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Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|states=[[w:Novgorod republic|Húsnorsk republic]]</br>[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
Line 20: Line 20:
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|setting=
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
Line 26: Line 25:
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|date=2018
|date=2020
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
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===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
Starting around 1880, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively, these suffixes were used so often that they developed into new forms of the noun.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving it in all dialects.


Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.
The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better. The tables shall be listed in order as:
:Varhúsnorsk
:Nygadsnorsk
:Jugsnorsk


====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ablj|type=c-a|ty=a|str=y|abl-|obl-|mean= - "hearth"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=aulj|aul|oul|mean=hearth}}
 


{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ǿ|type=c-i|ty=i|str=y|v=y|al-|ol-|ó-|ǿ-|mean= - "awl"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=awl}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ósj|type=c-u|ty=u|str=y|ós-|és-|mean= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=(pagan) god}}
 
 
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=nail}}


======Feminine patterns======
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=najlj|type=c-c|ty=consonant|str=y|najl-|nejl-|nojl-|mean= - "nail"}}
feminine ō-stem:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=nose}}


=====Neuter patterns=====
=====Neuter patterns=====
(all outdated)
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=language}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mó-|mól-||m= - "Language"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=icy land|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
(everything except Jugsnorsk is outdated here)
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.


Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.
Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.


An example of this is the verb "ljúga" ("lýga" in Jugsnorsk)
An example of this is the verb "lýga".
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s2|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
 
{{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=lýga|lýg-}}


=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
 
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp-|grip-}}
=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg-|lug-}}
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 3=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk-|sukk-}}
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart=tj|type=5|get-|gát-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}}
 
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart=gát-tj|type=5|get-|1s=gez-|gát-|2t=gáz-|2s=gáz-}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====


====Weak verbs====
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-|1j=bǿ(g)j-}}


 
This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
====Weak verbs====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|m= - "to have"|hav-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿga|j=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.
Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.


This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or ''Proto-Húsnorsk''), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor.
This first verb is the main copula. Though the table presented here is fully regular as a weak verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
{{Old Húsnorsk weʀa|m=|węʀ-|waʀ-|wæʀ-|wǫ́ʀ-|ęʀ-}}
{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}}
{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}}
{|
{|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=véja|m=|véj-|éj-|vé-|é-}}
| {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=véja|m=|vé-|véj-|}}
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=ǿja|m=|ǿj-|éj-|ǿ-|é-}}
| {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=ǿja|m=|ǿ-|ǿj-}}
|}
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Húsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.
Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.


These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).


:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.


In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.


Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
:'''''Ari havi soutīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari havi sútīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari havi soutīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari havi sútīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''soutīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''sútīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')


Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari er sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari véji sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
:'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́u''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ud''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿd''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".


This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.


==Texts==
==Texts==
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:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl


'''Hússnorską''':
'''Jugsnorsk''':
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': drǿmða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
:ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
::/drøːm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ː iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.


'''English''':
'''English''':
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:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


'''Hússnorsk''':
'''Jugsnorsk''':
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
:ódmaðj er prǿsporīn ok ęun onnū virðiggi¹ ok rétti. meðj eru haft irki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
::/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
:[ˈo̞u̯d.ˌmaðj ˈer ˈprø̞y̯.ˌpʰo.riːn ɔ ɛu̯n ˌon.nuː ˈʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ¹ ɔ ˈre̞i̯t.tɪ ˈmeðj ˈe.rʊ xɐtʰ ˈir.kɪ ɔ ˈsu.ʋɛs.tɪ ɔ ˈmeðj kʰʊ.lɐ ˈɡørt ˈan.nɐ ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.ˌle̞i̯.kɪ]
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki.
#"virðiggi" also appears as "yrðiggi" [ˈyr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ]
::/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
::[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]


'''Literal translation''':
'''Literal translation''':
Line 499: Line 491:
! Old West Norse
! Old West Norse
! Old East Norse
! Old East Norse
! Varhúsnorsk
! Nygadsnorsk
! Jugsnorsk
! Jugsnorsk
! Icelandic
! Icelandic
Line 508: Line 498:
| eldr
| eldr
| eldʀ
| eldʀ
| eudj
| ǿdj
| ǿdj
| ǿdj
| eldur
| eldur
Line 515: Line 503:
|-
|-
|2||nose
|2||nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
Line 526: Line 512:
| ganga
| ganga
| ganga
| ganga
| gagga
| gagga
| gagga
| gagga
| ganga
| ganga
Line 535: Line 519:
| vatn
| vatn
| watn
| watn
| watn, watū
| vatn, ǫtn
| watn, watú
| vatn, vatū
| vatn
| vatn
| vatten
| vatten
Line 544: Line 526:
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munðj </br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) mūðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) mūðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
Line 553: Line 533:
| tunga
| tunga
| tunga
| tunga
| tugga
| tugga
| tugga
| tugga
| tunga
| tunga
Line 562: Line 540:
| blóð
| blóð
| blōþ
| blōþ
| blóð
| blód
| blóð
| blóð
| blóð
| blóð
Line 571: Line 547:
| bein
| bein
| bēn
| bēn
| bén, bḗ
| bḗ
| bén, bē
| bén, bḗ
| bein
| bein
| ben
| ben
|-
|-
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
|9||2sg pronoun (you)
| þú
| þú
| þū
| þū
| þú
| tú
| þú
| þú
| þú
| þú
Line 610: Line 582:
|
|
|-
|-
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
|14||1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| ek
| iak
| iak
| jak
| ęk
| jak
| jak
| ég
| ég
| jag
| jag
Line 649: Line 619:
|
|
|-
|-
|20||fly (insect, [[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
|20||fly ([[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
|
|
|  
|  
Line 655: Line 625:
|
|
|-
|-
|21||night (time of day)
|21||night (time)
| nátt
| nátt
| nāt
| nāt
| nát
| nát
| nát
| nát
| nátt
| nátt
Line 694: Line 662:
|
|
|-
|-
|27||stone/rock (singular object)
|27||stone/rock (singular)
|
|
|  
|  
Line 709: Line 677:
| tala
| tala
| tala
| tala
| spá¹
| spá¹
| spá¹
| spá¹
| tala
| tala
Line 745: Line 711:
|
|
|-
|-
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
|35||3sg pronoun (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| hān (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þę́t (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þet (n)
| hán, kán (m)</br>hón, kón (f)</br>tę́t (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þét (n)
|
|
|
|
Line 774: Line 738:
|39||this (pron.)
|39||this (pron.)
| sá
| sá
| sa
| sa
| sa
| sa
| sa
| sa
Line 823: Line 785:
|
|
|-
|-
|47||back (body-part)
|47||back (body)
|
|
|  
|  
Line 880: Line 842:
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi, ekki
| eigi, ekki
Line 940: Line 900:
|
|
|-
|-
|66||liver (body-part)
|66||liver (organ)
|
|
|  
|  
Line 955: Line 915:
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| feudj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skín (general)</br>húdj, kúdj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn</br>húð
Line 1,108: Line 1,066:
| fugl, fogl
| fugl, fogl
| fogl
| fogl
| foglj
| foglj
| foglj
| foglj
| fugl
| fugl
Line 1,139: Line 1,095:
|-
|-
|98||in
|98||in
| í
| í
| í
| í
| í
| í
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