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Gwapyeo: Difference between revisions

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* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.  
* Middle Gwapyeo (과펴·솅; Gwapyeo Syeng, 11th-17th century) was the language of the '''Monghwa''' religion. Thanks to the great extent of text written in this language, linguists have acquired a far more thorough knowledge of how Middle Gwapyeo worked and sounded.  
* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.
* Modern Gwapyeo (과펴·뭍; Gwapyeo Mut, from the end of the 17th century) is the modern language, much more influenced by neighbouring languages than its earlier stages were.
==Phonology==
Gwapyeo's phonology is quite similar to that of Modern Korean, with some subtle differences. The main notable difference is the absence of tense consonants, yielding only a two-way distinction for plosives, between aspirated and plain plosives. The biggest divergence from modern Korean vowel-wise is the presence of the phoneme /ɒ/, also found in the [[w:Jeju_language|Jeju language]].
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! style="width: 80px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 80px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 80px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 80px; " |Velar
! style="width: 80px; " |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| [m] ㅁ
| [n] ㄴ
|
| [ŋ] ㅇ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! <small>aspirated</small>
| [pʰ] ㅍ
| [tʰ] ㅌ
| [tɕʰ] ㅊ
| [kʰ] ㅋ
|
|-
! <small>plain</small>
| [p] ㅂ
| [t] ㄷ
| [tɕ] ㅈ
| [k] ㄱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! <small>aspirated</small>
|
| [sʰ] ㅅ
|
|
| rowspan="2" | [h] ㅎ
|-
! <small>plain</small>
|
| [s] ㅆ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| [l~ɾ] ㄹ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| [w]
|
| [j]
|
|
|}
====Plain consonants====
/p, t, tɕ, k, s/ are often voiced [b, d, dʑ, ɡ, z] between sonorants (vowels, nasals and /l~ɾ/), and generally stay unvoiced outside this context.
====Aspirated consonants====
Contrary to plain consonants, the aspirated consonants do not undergo intervocalic voicing. However, the aspirated plosives /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ become lenited [ɸ, s, ɕ, x] word-finally.
====Fricatives====
''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically.
The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch|Vowel pitch]]).
====Sonorants====
''ㄹ r'' is pronounced anywhere between /l/ and /ɾ/, with free variation between the two, although it is sometimes dropped in coda positions, especially for younger speakers.
''m ㅁ'', ''n ㄴ'', and ''ㅇ ng'' assimilate depending on the following phoneme:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Nasal assimilation
|-
! Following consonant
! Nasal realization
|-
! Labial
| /m/
|-
! Alveolar
| /n/
|-
! Palatal
| /ɲ/
|-
! Velar
| /ŋ/
|}
''ㅇ ng'' cannot be the onset of a syllable. The symbol is instead used to mark the absence of a consonantal onset, like in Korean.
====Positional allophony====
As mentioned previously, Gwapyeo consonants are pronounced differently depending on their position in the word. The '''initial''' form is found at the beginning of words and in non-leniting medial environments. The '''medial''' form is  found in voiced environments (intervocalic, between sonorants). The '''final''' form is found at the end of words.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
! Phoneme
! m ㅁ
! n ㄴ
! ŋ ㅇ
! pʰ ㅍ
! tʰ ㅌ
! tɕʰ ㅊ
!kʰ ㅋ
!p ㅂ
!t ㄷ
!tɕ ㅈ
!k ㄱ
!sʰ ㅅ
!h ㅎ
!s ㅆ
!l~ɾ ㄹ
|-
! Initial
| rowspan="3" | /m/
| rowspan="3" | /n/
| Ø
| rowspan="2" | /pʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /tɕʰ/
| rowspan="2" | /kʰ/
| /p/
| /t/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
| rowspan="3" | /sʰ/
| /h/
| /s/
| rowspan="3" | /l~ɾ/
|-
! Medial
| rowspan="2" | /ŋ/
| /b/
| /d/
| /dʑ/
| /g/
| /ɦ/
| /z/
|-
! Final
| /ɸ/
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /p̚/
| colspan="2" | /t̚/
| /k̚/
| Ø
| /s/
|}
====Palatalisation====
Before /i/ and its semivowel counterpart /j/, some of the consonants "palatalise". Most notably, the aspirated plosives /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ merge into [tɕʰ] in most dialects, although some dialects still maintain a distinct pronunciation (pronounced in the vicinity of [tʃʰ] and [cçʰ] respectively).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Palatalisation
|-
! Base consonant
! Palatalized realization
|-
! /t/
| [dʑ]
|-
! /tʰ/
| [tɕʰ~tʃʰ]
|-
! /s/
| [ʑ]
|-
! /sʰ/
| [ɕʰ]
|-
! /k/
| [dʑ~ɟʝ]
|-
! /kʰ/
| [tɕʰ~cçʰ]
|}
===Vowels===
Most Gwapyeo speakers have eight vowels. All of them have short and long versions, the latter being marked with a coda ''ㅎ h''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 160px; " |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 80px; " | Back
|-
! Unrounded
! Rounded
|-
! Close
| /i/ ㅣ
| /ɯ/ ㅡ
| /u/ ㅜ
|-
! Mid
| /e/ ㅔ
| /ʌ/ ㅓ
| /o/ ㅗ
|-
! Open
| /a/ ㅏ
| colspan="2" | /ɑ~ɒ/ㆍ
|}
====Front vowels====
The front vowels are extremely stable in the speech of older people, but they are the subject of multiple mergers in younger people's speech:
* The most common of those mergers is between /i/ and /e/—both realised as [ɪ] or as either of the two original vowels. For example, one might pronounce 폫 (pyē) anywhere between /pjiː/, /pjɪː/ or /pjeː/.
* In some dialects, the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ sometimes merge into a single [ɨ] vowel. This merger usually doesn't occur alongside the previous one, except in a few scattered areas of southern Băngdan (ᄇᆞᆼ단), the southernmost region of Gwacho. For instance, the pronoun 킆 (keup) is pronounced somewhere around [kɨp] or even around [kep] for some people in Băngdan.
====Back vowels====
The back unrounded vowels are often lower than their rounded equivalents. Due to this, the vowels /ɯ/ and /ʌ/ might also be transcribed as [ʊ̈] and [ɘ] respectively.
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