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Kämpya: Difference between revisions

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For verbs such as "give", "sell", "send" etc. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditransitive], the normal situation is to have the donor marked in the ergative case in the usual position (i.e before the verb and any postpositional phrases), the theme (whatever is being given / sold etc. to someone) directly after it, and marked with the secundative postposition /-ti/, and the recipient in the absolutive case either after the verb or topicalised at the beginning of the sentence e.g.
For verbs such as "give", "sell", "send" etc. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditransitive], the normal situation is to have the donor marked in the ergative case in the usual position (i.e before the verb and any postpositional phrases), the theme (whatever is being given / sold etc. to someone) directly after it, and marked with the secundative postposition /-ti/, and the recipient in the absolutive case either after the verb or topicalised at the beginning of the sentence e.g.


/ˈsíʔtà=zù bàṵn=tí gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/ˈsíʔtà=zù bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/


guardian=ERG bone=SEC give dog
guardian=ERG bone=SEC give dog
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or
or


/dô̰k ˈsíʔtà=zù wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂b/
/dô̰k ˈsíʔtà=zù wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p/


dog guardian=ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give
dog guardian=ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give
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The ergative argument can be topicalised in the same way e.g.
The ergative argument can be topicalised in the same way e.g.


/ˈsíʔtà wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/ˈsíʔtà wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/


guardian INDEF=bone=SEC give dog
guardian INDEF=bone=SEC give dog
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It is also perfectly possible to put a ditransitive sentence in the antipassive voice e.g.
It is also perfectly possible to put a ditransitive sentence in the antipassive voice e.g.


/ˈsíʔtà bàṵn=tí θú=gḭ̂b dô̰k=àuŋ/
/ˈsíʔtà bàṵn=tí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/


guardian bone=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT
guardian bone=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT
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Postpositional phrases usually come after the theme (i.e. whatever takes the secundative case) e.g.
Postpositional phrases usually come after the theme (i.e. whatever takes the secundative case) e.g.


/ˈsíʔtà=zù bàṵn=tí pʰò̤wét=ká gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/ˈsíʔtà=zù bàṵn=tí pʰò̤wét=ká gḭ̂p dô̰k/


guardian=ERG bone=SEC forest=LOC give dog
guardian=ERG bone=SEC forest=LOC give dog
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Immediately after a monophthong with breathy voice (and thus necessarily a vowel in an open syllable that has stress), an inital /t/ in clitics lenites to /ɾ/. For example, the secundative clitic /ti/ becomes /ɾi/ e.g.
Immediately after a monophthong with breathy voice (and thus necessarily a vowel in an open syllable that has stress), an inital /t/ in clitics lenites to /ɾ/. For example, the secundative clitic /ti/ becomes /ɾi/ e.g.


/ˈsíʔtà gwà̤=ɾí gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/ˈsíʔtà gwà̤=ɾí gḭ̂p dô̰k/


guardian grass=SEC give dog
guardian grass=SEC give dog
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Immediately after a monophthong with harsh voice, /t/ also lenites to /ɾ/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "snare" is /n̥ḛ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form /n̥ḛ̀=ɾí/, as in:
Immediately after a monophthong with harsh voice, /t/ also lenites to /ɾ/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "snare" is /n̥ḛ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form /n̥ḛ̀=ɾí/, as in:


/ˈsíʔtà n̥ḛ̀=ɾí θú=gḭ̂b dô̰k=àuŋ/
/ˈsíʔtà n̥ḛ̀=ɾí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/


guardian snare=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT
guardian snare=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT
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/bàṵn=tí pʰò̤wét=ká jô̰ gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/bàṵn=tí pʰò̤wét=ká jô̰ gḭ̂p dô̰k/


bone=SEC forest=LOC 2PS.ERG give dog
bone=SEC forest=LOC 2PS.ERG give dog
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/jô̰ bàṵn=tí pʰò̤wét=ká gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/jô̰ bàṵn=tí pʰò̤wét=ká gḭ̂p dô̰k/


2PS.ERG bone=SEC forest=LOC give dog
2PS.ERG bone=SEC forest=LOC give dog
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Likewise, in ditransitive sentences, the theme (i.e. whatever is given by the donor to the recipient) can also be topicalised by the same process e.g.
Likewise, in ditransitive sentences, the theme (i.e. whatever is given by the donor to the recipient) can also be topicalised by the same process e.g.


/dô̰k ˈsíʔtà=zù wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂b/
/dô̰k ˈsíʔtà=zù wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p/


dog guardian=ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give
dog guardian=ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give
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becomes
becomes


/bâṵn ˈsíʔtà=zù ˈgḭ̂b=tì ˈdô̰k=àuŋ/
/bâṵn ˈsíʔtà=zù ˈgḭ̂p=tì ˈdô̰k=àuŋ/


bone guardian=ERG give=SEC dog=DAT
bone guardian=ERG give=SEC dog=DAT
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/ˈsíʔtà ˈkèʔ=ɾí θú=gḭ̂b dô̰k=àuŋ/
/ˈsíʔtà ˈkèʔ=ɾí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/


guardian Q.ACC=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT
guardian Q.ACC=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT
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And as before, the absolutive argument of the superordinate clause can be the topic of the subordinate clause e.g.
And as before, the absolutive argument of the superordinate clause can be the topic of the subordinate clause e.g.


/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí píʔh kʰḭ̂d wá=áˈjòṳ=tí lét=gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí píʔh kʰḭ̂d wá=bàṵn=tí lét=gḭ̂p dô̰k/


mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=ˈdè̤sì ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tí lét=gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=ˈdè̤sì ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tí lét=gḭ̂p dô̰k/


mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT  INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT  INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=píʔh ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=píʔh ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/


mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT  INDEF=bone=SEC give dog
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT  INDEF=bone=SEC give dog
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=píʔh ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tí hí=gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=píʔh ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tí hí=gḭ̂p dô̰k/


mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT  INDEF=bone=SEC REP=give dog
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT  INDEF=bone=SEC REP=give dog
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So if the above 2 sentences take ðjíʔ, then they become:
So if the above 2 sentences take ðjíʔ, then they become:


/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí píʔh ˈkʰḭ̂d ðjíʔ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí píʔh ˈkʰḭ̂d ðjíʔ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/


mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=ˈpíʔh ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ ðjíʔ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂b dô̰k/
/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=ˈpíʔh ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ ðjíʔ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/


mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog
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