mediaevel Luthic saw significant changes to its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and orthography. An eventual form of written Standard Luthic emerged c. 1730, and a large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from [[w:Medieval Latin|Mediaeval Latin]] (as adapted borrowings, rather than via the native form or Italian). What is known as Standard Ravennese Luthic began in the 1750s after the printing and wide distribution of [[w:Prayer book|prayer books]] and other kinds of [[w:Liturgical book|liturgical books]] in Luthic, after the works of Þiudareicu and his essays about the Luthic language and its written form. | Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareicu Biagci’s (now spelt Þiuðareicu) 1657 Latin grammar '''''De studio linguæ luthicæ'''''. Late Mediaevel Luthic saw significant changes to its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and orthography. An eventual form of written Standard Luthic emerged c. 1730, and a large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from [[w:Medieval Latin|Mediaeval Latin]] (as adapted borrowings, rather than via the native form or Italian). What is known as Standard Ravennese Luthic began in the 1750s after the printing and wide distribution of [[w:Prayer book|prayer books]] and other kinds of [[w:Liturgical book|liturgical books]] in Luthic, after the works of Þiudareicu and his essays about the Luthic language and its written form. | ||
====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''==== | ====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''==== | ||
| Line 197: | Line 203: | ||
As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. | As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. | ||
Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: '' | Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurde faulla Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˈɸɔr.de fɔl.lɐ ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravenne'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.ɸe ˈlu.ti.xɐ rɐˈβẽ.ne]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional ''Dachsprache'', Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]]. | ||
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]] | [[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]] | ||
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* The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound /k/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /t͡ʃ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. | * The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound /k/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /t͡ʃ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. | ||
* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound /ɡ/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /d͡ʒ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound /ŋ/ before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | * The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound /ɡ/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /d͡ʒ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound /ŋ/ before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | ||
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ||
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** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, /i/ ~ /j/ are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead. | ** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, /i/ ~ /j/ are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead. | ||
If the clusters /ɡl/ and /ɡn/ are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively, which may cause confusion. | If the clusters /ɡl/ and /ɡn/ are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively, which may cause confusion. | ||
* /kʷ/ is spelt ⟨q⟩ and ⟨qu⟩, the difference is ultimately etymological, as ⟨qu⟩ is only found in Latin and Italian loanwords. | * /kʷ/ is spelt ⟨q⟩ and ⟨qu⟩, the difference is ultimately etymological, as ⟨qu⟩ is only found in Latin and Italian loanwords. | ||
| Line 387: | Line 390: | ||
| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || — | | [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || | | [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || — | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | [[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | ||
| Line 490: | Line 493: | ||
||<poem> | ||<poem> | ||
𐌹 • Eissu è aeno specchio. | 𐌹 • Eissu è aeno specchio. | ||
Rifiette la | Rifiette la luce, | ||
l’augna meina solecchio.</poem> | l’augna meina solecchio.</poem> | ||
||<poem> | ||<poem> | ||
| Line 1,130: | Line 1,133: | ||
* Nearby a rhotic, a lateral or nasal. | * Nearby a rhotic, a lateral or nasal. | ||
* Stressed and anlaut. | * Stressed and anlaut. | ||
* Consider that all plosives are spirantised word-terminally. | |||
Unstressed consonants between intervocalic boundaries are voiced. | Unstressed consonants between intervocalic boundaries are voiced. | ||
| Line 1,200: | Line 1,204: | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'', stem ''augVn-'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːɣoː]]] > Luthic ''augno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'', stem ''augVn-'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːɣoː]]] > Luthic ''augno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]]. | ||
====Phonotactics==== | ====Phonotactics==== | ||
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==Research== | ==Research== | ||
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]] | [[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]] | ||
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavetascapetico Ravenne''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council '' | Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavetascapetico Ravenne''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurde faulla Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica gli Lûthice Rasde'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandru Fiscar & Luca Vagnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words. | ||
===History=== | ===History=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Pronouns often become a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] nearby verbs, mainly with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs (often apocopating the terminal -e of infinitives), being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. A good example is ''faur þuc'' “for you” but ''(ic) | Pronouns often become a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] nearby verbs, mainly with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs (often apocopating the terminal -e of infinitives), being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. A good example is ''faur þuc'' “for you” but ''(ic) dauþo·ti'' “I kill you”. Paradigmata is given below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 1,966: | Line 1,956: | ||
!rowspan=3| Singular | !rowspan=3| Singular | ||
! {{small|acc.}} | ! {{small|acc.}} | ||
| mi | | mi | ||
| ti | | ti | ||
| lo | | lo | ||
| la | | la | ||
| lo | | lo | ||
| si | | si | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| mi | | mi | ||
| ti | | ti | ||
| gli | | gli | ||
| gli | | gli | ||
| gli | | gli | ||
| si | | si | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
| — | | — | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=3| Plural | !rowspan=3| Plural | ||
| Line 1,993: | Line 1,983: | ||
| ci | | ci | ||
| vi | | vi | ||
| | | li | ||
| | | le | ||
| la | | la | ||
| si | | si | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| ci | | ci | ||
| vi | | vi | ||
| li | | li | ||
| li | | li | ||
| li | | li | ||
| si | | si | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
| — | | — | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
|} | |} | ||
Apocopated forms happen before or after (vide below) a vowel, e.g.: | Apocopated forms happen before or after (vide below) a vowel, e.g.: | ||
* ''(Ic) | * ''(Ic) gevo·ti lo chiaefo'' “I give you the bread” | ||
* ''(Vi) gevamos·ti lo chiaefo'' “we give you the bread | * ''(Vi) gevamos·ti lo chiaefo'' “we give you the bread | ||
* ''(Þû) gevas·mi lo chiaefo'' “you give me the bread” | * ''(Þû) gevas·mi lo chiaefo'' “you give me the bread” | ||
* ''(Essi) | * ''(Essi) gevando·mi lo chiaefo'' “they give me the bread” | ||
Verbs that start with a vowel or ⟨h⟩ call for a [[w:Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]], except for first and second person plural: | Verbs that start with a vowel or ⟨h⟩ call for a [[w:Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]], except for first and second person plural: | ||
| Line 2,583: | Line 2,565: | ||
| esto | | esto | ||
| giaen | | giaen | ||
| | | giaena | ||
| | | giaeno | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| Line 2,768: | Line 2,750: | ||
| rossa | | rossa | ||
| rosso | | rosso | ||
| | | felice | ||
| polchare | | polchare | ||
|- | |- | ||
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* ''a'' and ''ab'' | * ''a'' and ''ab'' | ||
* ''a'' and ''ad'' | * ''a'' and ''ad'' | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
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* Ic e þû (I and you) | * Ic e þû (I and you) | ||
* Ic ed esse (I and he) | * Ic ed esse (I and he) | ||
* Ic au þû? (I or you?) | * Ic au þû? (I or you?) | ||
* Ic aud esse? (I or he?) | * Ic aud esse? (I or he?) | ||
===Romance copula=== | ===Romance copula=== | ||
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:* Accusative: ''(Ic) rogio lo lûthico''. “I speak Luthic” | :* Accusative: ''(Ic) rogio lo lûthico''. “I speak Luthic” | ||
:* Dative: ''(Ic) laso lo lûthico þuoi''. “I teach Luthic to you” | :* Dative: ''(Ic) laso lo lûthico þuoi''. “I teach Luthic to you” | ||
:* Genitive: ''La rasda lûthicoro | :* Genitive: ''La rasda lûthicoro þiuðesca non è''. “The language of the Luths is not Germanic” | ||
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* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)''' | * '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)''' | ||
: [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e | : [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu kɐr.d͡ze''' ˈɛ.rɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.ti.zu''' | kɐn '''e.nu pel.liˈɡri.nu''' '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ ɐvˈvul.tu''' ɐˈkɔ.lɐ ˈvar.mɐ ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡si.ð̞iˈrun.du''' ˈi | il '''ˈfru.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''pel.liˈɡri.nɐ''' ˈsa.rjɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.ti.zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.rɐ''' ‖ il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''dusˈtɔd.d͡ziθ ɐ‿ssofˈfja.re''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ | '''ɐx tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze is sofˈfja.vɐθ''' | '''tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐθ''' ɐˈkɔ.lo | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo '''ˈan.d͡zo''' il '''ˈvin.du deˈzis.tɛθ dɐ‿sˈsi.nɐ''' ˈsfɔr.t͡sɐ ‖ '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.vɛθ''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''tɐ‿fˈfɔr.te.zo ˈtvu.ru'''] | ||
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions and syntactic gemination''' | * '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions and syntactic gemination''' | ||
: ''I’ vendu trabaergna e ta·ssauilo giucavando carge era i’ fortesu, can aen’ pellegrin’ qemava avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, i’ fromu a·rrimuovere l’hacol pellegrina saria i’ fortesu anþera. I’ vendu trabaergna dustoggi a·ssoffiare violenza, ac ta·mmaese is soffiava, ta·mmaese i’ pellegrin’ striggeva hacol; tantu ei, all’angio i’ vendu desistae da·sseina sforza. Ta·ssauilo allora sceinau varmamente nall’hemen, e þan i’ pellegrin’ rimuovae l’hacol immediatamente. Þan i’ vendu trabaergna | : ''I’ vendu trabaergna e ta·ssauilo giucavando carge era i’ fortesu, can aen’ pellegrin’ qemava avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, i’ fromu a·rrimuovere l’hacol pellegrina saria i’ fortesu anþera. I’ vendu trabaergna dustoggi a·ssoffiare violenza, ac ta·mmaese is soffiava, ta·mmaese i’ pellegrin’ striggeva hacol; tantu ei, all’angio i’ vendu desistae da·sseina sforza. Ta·ssauilo allora sceinau varmamente nall’hemen, e þan i’ pellegrin’ rimuovae l’hacol immediatamente. Þan i’ vendu trabaergna obbligauða ad andaetare ei, ta·ssauilo era ta·fforteso tvoro.'' | ||