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Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The table below shows the 25 consonant phonemes found in Vrkhazhian. Letters in angle brackets indicate where the romanization of the phoneme differs from its IPA representation.
The tables below show the consonant phonemes found in both Imperial and Common Vrkhazhian. Letters in angle brackets indicate where the romanization of the phoneme differs from its IPA representation.


{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Imperial Vrkhazhian
|+ Imperial Vrkhazhian
|-
|-
! style="width: 8.5em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 8.8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="width: 8em;" | Coronal
! colspan="2" style="width: 8em;" | Coronal
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| /m/ ⟨'''m'''⟩
| n
| /n/ ⟨'''n'''⟩
|
|
| ŋ ⟨'''''n̮'''''⟩
| /ŋ/ ⟨'''n̮'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
| p
| /p/ ⟨'''p'''⟩
| t
| /t/ ⟨'''t'''⟩
|
|
| k
| /k/ ⟨'''k'''⟩
| rowspan="3" | ʔ ⟨'''''ʾ'''''⟩  
| rowspan="3" | /ʔ/ ⟨'''ʾ'''⟩  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
| pʼ ⟨'''''ṗ'''''⟩
| /pʼ/ ⟨'''ṗ'''⟩
| tʼ ⟨'''''ṭ'''''⟩
| /tʼ/ ⟨'''ṭ'''⟩
|
|
| kʼ ⟨'''''ḳ'''''⟩
| /kʼ/ ⟨'''ḳ'''⟩
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
| b
| /b/ ⟨'''b'''⟩
| d
| /d/ ⟨'''d'''⟩
|
|
| g
| /g/ ⟨'''g'''⟩
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Fricative
! rowspan="3" | Fricative
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiceless
| f
| /f/ ⟨'''f'''⟩
| s
| /s/ ⟨'''s'''⟩
| ɬ ⟨'''''ś'''''⟩
| /ɬ/ ⟨'''ś'''⟩
| x ⟨'''''ḫ'''''⟩
| /x/ ⟨'''ḫ'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
! style="font-size: smaller" | Ejective
|
|
| sʼ ⟨'''''ṣ'''''⟩
| /sʼ/ ⟨'''ṣ'''⟩
| ɬʼ ⟨'''''ṣ́'''''⟩
| /ɬʼ/ ⟨'''ṣ́'''⟩
|
|
|  
|  
Line 92: Line 92:
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
! style="font-size: smaller" | Voiced
|
|
| z
| /z/ ⟨'''z'''⟩
| ɮ ⟨'''''ź'''''⟩
| /ɮ/ ⟨'''ź'''⟩
|
|
|  
|  
Line 99: Line 99:
! colspan="2" | Liquid
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
|
| r
| /r/ ⟨'''r'''⟩
| l
| /l/ ⟨'''l'''⟩
|  
|  
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
| w
| /w/ ⟨'''w'''⟩
|
|
|
|
| j ⟨'''''y'''''⟩
| /j/ ⟨'''y'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|+ Common Vrkhazhian
|+ Common Vrkhazhian
|-
|-
! style="width: 8.5em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 8.8em;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" style="width: 12em;" | Alveolar
! colspan="3" style="width: 12em;" | Coronal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
! style="width: 4em;" rowspan="2" | Glottal
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| /m/ ⟨'''m'''⟩
| n
| /n/ ⟨'''n'''⟩
|
|
|
|
| ŋ ⟨'''''n̮'''''⟩
| /ŋ/ ⟨'''n̮'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! style="font-size: smaller" | Tenuis
! style="font-size: smaller" | Tenuis
| p ⟨'''''b'''''⟩
| /p/ ⟨'''b'''⟩
| t ⟨'''''d'''''⟩
| /t/ ⟨'''d'''⟩
| t͡s ⟨'''''z'''''⟩
| /t͡s/ ⟨'''z'''⟩
| t͡ɬ ⟨'''''ź'''''⟩
| /t͡ɬ/ ⟨'''ź'''⟩
| k ⟨'''''g'''''⟩
| /k/ ⟨'''g'''⟩
| rowspan="2" | ʔ ⟨'''''ʾ'''''⟩  
| rowspan="2" | /ʔ/ ⟨'''ʾ'''⟩  
|-
|-
! style="font-size: smaller" | Aspirated
! style="font-size: smaller" | Aspirated
| pʰ ⟨'''''p'''''⟩
| /pʰ/ ⟨'''p'''⟩
| tʰ ⟨'''''t'''''⟩
| /tʰ/ ⟨'''t'''⟩
| t͡sʰ ⟨'''''c'''''⟩
| /t͡sʰ/ ⟨'''c'''⟩
| t͡ɬʰ ⟨'''''ć'''''⟩
| /t͡ɬʰ/ ⟨'''ć'''⟩
| kʰ ⟨'''''k'''''⟩
| /kʰ/ ⟨'''k'''⟩
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| /f/ ⟨'''f'''⟩
|
|
| s
| /s/ ⟨'''s'''⟩
| ɬ ⟨'''''ś'''''⟩
| /ɬ/ ⟨'''ś'''⟩
| x ⟨'''''ḫ'''''⟩
| /x/ ⟨'''ḫ'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
|
| r
| /r/ ⟨'''r'''⟩
|
|
| l
| /l/ ⟨'''l'''⟩
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
! colspan="2" | Semivowel
| w
| /w/ ⟨'''w'''⟩
|
|
|
|
|
|
| j ⟨'''''y'''''⟩
| /j/ ⟨'''y'''⟩
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 614: Line 614:
! 1st
! 1st
| ''āni''
| ''āni''
| ''ānan''
| ''ānin''
| ''tunni''
| ''tunni''
| ''tunnan''
| ''tunnin''
| ''nīya''
| ''nīya''
| ''nāyan''
| ''nīyan''
| ''-ni''
| ''-ni''
| ''-nan''
| ''-nin''
| ''-nisi''
| ''-nisi''
| ''-nasin''
| ''-nisin''
| ''-ni''
| ''-ni''
| ''-nan''
| ''-nin''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''āmi''
| ''āmi''
| ''āman''
| ''āmin''
| ''tummi''
| ''tummi''
| ''tumman''
| ''tummin''
| ''mīya''
| ''mīya''
| ''māyan''
| ''mīyan''
| ''-mi''
| ''-mi''
| ''-man''
| ''-min''
| ''-misi''
| ''-misi''
| ''-masin''
| ''-misin''
| ''-mi''
| ''-mi''
| ''-man''
| ''-min''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| ''āsi''
| ''āsi''
| ''āsan''
| ''āsin''
| ''tussi''
| ''tussi''
| ''tussan''
| ''tussin''
| ''kīya''
| ''kīya''
| ''kāyan''
| ''kīyan''
| ''-ti''
| ''-ti''
| ''-tan''
| ''-tin''
| ''-tisi''
| ''-tisi''
| ''-tasin''
| ''-tisin''
| ''-ki''
| ''-ki''
| ''-kan''
| ''-kin''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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