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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The table below shows the 25 consonant phonemes found in Vrkhazhian. Letters in angle brackets indicate where the romanization of the phoneme differs from its IPA representation.
The tables below show the consonant phonemes found in both Imperial and Common Vrkhazhian. Letters in angle brackets indicate where the romanization of the phoneme differs from its IPA representation.


{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Imperial Vrkhazhian
|-
|-
! style="width: 8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 8.8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! colspan="2" style="width: 8em;" | Coronal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Velar
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
Line 48: Line 49:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| /m/ ⟨'''m'''⟩
| n
| /n/ ⟨'''n'''⟩
|
|
| ŋ ⟨'''''n̮'''''⟩
| /ŋ/ ⟨'''n̮'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
| p
| /p/ ⟨'''p'''⟩
| t
| /t/ ⟨'''t'''⟩
|
|
| k
| /k/ ⟨'''k'''⟩
| rowspan="3" | ʔ ⟨'''''ʾ'''''⟩  
| rowspan="3" | /ʔ/ ⟨'''ʾ'''⟩  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
| pʼ ⟨'''''ṗ'''''⟩
| /pʼ/ ⟨'''ṗ'''⟩
| tʼ ⟨'''''ṭ'''''⟩
| /tʼ/ ⟨'''ṭ'''⟩
|
|
| kʼ ⟨'''''ḳ'''''⟩
| /kʼ/ ⟨'''ḳ'''⟩
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
| b
| /b/ ⟨'''b'''⟩
| d
| /d/ ⟨'''d'''⟩
|
|
| g
| /g/ ⟨'''g'''⟩
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Fricative
! rowspan="3" | Fricative
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
| f
| /f/ ⟨'''f'''⟩
| s
| /s/ ⟨'''s'''⟩
| ɬ ⟨'''''ś'''''⟩
| /ɬ/ ⟨'''ś'''⟩
| x ⟨'''''ḫ'''''⟩
| /x/ ⟨'''ḫ'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
|
|
| sʼ ⟨'''''ṣ'''''⟩
| /sʼ/ ⟨'''ṣ'''⟩
| ɬʼ ⟨'''''ṣ́'''''⟩
| /ɬʼ/ ⟨'''ṣ́'''⟩
|
|
|  
|  
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! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
|
|
| z
| /z/ ⟨'''z'''⟩
| ɮ ⟨'''''ź'''''⟩
| /ɮ/ ⟨'''ź'''⟩
|
|
|  
|  
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! colspan="2" | Liquid
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
|
| r
| /r/ ⟨'''r'''⟩
| l
| /l/ ⟨'''l'''⟩
|  
|  
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
| w
| /w/ ⟨'''w'''⟩
|
|
|
|
| j ⟨'''''y'''''⟩
| /j/ ⟨'''y'''⟩
|
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Common Vrkhazhian
|-
! style="width: 8.8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" style="width: 12em;" | Coronal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Plain
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Sibilant
! style="width: 4em; font-size: smaller" | Lateral
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| /m/ ⟨'''m'''⟩
| /n/ ⟨'''n'''⟩
|
|
| /ŋ/ ⟨'''n̮'''⟩
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! style="font-size: smaller" | Tenuis
| /p/ ⟨'''b'''⟩
| /t/ ⟨'''d'''⟩
| /t͡s/ ⟨'''z'''⟩
| /t͡ɬ/ ⟨'''ź'''⟩
| /k/ ⟨'''g'''⟩
| rowspan="2" | /ʔ/ ⟨'''ʾ'''⟩
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Aspirated
| /pʰ/ ⟨'''p'''⟩
| /tʰ/ ⟨'''t'''⟩
| /t͡sʰ/ ⟨'''c'''⟩
| /t͡ɬʰ/ ⟨'''ć'''⟩
| /kʰ/ ⟨'''k'''⟩
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| /f/ ⟨'''f'''⟩
|
| /s/ ⟨'''s'''⟩
| /ɬ/ ⟨'''ś'''⟩
| /x/ ⟨'''ḫ'''⟩
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| /r/ ⟨'''r'''⟩
|
| /l/ ⟨'''l'''⟩
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
| /w/ ⟨'''w'''⟩
|
|
|
| /j/ ⟨'''y'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |  
! rowspan="3" |  
! colspan="8" | Independent
! colspan="6" | Independent
! colspan="2" | Bound
! colspan="6" | Bound
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Nominative
! colspan="4" | Nominative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Accusative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Oblique
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Genitive
! colspan="4" | Subject
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Possessive
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Possessive
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Negative
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Affirmative
! colspan="2" | Negative
! colspan="2" | Negative
|-
|-
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Person
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Person
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Singular
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
! style="width: 4.2em;" | Plural
Line 545: Line 613:
|-
|-
! 1st
! 1st
| ''ani''
| ''āni''
| ''ati''
| ''ānin''
| ''tunni''
| ''tunni''
| ''tutti''
| ''tunnin''
| ''nêsa''
| ''nīya''
| ''têsa''
| ''nīyan''
| ''nêna''
| ''-ni''
| ''têna''
| ''-nin''
| ''-nisi''
| ''-nisin''
| ''-ni''
| ''-ni''
| ''-nin''
| ''-nin''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''ami''
| ''āmi''
| ''min''
| ''āmin''
| ''tummi''
| ''tummi''
| ''tummin''
| ''tummin''
| ''mêsa''
| ''mīya''
| ''mināsa''
| ''mīyan''
| ''mêna''
| ''-mi''
| ''mināna''
| ''-min''
| ''-misi''
| ''-misin''
| ''-mi''
| ''-mi''
| ''-min''
| ''-min''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| ''asi''
| ''āsi''
| ''sin''
| ''āsin''
| ''tussi''
| ''tussi''
| ''tussin''
| ''tussin''
| ''kêsa''
| ''kīya''
| ''kināsa''
| ''kīyan''
| ''kêna''
| ''-ti''
| ''kināna''
| ''-tin''
| ''-tisi''
| ''-tisin''
| ''-ki''
| ''-ki''
| ''-kin''
| ''-kin''
Line 692: Line 766:
!
!
! 2
! 2
| ''śindas''
| ''???''
| ''śannad-''
| ''???''
|-
|-
!  
!  
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Vrkhazhian"