Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ | |pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ | ||
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk | |ethnicity=Jugsnorsk | ||
|states= | |states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]] | ||
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]] | |fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]] | ||
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]] | |fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]] | ||
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|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]] | |creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]] | ||
|created=February 23rd, 2026 | |created=February 23rd, 2026 | ||
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk | |stand1=Varhúsnorsk | ||
|familycolor=Indo-European | |familycolor=Indo-European | ||
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|speakers=(L1) 400,000 | |speakers=(L1) 400,000 | ||
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000 | |speakers2=(L2) 20,000 | ||
|date= | |date=2020 | ||
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy | |agency=The Húsnorsk Academy | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)=== | ===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)=== | ||
Starting around 1880, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively, these suffixes were used so often that they developed into new forms of the noun. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels) | Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels) | ||
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages. | Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages. | ||
====Strong nouns==== | ====Strong nouns==== | ||
=====Common patterns===== | =====Common patterns===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns | {{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=aulj|aul|oul|mean=hearth}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns | {{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=awl}} | ||
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut. | As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ósj| | {{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=(pagan) god}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=nail}} | |||
======Feminine patterns====== | |||
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. | |||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns | feminine ō-stem: | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=nose}} | |||
=====Neuter patterns===== | =====Neuter patterns===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=language}} | |||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál | {{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=icy land|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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An example of this is the verb "lýga". | An example of this is the verb "lýga". | ||
=====Class 1===== | =====Class 1===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp-|grip-}} | |||
=====Class 2===== | =====Class 2===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg-|lug-}} | |||
=====Class 3===== | =====Class 3===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk-|sukk-}} | |||
=====Class 4===== | =====Class 4===== | ||
=====Class 5===== | =====Class 5===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart= | {{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart=tj|type=5|get-|gát-}} | ||
=====Class 6===== | =====Class 6===== | ||
=====Class 7===== | =====Class 7===== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg-|gegg-}} | |||
the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs. | |||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak. | weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak. | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-|1j=bǿ(g)j-}} | ||
This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak. | |||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|m= - "to have"|hav-}} | |||
====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||
Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms. | Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms. | ||
This first verb is the main copula. | This first verb is the main copula. Though the table presented here is fully regular as a weak verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these. | ||
{| | {| | ||
|- style="vertical-align: top;" | |- style="vertical-align: top;" | ||
| {{Jugsnorsk | | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=véja|m=|vé-|véj-|}} | ||
| {{Jugsnorsk | | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=ǿja|m=|ǿ-|ǿj-}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly. | |||
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in | These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red). | ||
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d"> | :'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500'' | ||
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position. | In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position. | ||
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position. | In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position. | ||
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5"> | :'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'') | ||
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''. | The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''. | ||
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking: | Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking: | ||
:'''''Ari havi | :'''''Ari havi sútīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'') | ||
and as a question: | and as a question: | ||
:'''''Ari havi | :'''''Ari havi sútīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'') | ||
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing). | Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing). | ||
Another method is SO inversion, as in: | Another method is SO inversion, as in: | ||
:''''' | :'''''sútīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'') | ||
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus: | Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus: | ||
:'''''Ari | :'''''Ari véji sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy) | ||
:'''''Ari havi | :'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now) | ||
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun | While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿd''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness". | ||
This hava vs | This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas. | ||
==Texts== | ==Texts== | ||
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:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ] | :[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ] | ||
#"a | #"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning. | ||
'''English''': | '''English''': | ||