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<big>
Vrkhazhian (''Śād Warḫāsaḫ'' "Mouth of Vrkhazh") is a language that is spoken by the Vrkhazhians who live in [[The Vrkhazhians|Warḫāsam]].
Vrkhazhian (''Śād Warḫāsaḫ'' "Mouth of Vrkhazh") is a language that is spoken by the Vrkhazhians who live in [[The Vrkhazhians|Warḫāsam]].


 
{{Infobox language
 
|boxsize = 25em
 
|image =
 
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Vrkhazhian
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Vrkhazhian
|nativename = Śād Warḫāsaḫ
|creator = User:Ahzoh
|pronunciation = ˈɬɑ̂ːd wɑr.ˈxɑ̂ː.sɑx
|states = Vrkhazh
|date = 2014
|familycolor = chattic
|fam1 = Chattic
|fam2 = ???
|fam3 = ???
|fam4 = ???
|ancestor = Old Vrkhazhian
|dia1 = Imperial Vrkhazhian
|dia2 = Common Vrkhazhian
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|clcr = qiv
|notice = IPA
}}


==History==
==History==
Line 16: Line 34:
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The table below shows the 25 consonant phonemes found in Vrkhazhian. Letters in angle brackets indicate where the romanization of the phoneme differs from its IPA representation.
The tables below show the consonant phonemes found in both Imperial and Common Vrkhazhian. Letters in angle brackets indicate where the romanization of the phoneme differs from its IPA representation.


{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Imperial Vrkhazhian
|-
|-
! style="width: 8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 8.8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Bilabial
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! colspan="2" style="width: 8em;" | Coronal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Velar
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
Line 30: Line 49:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| /m/ ⟨'''m'''⟩
| n
| /n/ ⟨'''n'''⟩
|
|
| ŋ ⟨'''''n̮'''''⟩
| /ŋ/ ⟨'''n̮'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
| p
| /p/ ⟨'''p'''⟩
| t
| /t/ ⟨'''t'''⟩
|
|
| k
| /k/ ⟨'''k'''⟩
| rowspan="3" | ʔ ⟨'''''ˀ'''''⟩  
| rowspan="3" | /ʔ/ ⟨'''ʾ'''⟩  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
| pʼ ⟨'''''ṗ'''''⟩
| /pʼ/ ⟨'''ṗ'''⟩
| tʼ ⟨'''''ṭ'''''⟩
| /tʼ/ ⟨'''ṭ'''⟩
|
|
| kʼ ⟨'''''ḳ'''''⟩
| /kʼ/ ⟨'''ḳ'''⟩
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
| b
| /b/ ⟨'''b'''⟩
| d
| /d/ ⟨'''d'''⟩
|
|
| g
| /g/ ⟨'''g'''⟩
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Fricative
! rowspan="3" | Fricative
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
| f
| /f/ ⟨'''f'''⟩
| s
| /s/ ⟨'''s'''⟩
| ɬ ⟨'''''ś'''''⟩
| /ɬ/ ⟨'''ś'''⟩
| x ⟨'''''ḫ'''''⟩
| /x/ ⟨'''ḫ'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
|
|
| sʼ ⟨'''''ṣ'''''⟩
| /sʼ/ ⟨'''ṣ'''⟩
| ɬʼ ⟨'''''ṣ́'''''⟩
| /ɬʼ/ ⟨'''ṣ́'''⟩
|
|
|  
|  
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! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
|
|
| z
| /z/ ⟨'''z'''⟩
| ɮ ⟨'''''ź'''''⟩
| /ɮ/ ⟨'''ź'''⟩
|
|
|  
|  
Line 80: Line 99:
! colspan="2" | Liquid
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
|
| r
| /r/ ⟨'''r'''⟩
| l
| /l/ ⟨'''l'''⟩
|  
|  
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
| w
| /w/ ⟨'''w'''⟩
|
|
|
|
| j ⟨'''''y'''''⟩
| /j/ ⟨'''y'''⟩
|
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Common Vrkhazhian
|-
! style="width: 8.8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" style="width: 12em;" | Coronal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Plain
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Sibilant
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Lateral
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| /m/ ⟨'''m'''⟩
| /n/ ⟨'''n'''⟩
|
|
| /ŋ/ ⟨'''n̮'''⟩
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! style="font-size: smaller" | Tenuis
| /p/ ⟨'''b'''⟩
| /t/ ⟨'''d'''⟩
| /t͡s/ ⟨'''z'''⟩
| /t͡ɬ/ ⟨'''ź'''⟩
| /k/ ⟨'''g'''⟩
| rowspan="2" | /ʔ/ ⟨'''ʾ'''⟩
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Aspirated
| /pʰ/ ⟨'''p'''⟩
| /tʰ/ ⟨'''t'''⟩
| /t͡sʰ/ ⟨'''c'''⟩
| /t͡ɬʰ/ ⟨'''ć'''⟩
| /kʰ/ ⟨'''k'''⟩
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| /f/ ⟨'''f'''⟩
|
| /s/ ⟨'''s'''⟩
| /ɬ/ ⟨'''ś'''⟩
| /x/ ⟨'''ḫ'''⟩
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| /r/ ⟨'''r'''⟩
|
| /l/ ⟨'''l'''⟩
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
| /w/ ⟨'''w'''⟩
|
|
|
| /j/ ⟨'''y'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|}
|}


The short vowels /ɛ ɑ i u/ are represented in writing as ⟨e a i u⟩ while the long vowels /ɛː ɑː iː uː/ are either represented with a macron ⟨ē, ā, ī, ū⟩ or a circumflex ⟨ê, â, î, û⟩. The usage of a circumflex in writing is to indicate vowel coalescence as a result of the contraction of the weak consonants /ʔ j w/.
The short vowels /ɑ ɛ i u/ are represented in writing as ⟨a e i u⟩ while the long vowels /ɑː ɛː iː uː/ are either represented with a macron ⟨ā, ē, ī, ū⟩ or a circumflex ⟨â, ê, î, û⟩. The usage of a circumflex in writing is to indicate vowel coalescence as a result of the contraction of the weak consonants /ʔ j w/.


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
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{|
{|
|
|
{| class="wikitable"  
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
| ṗ + p
| rowspan="2" | pp
|-
|-
| b + p
| b + p
| rowspan="2" | pp
|-
|-
| m + p
| ṭ + t
| rowspan="2" | tt
|-
| d + t
|-
| ḳ + k
| rowspan="2" | kk
|-
| g + k
|-
| ṣ + s
| rowspan="5" | ss
|-
| z + s
|-
| ś + s
|-
| ṣ́ + s
|-
| ź + s
|-
| s + ś
| rowspan="5" | śś
|-
| ṣ + ś
|-
| z + ś
|-
|-
| p + b
| ṣ́ + ś
| rowspan="2" | bb
|-
|-
| m + b
| ź + ś
|-
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|
|-
{| class="wikitable"  
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
| p + ṗ
| rowspan="2" | ṗṗ
|-
| b + ṗ
|-
| t + ṭ
| rowspan="2" | ṭṭ
|-
| d + ṭ
|-
| k + ḳ
| rowspan="2" | ḳḳ
|-
| g + ḳ
|-
| s + ṣ
| rowspan="5" | ṣṣ
|-
| z + ṣ
|-
| ś + ṣ
|-
| ṣ́ + ṣ
|-
| ź + ṣ
|-
|-
! Components
| s + ṣ́
! Result
| rowspan="5" | ṣ́ṣ́
|-
|-
| d + t
| ṣ + ṣ́
| rowspan="2" | tt
|-
|-
| n + t
| z + ṣ́
|-
|-
| t + d
| ś + ṣ́
| rowspan="2" | dd
|-
|-
| n + d
| ź + ṣ́
|-
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|
|-
{| class="wikitable"  
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
| p + b
| rowspan="2" | bb
|-
|-
! Components
| ṗ + b
! Result
|-
|-
| g + k
| t + d
| rowspan="2" | kk
| rowspan="2" | dd
|-
|-
| n̮ + k
| ṭ + d
|-
|-
| k + g
| k + g
| rowspan="2" | gg
| rowspan="2" | gg
|-
|-
| n̮ + g
| ḳ + g
|-
| s + z
| rowspan="5" | zz
|-
| ṣ + z
|-
| ś + z
|-
| ṣ́ + z
|-
| ź + z
|-
| s + ź
| rowspan="5" | źź
|-
| ṣ + ź
|-
| z + ź
|-
| ś + ź
|-
| ṣ́ + ź
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 193: Line 352:
{|
{|
|
|
{| class="wikitable"  
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
|-
| p + f
| p + f
| rowspan="3" | ff
| rowspan="3" | ff
|-
| ṗ + f
|-
|-
| b + f
| b + f
|-
| m + f
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
{|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
|-
| t + s
| t + s
| rowspan="3" | ss
| rowspan="3" | ss
|-
| ṭ + s
|-
|-
| d + s
| d + s
|-
|-
| n + s
| t + ṣ
| rowspan="3" | ṣṣ
|-
|-
| ṭ + ṣ
|-
| d + ṣ
|-
|-
| t + z
| t + z
| rowspan="3" | zz
| rowspan="3" | zz
|-
| ṭ + z
|-
|-
| d + z
| d + z
|-
|}
| n + z
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
|-
| t + ś
| t + ś
| rowspan="3" | śś
| rowspan="3" | śś
|-
| ṭ + ś
|-
|-
| d + ś
| d + ś
|-
|-
| n + ś
| t + ṣ́
| rowspan="3" | ṣ́ṣ́
|-
| ṭ + ṣ́
|-
| d + ṣ́
|-
|-
| t + ź
| t + ź
| rowspan="3" | źź
| rowspan="3" | źź
|-
| ṭ + ź
|-
|-
| d + ź
| d + ź
|-
| n + ź
|-
|}
|}
|
|
|
|
|
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
|-
! Components
! style="width: 6.5em;" | Components
! Result
! style="width: 3.5em;" | Result
|-
|-
| k + ḫ
| k + ḫ
| rowspan="3" | ḫḫ
| rowspan="3" | ḫḫ
|-
| ḳ + ḫ
|-
|-
| g + ḫ
| g + ḫ
|-
| n̮ + ḫ
|-
|}
|}
|}
|}
Line 355: Line 520:
| ''aḫḫ-āsa''
| ''aḫḫ-āsa''
|-
|-
! Ergative
! Genitive
| ''aḫḫ-un''
| ''aḫḫ-un''
| ''aḫḫ-ūna''
| ''aḫḫ-ūna''
Line 362: Line 527:
| ''aḫḫ-an''
| ''aḫḫ-an''
| ''aḫḫ-āna''
| ''aḫḫ-āna''
| ''aḫḫ-an''
| ''aḫḫ-āna''
|-
! Genitive
| ''aḫḫ-uḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-ūwa''
| ''aḫḫ-iḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-īya''
| ''aḫḫ-aḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-āya''
| ''aḫḫ-aḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-aḫ''
| ''aḫḫ-āya''
| ''aḫḫ-āya''
Line 413: Line 568:
| ''idd-āsa''
| ''idd-āsa''
|-
|-
! Ergative
! Genitive
| ''idd-un''
| ''idd-un''
| ''idd-ūna''
| ''idd-ūna''
Line 420: Line 575:
| ''idd-an''
| ''idd-an''
| ''idd-āna''
| ''idd-āna''
| ''idd-an''
| ''idd-āna''
|-
! Genitive
| ''idd-uḫ''
| ''idd-ūwa''
| ''idd-iḫ''
| ''idd-īya''
| ''idd-aḫ''
| ''idd-āya''
| ''idd-aḫ''
| ''idd-aḫ''
| ''idd-āya''
| ''idd-āya''
Line 440: Line 585:
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |  
! rowspan="3" |  
! colspan="8" | Independent
! colspan="6" | Independent
! colspan="2" | Bound
! colspan="6" | Bound
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Nominative
! colspan="4" | Nominative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Accusative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Oblique
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Ergative
! colspan="4" | Subject
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Possessive
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Possessive
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Negative
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Negative
! colspan="2" | Negative
|-
|-
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Person
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Person
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
Line 465: Line 614:
! 1st
! 1st
| ''āni''
| ''āni''
| ''āti''
| ''ānin''
| ''tunni''
| ''tunni''
| ''tutti''
| ''tunnin''
| ''nêsi''
| ''nīya''
| ''têsi''
| ''nīyan''
| ''nêni''
| ''têni''
| ''-ni''
| ''-ni''
| ''-ti''
| ''-nin''
| ''-nisi''
| ''-nisin''
| ''-ni''
| ''-nin''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''āma''
| ''āmi''
| ''āman''
| ''āmin''
| ''tumma''
| ''tummi''
| ''tumman''
| ''tummin''
| ''mêsi''
| ''mīya''
| ''mināsi''
| ''mīyan''
| ''mêni''
| ''-mi''
| ''mināni''
| ''-min''
| ''-misi''
| ''-misin''
| ''-mi''
| ''-mi''
| ''-min''
| ''-min''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| ''āsa''
| ''āsi''
| ''āsan''
| ''āsin''
| ''tussa''
| ''tussi''
| ''tussan''
| ''tussin''
| ''kêsi''
| ''kīya''
| ''kināsi''
| ''kīyan''
| ''kêni''
| ''-ti''
| ''kināni''
| ''-tin''
| ''-tisi''
| ''-tisin''
| ''-ki''
| ''-ki''
| ''-kin''
| ''-kin''
Line 544: Line 699:
| ''ḫamt-āsa''
| ''ḫamt-āsa''
|-
|-
! Ergative
! Genitive
| ''ḫamt-un''
| ''ḫamt-un''
| ''ḫamt-ūna''
| ''ḫamt-ūna''
Line 551: Line 706:
| ''ḫamt-an''
| ''ḫamt-an''
| ''ḫamt-āna''
| ''ḫamt-āna''
| ''ḫamt-an''
| ''ḫamt-āna''
|-
! Genitive
| ''ḫamt-uḫ''
| ''ḫamt-ūwa''
| ''ḫamt-iḫ''
| ''ḫamt-īya''
| ''ḫamt-aḫ''
| ''ḫamt-āya''
| ''ḫamt-aḫ''
| ''ḫamt-aḫ''
| ''ḫamt-āya''
| ''ḫamt-āya''
Line 578: Line 723:
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
|-
! Ergative
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
| ''???''
Line 631: Line 766:
!
!
! 2
! 2
| ''śiṭṭas''
| ''???''
| ''śaddaṭ-''
| ''???''
|-
|-
!  
!  
! 3
! 3
| ''miḫlas''
| ''???''
| ''maḫḫal-''
| ''???''
|-
|-
!  
!  
Line 666: Line 801:
!  
!  
! 9
! 9
| ''nuḫras''
| ''ḳutras''
| ''naḫḫar-''
| ''ḳattar-''
|-
|-
!  
!  
Line 783: Line 918:
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
==Example text==
==Example text==
[[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Vrkhazh]]
[[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Vrkhazhian]]
</big>
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Vrkhazhian"