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Mariupol Gothic: Difference between revisions

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'''Mariupol Gothic''' (natively '''Гутишка ''Gutiškă''''' ['ɦutɪʃkə]) or '''Gothish''' is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 45,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.
'''Mariupol Gothic''' (natively '''Гутишка ''Gutĭška''''' ['ɦutʲɪʃkə]) or '''Gothish''' is a Germanic language spoken by approximately 45,000 people on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. It is an East Germanic language, closely related to Biblical Gothic, however the language is not a lineal descendant of Biblical Gothic. Nonetheless the speakers of Mariupol Gothic refer to themselves as "Goths" and their language still shares enough similarities with Gothic to be considered related. The language is critically endangered, with only a handful of native speakers remaining, with most acquiring the language as an L2.


== History ==
== History ==
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During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.
During World War II many Goths were expelled to various oblasts in Siberia to work as slave labour for the Soviet war machine. Like the Germans in the USSR, the Goths were feared to be sympathetic to the Nazis and therefore were persecuted heavily during World War II. While some Goths returned to the Black Sea after the war, many others had emigrated abroad to countries such as Brazil and Argentina.
== Historical Development ==


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Orthography of Modern Crimean Gothic
|+ Orthography of Mariupol Gothic
! Cyrillic !! Latin !! Phoneme !! Notes
! Cyrillic !! Latin !! Phoneme !! Notes
|-
|-
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| з || z || /z/ ||  
| з || z || /z/ ||  
|-
|-
| и || y || /ɪ/ ||
| и || ĭ / ï || /ɪ/ || Often written ''i'' in non-scholarly Latin
|-
|-
| і || i || /i/ ||
| i || i || /i/ ||
|-
|-
| ї || ji || /ji/ || Can also represent /jɪ/
| ї || ji || /ji/ || Can also represent /jɪ/
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| ѱ || þ || /θ/ || Inherited from Gothic ''𐌸''
| ѱ || þ || /θ/ || Inherited from Gothic ''𐌸''
|-
|-
| ч || tsch || /t͡ʃ/ ||
| ч || č || /t͡ʃ/ ||
|-
|-
| ш || sch || /ʃ/ ||  
| ш || š || /ʃ/ ||  
|-
|-
| ю || ju || /ju/ ||  
| ю || ju || /ju/ ||  
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Modern Gothic
|+ Consonant phonemes of Mariupol Gothic
!              !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
!              !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
|-
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes of Modern Gothic
|+ Vowel phonemes of Mariupol Gothic
!        !! Front !! Central !! Back
!        !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
|-
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=== Masculine Stems ===
=== Masculine Stems ===


==== u-stems ====
=== Strong Masculine Stems ===


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Mariupol Gothic inanimate masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of an inanimate masculine stem noun, '''мiна''' (moon):  
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| винтс </br>''wints''
| виндэс </br>''windes''
|-
! Accusative
| винт </br>''wint''
| виндэнс </br>''windens''
|-
! Genitive
| виндэс </br>''windes''
| виндэ </br>''winde''
|-
! Genitive
| виндэ </br>''winde''
| виндэм </br>''windem''
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| фаψэр </br>''faþer'' /ˈfaðər/
| фаψрэс </br>''faþres'' /ˈfaðrəs/
|-
! Accusative
| фаψэр </br>''faþer''
| фаψрэнс </br>''faþrens''
|-
! Genitive
| фаψэрс </br>''faþers''
| фаψрэ </br>''faþre''
|-
! Genitive
| фаψэр </br>''faþer''
| фаψрэм </br>''faþrem''
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрюс </br>''faþrjus'' [ˈfaðrʲʊs]
|-
! Accusative
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрунс </br>''faþruns'' [ˈfaðrʊns]
|-
! Genitive
| фаψарс </br>''faþars'' [ˈfaðərs]
| фаψри </br>''faþri'' [ˈfaðri]
|-
! Genitive
| фаψар </br>''faþar'' [ˈfaðər]
| фаψрам </br>''faþram'' [ˈfaðrəm]
|-
|}
 
 
 
=== Inanimate Masculine Stems ===
 
Mariupol Gothic inanimate masculine stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculine nouns. Example of an inanimate masculine stem noun, '''мина''' (moon):  
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| минэ </br>''mīne''
| минэнс </br> ''mīnens''
|-
! Accusative
| минэ </br> ''mīne''
| минэнс </br>''mīnens''
|-
! Genitive
| минэнс </br>''mīnens''
| минэ </br>''mīne''
|-
|}
 
=== Animate Feminine Stems ===
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| раздэ
| раздэс
|-
! Oblique
| раздэ
| раздэс
|-
|}


=== Inanimate Feminine Stems ===
=== Strong Feminine Stems ===


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
=== Weak Feminine Stems ===
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| разда</br> ''razda''
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
|-
! Accusative
| разда</br> ''razda''
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
|-
! Genitive
| раздус</br> ''razdus''
| разду</br> ''razdu''
|-
|}


=== Strong Neuter Stems ===
=== Strong Neuter Stems ===


Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''бро̄т''' (bread):  
Gothish strong neuter stems are made up of former Proto-Germanic a- and u-stem neuters. Example of a strong neuter stem noun, '''брот''' (bread):
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| брөт</br> ''brøt''
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
! Accusative
| брөт</br> ''brøt''
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
! Genitive
| брөдэс</br> ''brødes''
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
|-
! Dative
| брөдэ</br> ''brøde''
| брөдэм</br> ''brødem''
|-
|}


=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
=== Weak Neuter Stems ===
Mariupol Gothic weak neuter stems are inherited exclusively from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters. Example of a weak neuter stem noun, '''о̄гэ''' (eye):
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| өгэ</br> ''øge''
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
! Accusative
| өгэ</br> ''øge''
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
! Genitive
| өгэнс</br> ''øgens''
| өгэнэ</br> ''øgene''
|-
! Dative
| өгэн</br> ''øgen''
| өгэм</br> ''øgem''
|-
|}


== Adjectives ==
== Adjectives ==


The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
The adjectives have been greatly simplified since Proto-Germanic. They are divided into two different forms, strong and weak, and agree in case, number and gender with the noun they modify.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=7|Strong
!colspan=6|Weak
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
|-
!NOM
| -с || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -эс || rowspan=2 | -этэ <br> - || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -энс || -э || rowspan=2 | -энс || rowspan=2 | -э || rowspan=2 | -энэ
|-
!OBL
| - || -эн
|}


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==


Verbs are usually cited in four parts: the infinitive, the
All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -eн.
Typically, the preterite
 
All verbs regardless of class share an infinitive ending in -эн.
 
The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геэн ''geen'' "to go."


== Class II ==
The passive voice is formed with the past participle and the word геeн ''geen'' "to go."
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Present
!colspan=2|Preterite
|-
!SG
!PL
!SG
!PL
|-
!1st
| бю̄дэ || бю̄дэмс || бōт || будэм
|-
!2nd
| бю̄дэс || бю̄дэт || бōст || будэт
|-
!3rd
| бю̄дэт || бю̄дэн || бōт || будэн
|-
!rowspan=2|
!INF
!IMP
!PART.PRS
!PART.PST
|-
|| бю̄дэн || бю̄т || бю̄дэнс || бодэнс
|}


== Lord's Prayer ==
== Lord's Prayer ==
'''атта унсар ѳу ин еминам</br>
вихна ѳин нама</br>
квема ѳин рика</br>
верѳа ѳинс виля</br>
шве ин емина ях ана ерѳа'''
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