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Mirmio: Difference between revisions

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=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Bilabial_consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Bilabial_consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Coronal_consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Coronal_consonant|Coronal]]
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![[w:Labialized_consonant|Labialized]]
![[w:Labialized_consonant|Labialized]]
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |[[w:Nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:ʲ|mʲ]]
|[[w:ʲ|mʲ]]
|[[w:Voiced_linguolabial_nasal|n̼]]
|[[w:Voiced_linguolabial_nasal|n̼]]
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|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Stop_consonant|Stop]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Stop_consonant|Stop]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Aspirated_consonant|Aspirated]]
![[w:Aspirated_consonant|Aspirated]]
|[[w:aspirated_consonant|pʲʰ]]
|[[w:aspirated_consonant|pʲʰ]]
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
![[w:Tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
![[w:Median_consonant|Median]]
|[[w:ʲ|pʲ]]
|[[w:ʲ|pʲ]]
|[[w:voiceless_alveopalatal_affricate|t͡ɕ]]
|
|[[w:whistled_sibilant|t͡σ̠]]
|
|
|
|[[w:ʲ|kʲ]]
|[[w:ʲ|kʲ]]
|[[w:labialization|kʷ]]
|[[w:labialization|kʷ]]
|[[w:IPA_ʔ|ʔ]]
|[[w:IPA_ʔ|ʔ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Affricate|Affricate]]
![[w:Median_consonant|Median]]
|
|[[w:voiceless_alveopalatal_affricate|t͡ɕ]]
|[[w:whistled_sibilant|t͡σ̠]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
![[w:Lateral_consonant|Lateral]]
![[w:Lateral_consonant|Lateral]]
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative_consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative_consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Median_consonant|Median]]
![[w:Median_consonant|Median]]
|
|
|[[w:θ̼|θ̼]] [[w:ð̼|ð̼]]
|[[w:θ̼|θ̼]] [[w:ð̼|ð̼]]
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|[[w:IPA_χ|χ]]
|[[w:IPA_χ|χ]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Lateral_consonant|Lateral]]
![[w:Lateral_consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|[[w:IPA_ɬ|ɬ]]
|[[w:IPA_ɬ|ɬ]]
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant_consonant|Approximant]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant_consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Median_consonant|Median]]
![[w:Median_consonant|Median]]
|[[w:IPA_ɥ|ɥ]]
|[[w:IPA_ɥ|ɥ]]
|[[w:ʲ|ɹʲ]]
|[[w:ʲ|ɹʲ]]
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Lateral_consonant|Lateral]]
![[w:Lateral_consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|[[w:ʲ|lʲ]]
|[[w:ʲ|lʲ]]
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|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |[[w:Flap_consonant|Flap]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Flap_consonant|Flap]]
|
|
|[[w:IPA_ɽ|ɽ]]
|[[w:IPA_ɽ|ɽ]]
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|[[w:IPA_o|o]]
|[[w:IPA_o|o]]
|[[w:nasal_vowel|õ]]
|[[w:nasal_vowel|õ]]
|[[w:retracted_tongue_root|o̙]]
|[[w:retracted_tongue_root|ɔ̙̈]]
|-
|-
![[w:open_vowel|Open]]
![[w:open_vowel|Open]]
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|
|
|[[w:retracted_tongue_root|æ̙]]
|[[w:retracted_tongue_root|æ̙]]
|}
|}Any two vowels can form a diphthong as long as they are both oral or both nasal.
/o̙/ and its tonal counterparts are phonetically [ɔ̙̈].
 
Any two vowels can form a diphthong as long as they are both oral or both nasal.


Nasal vowel harmony occurs regresssively. +RTR vowels are opaque oral vowels. There is no tie to the presence or absence of nasal consonants.
Nasal vowel harmony occurs regresssively. +RTR vowels are opaque oral vowels. There is no tie to the presence or absence of nasal consonants.
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== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
There are 5 word orders used for different relationships between a verb and its arguments
Mirmio syntax does not allow for arguments to clearly be labeled subject or object, so it instead uses the terms initiator (I) and associate (A) for the two main arguments of a verb (V). The initiator is the argument that is most involved in the action, but not always the agent since agency is determined by pragmatic or grammatical animacy. The associate is the argument that is less involved in the action than the initiator, and in some cases can be the agent. There are 5 word orders used for different relationships between a verb and its arguments, and all of their components listed here are mandatory:
 
# '''Associate - Verb (AV):''' used for when the verb is a particular state the associate exists in. This word order is commonly used to express adjective-like or adverb-like modification.
# '''Initiator - Verb - Associate (IVA):''' used for when the verb is an action involving literal or metaphorical motion toward the associate.
# '''Initiator - Verb - Coverb - Associate (IVCA):''' used for when the verb is an action involving the production of the associate from the initiator in some way.
# '''Initiator - Associate - Verb (IAV):''' used for when the verb is a non-literal or non-physical action. This commonly includes irrealis, negative, vague, and other related statements. The lack of specificity for the true relationship between the verb and arguments that the other word orders express is due to the lack of tangibility to the event in discussion.
# '''Verb - Initiator - Associate (VIA):''' used for when the verb is a relationship between the initiator and associate. It can be argued that "initiator" and "associate" are misnomers within this word order because no action is being taken. However, their usage can be justified as the argument in the initiator position is always dominant or equal to the argument in the associate position.
 
=== Animacy and Agency ===
When the associate is grammatically marked as animate, AV word order instead expresses reflexivity.


=== Parts of Speech ===
=== Parts of Speech ===
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==== Content Clauses ====
==== Content Clauses ====
Mirmio can sbustitute both noun and verb positions with a content clause. Uninflected content clauses are marked with a preclitic (''dl-'' before a vowel, ''dlõ-'' before a consonant) attached to the first word of the content clause.
Mirmio can substitute both noun and verb positions with a content clause. Uninflected content clauses are marked with a preclitic (''dl-'' before a vowel, ''dlõ-'' before a consonant) attached to the first word of the content clause.
 
In example (1a), ''dl-'' is cliticized onto the animacy marker of the clause ''ácv dja'ukuh rlòxnj'', allowng the clause to be placed in the initiator positon of “_ qùulkf nji'hu.”
 
1a)
:: '''''Dl'''ácv dja'ukuh rlòxnj qùulkf nji'hu.''
:: '''Dl='''ácv dja'uku.h rlòx-nj qùul-kf nji'hu
:: '''{{sc|ccm}}='''{{sc|anim}} horse.{{sc|nsd}} run-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}}
:: *I see the horse running itself.
:: “I see a horse running around.”


Inflected content clauses replace the preclitic with a complementizer (''dlõ'') preceding the content clause and inflected in whichever way the clause would be.
Inflected content clauses replace the preclitic with a complementizer (''dlõ'') preceding the content clause and inflected in whichever way the clause would be.
In example (1b), ''dlõ'' is placed after the same clause as ''dl-'' in (1a), but in order to communicate that the referent of that clause (the horse running around) is more animate than expected, the animacy marker is placed to precede the complementizer, applying animacy to the whole clause.
1b)
:: ''Ácv '''dlõ''' ácv dja'ukuh rlòxnj qùulkf nji'hu.''
:: Ácv '''dlõ''' ácv dja'uku.h rlòx-nj qùul-kf nji'hu
:: {{sc|anim}} '''{{sc|ccm}}''' {{sc|anim}} horse.{{sc|nsd}} run-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}}
:: *I see the horse running itself.
:: “The horse running around draws my attention to it.”


==== Relative Clauses ====
==== Relative Clauses ====
Relative clauses in Mirmio encompass both adjectival and adverbial clauses as they have the same behavior in the language. Although relative clauses can have the same underlying word order as independent clauses, the word that is being modified by the relative clause is always omitted inside of the relative clause.
Relative clauses in Mirmio encompass both adjectival and adverbial clauses as they have the same behavior in the language. Although relative clauses can have the same underlying word order as independent clauses, the word that is being modified by the relative clause is not represented inside of the relative clause.


There are two classes of relative marker: continuous and discontinuous, both of which precede the relative clause and connect it back to its modifiee, but the continuous marker appears directly after the modifiee and the discontinuous modifier appears after another, previous relative clause (if present) modifying the same word. Similar to content clauses, inflected markers are complementizers and uninflected markers are clitics, however relative marker clitics are attached to the word preceding the relative clause rather than the first word in the relative clause.
There are two classes of relative marker: continuous and discontinuous, both of which precede the relative clause and connect it back to its modifiee, but the continuous marker appears directly after the modifiee and the discontinuous modifier appears after another, previous relative clause (if present) modifying the same word. Similar to content clauses, inflected markers are complementizers and uninflected markers are clitics, however relative marker clitics are attached to the word preceding the relative clause rather than the first word in the relative clause.
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|lee
|lee
|ge
|ge
|ŏ'k
|ò'k
|-
|-
!Clitic
!Clitic
| -cv
| -cv
| -n
| -n
| -nj
| -enj
| -(n)ri
| -(n)ri
| -(a)y
| -(a)y
| -ŭ, -w
| -ù, -w
|}
|}In the example (2a), the relative clause ''rlòxnjkf'' modifies ''dja'ukuh'', where ''dja'ukuh'' is the clause's initiator. This relationship is marked by the initiator continuous relative clitic -''enj''.
 
2a)
 
:: ''Djá'ukuh''''enj''' rlòxnj qùulkf nji'hu.''
:: Djá'uku.h'''=enj''' rlòx-nj qùul-kf nji'hu
:: horse.{{sc|nsd}}'''={{sc|icr}}''' run-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}}
:: *I see the horse running.
:: “I see a horse that is running.”
 
Example (2b) shows the complementizer ''kjĩ'ĩ'', instead of the clitic ''-enj'', taking the animacy marker ''ácv'' that corresponds to the modifiee.
 
2b)
 
:: ''Djá'ukuh ácv '''kjĩ'ĩ''' rlòxnj qùulkf nji'hu.''
:: Djá'uku.h ácv '''kjĩ'ĩ''' rlòx-nj qùul-kf nji'hu
:: horse.{{sc|nsd}} {{sc|anim}} '''{{sc|icr}}''' run-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}}
:: *I see the horse running itself.
:: “I see a horse that is running around.”
 
Example (2c) uses the same sentence as (2b) but with an additional relative clause. The discontinuous clitic (''-n'') is used to mark that the noun ''djá'ukuh'' takes an associate role in the second relative clause ''xjiithnj'', while the ''kjĩ'ĩ'' remains marking the noun as the initiator in the first relative clause ''rlòxnj''.
 
2c)
:: ''Djá'ukuh ácv kjĩ'ĩ rlòxnj'''n''' xjiithnj qùulkf nji'hu.''
:: Djá'uku.h ácv kjĩ'ĩ rlòx-nj'''=n''' qùul-kf nji'hu
:: horse.{{sc|nsd}} {{sc|anim}} {{sc|icr}} run-{{sc|sv}}'''={{sc|adr}}''' neigh-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}}
:: *I see the horse running itself neighing.
:: “I see a horse that is running around and neighing.”


==== Merged Clauses ====
==== Merged Clauses ====
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| -hn
| -hn
| -hnj
| -hnj
| -h(n)ri
| -(n)rih
| -(a)hy
| -(a)hy
| -ŭh, -hw
| -ŭh, -hw
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<code>SG</code>: singular
<code>SG</code>: singular
{|
 
=== Horse Translation ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="7" |Djá'uku': Svethùùgkf kvùùrthee dja'uku'.
| colspan="7" |Djá'uku': Svethùùgkf kvùùrthee dja'uku'.
|-
|-
| colspan="7" |{{Ipa|[d͡ʑɜʊ̯˦˨˦χʊ˥˩ {{!}} ɬʷeθ̼ʊ̙ːɰkʷʰ kʷʊ̙ːɽθ̼eː d͡ʑɜʊ̯˦˨˦χʊ˥˩]}}
| colspan="7" |{{Ipa|[d͡ʑɜʊ̯˦˨˦χʊ˥˩ {{!}} ɬʷeθ̼ʊ̙ːɰkʷʰ kʷʊ̙ːɽθ̼eː d͡ʑɜʊ̯˦˨˦χʊ˥˩]}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |NP
| colspan="6" |S (VIA)
|-
| colspan="2" |VP
| colspan="3" |NP:Init
|NP:Assc
|-
|N
| colspan="2" |V
| colspan="3" |N
|N
|-
|-
|Djá'uku'
|Djá'uku'
|Sve-
|Sve-
|thùùgkf
|thùùgkf
|kvùù
| kvùù
| -r
| -r
| -thee
| -thee
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|{{Sc|rv-}}
|{{Sc|rv-}}
|store
|store
|knowledge.{{Sc|coll}}
| knowledge.{{Sc|coll}}
| -{{Sc|g3}}
| -{{Sc|g3}}
| -all
| -all
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| colspan="7" |“Horse: Everyone knows what a horse is.”
| colspan="7" |“Horse: Everyone knows what a horse is.”
|}
|}
{|
 
=== Kitchen Translation ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="17" |Mòscuhkf yẽ dlosxe'exjkf pü'nbũ pü'nbũhcv scuhkf yẽ?
| colspan="17" |Mòscuhkf yẽ dlosxe'exjkf pü'nbũ pü'nbũhcv scuhkf yẽ?
|-
|-
| colspan="17" |{{Ipa|[mʲɔ̙̈ɬ.t͡ɕʊ˩˥kʷʰ jẽ tˡoɬ.xe˦˨˦çkʷʰ pʲᵿ̃˥˩.ⁿɾ̼ʊ̃ pʲᵿ̃˥˩.ⁿɾ̼ʊ̃˩˥t͡σ̠ ɬt͡ɕʊ˩˥kʷʰ jẽ]}}
| colspan="17" |{{Ipa|[mʲɔ̙̈ɬ.t͡ɕʊ˩˥kʷʰ jẽ tˡoɬ.xe˦˨˦çkʷʰ pʲᵿ̃˥˩.ⁿɾ̼ʊ̃ pʲᵿ̃˥˩.ⁿɾ̼ʊ̃˩˥t͡σ̠ ɬt͡ɕʊ˩˥kʷʰ jẽ]}}
|-
|-
|Mò-
| colspan="17" |S (VIA)
|-
| colspan="4" |VP
|NP:Init
| colspan="12" |NP:Assc
|-
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" |V
| rowspan="4" |ProN
| colspan="12" |ContCl (VIA)
|-
| colspan="4" |VP
|NP:Init
| colspan="7" |NP:Assc
|-
| colspan="4" |V
| rowspan="2" |N
| colspan="3" |N
| colspan="4" |MrgCl (VIA)
|-
|Comp
| colspan="3" |V
|Comp
| colspan="3" |V
| colspan="2" |N
|Comp
| colspan="3" |V
|ProN
|-
|Mò=
|s.
|s.
|cuh
|cuh
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|pü'nbũ
|pü'nbũ
| -h
| -h
| -cv
| =cv
|s.
|s.
|cuh
|cuh
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