Yokohama Creole: Difference between revisions
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| nativename = Hama took / Hama toak / Hama tawk / Hamm' tawk / Hama talk | | nativename = Hama took / Hama toak / Hama tawk / Hamm' tawk / Hama talk | ||
| familycolor = Mixed | | familycolor = Mixed | ||
| | | state = Yokohama International Territory | ||
| ethnicity = Yokohama Creoles | |||
| speakers = 3.7 million | | speakers = 3.7 million | ||
| date = 2026 | | date = 2026 | ||
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Coincidentally, /man dem/ also occurs in Multicultural London English (MLE), though in Yokohama Creole this is exclusively used in the plural third-person, as in /man dem no go skuul e/ "They do not go to school" instead of its broader meaning in MLE where it can also refer to the first person plural. | Coincidentally, /man dem/ also occurs in Multicultural London English (MLE), though in Yokohama Creole this is exclusively used in the plural third-person, as in /man dem no go skuul e/ "They do not go to school" instead of its broader meaning in MLE where it can also refer to the first person plural. | ||
Third-person pronouns in Yokohama Creole tend to have a specific use depending on social familiarity with the person mentioned. For example, inanimate objects are referred to with /tin/ from | Third-person pronouns in Yokohama Creole tend to have a specific use depending on social familiarity with the person mentioned. For example, inanimate objects are referred to with /tin/ from {{mn|en|thing}}, but may also be combined with another personal pronoun to make it derogatory, as in the second-person /ju tin/. /man/ and its feminine counterpart /ʃiman/ are used as a polite form of /im/ and /ʃi/ respectively, but also act as pro-forms like in Japanese: | ||
/domdom man tink dat man blok im kjan/ lit. "Stupid he thinks that he can beat him", means "The stupid man thinks that he can beat [the other man]". | /domdom man tink dat man blok im kjan/ lit. "Stupid he thinks that he can beat him", means "The stupid man thinks that he can beat [the other man]". | ||
In contrast, /im/ or /ʃi/ tend to connotate a familiarity with the person in question; i.e., a family member or a good friend may be referred to as /im/ or /ʃi/, though family members are usually referred to by role, e.g. /onkel/ "uncle" or /mama/ "mother." | In contrast, /im/ or /ʃi/ tend to connotate a familiarity with the person in question; i.e., a family member or a good friend may be referred to as /im/ or /ʃi/, though family members are usually referred to by role, e.g. /onkel/ "uncle" or /mama/ "mother." | ||
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* /jo/ spelt ''yo'', ''yoa'', ''’o'' or ''’oa'', is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate the sentence is jussive; the pronoun is usually omitted alongside. Derived from Japanese よ. For example, /op ni brin dis jo!/ "Bring this up!" as opposed to */ju op ni brin dis jo!/ | * /jo/ spelt ''yo'', ''yoa'', ''’o'' or ''’oa'', is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate the sentence is jussive; the pronoun is usually omitted alongside. Derived from Japanese よ. For example, /op ni brin dis jo!/ "Bring this up!" as opposed to */ju op ni brin dis jo!/ | ||
* /ni/ spelt ''nee'', ''ni'', ''’nee'' or ''knee'', placed after a noun to indicate something is towards or into something, used like に in Japanese. For example, /im muʃ dis kafiteri ni/ "He ate this in the cafeteria." | * /ni/ spelt ''nee'', ''ni'', ''’nee'' or ''knee'', placed after a noun to indicate something is towards or into something, used like に in Japanese. For example, /im muʃ dis kafiteri ni/ "He ate this in the cafeteria." | ||
* /e/ spelt ''eh'', ''e'', ''é'', ''’e'', ''he'', similar to /ni/ but usually to indicate something is towards a place; derived from Japanese へ, as in /im fam go | * /e/ spelt ''eh'', ''e'', ''é'', ''’e'', ''he'', similar to /ni/ but usually to indicate something is towards a place; derived from Japanese へ, as in /im fam go mennan e fo wee sip de/ "His family went to Japan for the holidays" | ||
* /fo/, usually spelt ''fo'' but may be contracted to just ''f''. Usually used in place of {{mn|ja|の}}, apart from after personal pronouns. However, in conjunction with /wee/ (from {{mn|en|way}}), /fo wee/ takes the role of {{mn|en|for}} or {{mn|ja|のように}} "in the same way as". | * /fo/, usually spelt ''fo'' but may be contracted to just ''f''. Usually used in place of {{mn|ja|の}}, apart from after personal pronouns. However, in conjunction with /wee/ (from {{mn|en|way}}), /fo wee/ takes the role of {{mn|en|for}} or {{mn|ja|のように}} "in the same way as". | ||