Linguifex

Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,935 edits
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,935 edits
 
(168 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Húsnorsk
|name=Húsnorsk
|nativename=Hússnorską
|nativename=Húsanorska
|pronunciation=xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ, xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ
|pronunciation=xuː.sa.nor.ska
|ethnicity=Húsnorsk
|ethnicity=Húsnorsk
|states=[[w:Novgorod|Novgorod]] and the greater area surrounding it
|states=[[w:Novgorod republic|Húsnorsk republic]]</br>[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]]
|script1=Latn
|script1=Runr
|script2=Cyrl
|script2=Latn
|script3=Brai
|script3=Brai
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|setting=
|setting=
|stand1=Varhússnorską
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|dia1=Húmgądsnorską (Western)
|dia1=[[Nygadsnorsk]] (Western)
|dia2=Jugsnorską (Eastern)
|dia2=[[Jugsnorsk]] (Eastern)
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
Line 29: Line 29:
|speakers2=(L2) 50,000-100,000
|speakers2=(L2) 50,000-100,000
|date=2018
|date=2018
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy (Hússnorsksakademin) <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy (Húsanorskakademī) <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Húmgąds: ''Hússnorską'', /xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ/ or /xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ/; Jugs ''Hússnorska'' or ''Хуъсснорска'', /xʊu̯s.sn̥o̞r.skɐ/ or /xʊu̯s.sn̥o̞tʰ.kɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Húmgąds /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugs /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/)


While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. As such, all three will be split into separate articles, this article will focus on Varhúsnorsk, with minimal coverage of the others.
==History==
==History==
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).  
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).  


:"эк дрэп драугъ" ("ek drep draugą") - The transcript of no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr(!)", with "draugr" mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.
:"ek drep drǿgj" - no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" ("drǿgj") mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.


The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic.
The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, which, too, is well supported, seeing as how Húsnorsk is East Nordic.


Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auą" for Old Norse "alr").
Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auj" for Old East Norse "alʀ").


===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===
===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===


===Early Modern Húsnorsk (1600AD~1850AD)===
===Common Húsnorsk (1600AD~1770AD)===
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugą" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorską" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorską" ("Yugra's Norse").


===Modern Húsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
Modern Húsnorsk is still spoken around its historic homeland of Novgorod, as of the 1940's the region has been officially organized into the Húsnorsk republic, where Húsnorsk acts as the official language, with both Old Norse and Old Church Slavonic being treated as official liturgical languages.


As of 1973, Húsnorsk has been overseen by the largely unrecognized, though respected, Hússnorsksakademin, who are attempting to gain more international recognition so they can work with the UN to offer Húsnorsk translations of many of the documents. They've also worked with both theologists and linguists to created modern translations of ancient Norse religious texts, as many of the Húsnorsk still follow Norse Heathenry, the most major among these is a [[Húsnorsk Eddas|translation of the Eddas]] and a [[Húsnorsk Hávamál|translation of the Hávamál]].


Húsnorsk is currently considered vulnerable by UNESCO, as resources for learning it are lacking at best. As can be gathered from the L2 population, Húsnorsk resources are generally sparse, poor quality, or difficult to parse, and almost all of the easily accessible and high quality resources for it are in Russian. Another issue that motivated this decision is the general lack of recognition Húsnorsk recieves, stating that:
<blockquote>Even ''within'' its homeland, Húsnorsk is rarely acknowledged, this may be influenced by the fact that Húsnorsk has a stable,  but relatively small, native population, meaning both that they don't need to advocate for support nor does it recieve much attention from any circle except the Nordo-sphere. [emphasis added]</blockquote>


==Development==
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse "ár" to Húsnorsk "aą", and Old Norse initial /x/ to Húsnorsk /k/, the latter of which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.


The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented.
:(IRL note - Do keep in mind these are prone to change as I develop Húsnorsk more)


/ar/ to /r̩/, the mechnism behind "ár" > "aą" is currently unknown, but it may have occurred out of analogy.


/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.


:Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -r regardless of final consonant (Known to have happened before /r̩/ > /ɐ/ due to some recorded misspellings)
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").


/r̩/ to /ɐ/ (see rule #1 for "ár")
===Modern Húsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
Modern Húsnorsk is still spoken around its historic homeland of Novgorod, as of the 1940's the region has been officially organized into the Húsnorsk republic, where Húsnorsk acts as the official language, with both Old Norse and Old Church Slavonic being treated as official liturgical languages.


/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)
As of 1973, Húsnorsk has been overseen by the largely unrecognized, though respected, Húsanorskakademī, who are attempting to gain more international recognition so they can work with the UN to offer Húsnorsk translations of many of the documents. They've also worked with both theologists and linguists to created modern translations of ancient Norse religious texts, as many of the Húsnorsk still follow Norse Heathenry, the most major among these is a translation of the Eddas and a translation of the Hávamál.


/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /m:, n:, g:/
Húsnorsk is currently considered vulnerable by UNESCO, as resources for learning it are lacking at best. As can be gathered from the L2 population, Húsnorsk resources are generally sparse, poor quality, or difficult to parse, and almost all of the easily accessible and high quality resources for it are in Russian. Another issue that motivated this decision is the general lack of recognition Húsnorsk recieves, stating that:
<blockquote>Even ''within'' its homeland, Húsnorsk is rarely acknowledged, this may be influenced by the fact that Húsnorsk has a stable but relatively small native population, meaning both that they do not need to advocate for support nor does it recieve much attention from any circle except the Nordo-sphere. [emphasis added]</blockquote>


:Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)
==Development==
 
Húsnorsk's phonological history after Pre-Húsnorsk is deeply understood, though the development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.
/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
 
/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
 
/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though
 
===Húmgądsnorską===
coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/)
 
:-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout
::see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to modern Húsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)
:Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems
 
Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
 
/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
 
/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
 
:Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
:Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"
 
/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
 
<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals (see "blómstr" to "blómsą")
 
Word initial /x/ occasionaly strengthens to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more, but not exclusively, before long vowels)
 
/ɣ/ to /g/
 
/rː/ to /ʒ/


Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized..


splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change, as many speakers still don't display it (see the variation of "réttą" between /reːt.tɐ/ and /rjet.tɐ/)
===Varhúsnorsk===
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
*/ʀ/ to /j/
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains.
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.''
*/ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)
*''Past participle leveled to -ðj''


===Jugsnorską===
===Nygadsnorsk===
coda geminates shorten
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
 
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
:-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn- throughout
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
::see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to modern Húsnorsk "annarą" and "mann"
*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.''
 
*syllabic /l/ to /ul/
Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
 
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*/ɣ/ to /g/
 
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.
 
:Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
:Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"
 
<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals (see "blómstr" to "blómsą")
 
/ɣ/ to /g/
 
/ɬ/ to /ʃ/
 
Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
 
Vowel shifts:
:Overlong to plain long
:Short shifts: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
:Long splitting: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː, ɔː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ʏy, øy, au/
::mergers: /ei, ɛi/, /ou, ɔu/ > /e̞i, o̞u/, /øy/ to /ø̞y/
:New vowel inventory:
::Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
::Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/
 
Consonants follows by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/)


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Húmgądsnorską===
===Varhúsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |  
! colspan=2 |  
! Labial
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Velar
! Velar
Line 159: Line 109:
! colspan=2 | Nasal
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| m
|
| n
| n
|  
|  
Line 165: Line 116:
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| p
| p
|
| t
| t
| k
| k
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| b¹
| b
| d¹
|  
| g¹
| d
| g
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| f²
| f
| θ
| s
| s
| x³
| x
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| v²<sup>, </sup>⁴
| v
| ʒ
| ð
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricate
|  
|  
| t͡s
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Approximant
! rowspan=2 | Approximant
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
|
|  
|  
| r̥, l̥
| r̥, l̥
Line 197: Line 148:
! Voiced
! Voiced
|  
|  
| r⁵, l
|  
| r, l
| j
| j
|-
|-
|}
|}
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
:::Voiceless: "pp, tt, kk" /ʰp, ʰt, ʰk/
:::Voiced: "bb, dd, gg" /v, z, g/


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Line 217: Line 158:
! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! rowspan=2 | Back
! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
|-
Line 226: Line 166:
| i
| i
| y
| y
|
| u
| u
|-
|-
Line 232: Line 171:
| e
| e
| ø
| ø
|
| o
| o
|-
|-
! Mid-Low
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| ɛ
|
|  
|  
| ɔ
| ɔ
Line 244: Line 181:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ
| ɑ
| ɑ
|-
|-
|}
|}


#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, and the round vowels (/u, o, ɔ, y, ø/) can be overlong.
#All vowels can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Proto-Norse /uːl, yːl/)


===Jugsnorską===
===Nygadsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=3 |  
! colspan=2 |  
! Labial
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Velar
! Velar
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Nasal
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| m
|
| n
| n
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | Unaspirated
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| p
| p
|
| t
| t
| k
| k
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| b
| b¹
|  
| d¹
| d
| g¹
| g
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Aspirated
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| pʰ
| f
| s
| x²
|-
! Voiced
| v³
| ʒ
|  
|  
| tʰ
| kʰ
|-
|-
! Voiced
! colspan=2 | Affricate
| bʱ
|
| t͡s
|  
|  
| dʱ
| gʱ
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | Approximant
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| f²
| θ
| s
| x³
|-
! Voiced
|
| ð
|  
|  
| r̥, l̥
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Approximant
! Voiced
| ʋ⁴
|  
|  
| r⁵, l
| r⁵, l
Line 314: Line 240:
|}
|}


#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]).
#:Proper names form a major exception to this.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /plʏy̯ɡ/)
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].




Line 331: Line 257:
|-
|-
! High
! High
| ɪ(i)
| i
| ʏ(y)
| y
| ʊ(u)
| u
|-
! Mid-High
| e
| ø
| o
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid-Low
| e̞(i)
| ɛ
| ø̞(y)
|  
| o̞(u)
| ɔ
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ(u)¹
| ɑ
|-
|-
|}
|}


#Traditionally realized as /au/, but /ɐu/ is becoming exponentially more common every year.
#All vowels can be long and overlong.
#The vowels in parentheses are when the vowel is long, thus are equivalent to /V(ː)/ in other languages.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
===Varhúsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Húmgąds Alphabet
! colspan=2 |  
|-
|-
! Letter
! Letter
Line 456: Line 388:
| V v
| V v
| v
| v
|-
| W w
| w
|-
|-
| Y y
| Y y
Line 480: Line 415:
|}
|}


===Jugsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Jugs Alphabet
! colspan=2 |  
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Letter
! Letter
! rowspan=2 | IPA
! IPA
|-
|-
! Cyrillic
! Latin
|-
| А а
| A a
| A a
| ɐ
| ɐ
|-
|-
| Аъ аъ
| Á á
| Á á
| au~ɐu
| ɐu
|-
|-
| Б б
| B b
| B b
| b
| b
|-
|-
| Д д
| D d
| D d
| d
| d
|-
|-
| Э э
| E e
| E e
| e̞
| e̞
|-
|-
| Эъ эъ
| É é
| É é
| e̞i
| e̞i
|-
|-
| Ф ф
| F f
| F f
| f
| f
|-
|-
| Г г
| G g
| G g
| ɡ
| ɡ
|-
|-
| Х х
| H h
| H h
| x
| x
|-
|-
| И и
| I i
| I i
| i
| i
|-
|-
| Иъ иъ
| Í í
| Í í
| ɪi
| ɪi
|-
|-
| Й й
| J j
| J j
| j
| j
|-
|-
| К к
| K k
| K k
| k
| k
|-
|-
| Л л
| L l
| L l
| l
| l
|-
|-
| М м
| M m
| M m
| m
| m
|-
|-
| Н н
| N n
| N n
| n
| n
|-
|-
| О о
| O o
| O o
| o̞
| o̞
|-
|-
| Оъ оъ
| Ó ó
| Ó ó
| o̞u
| o̞u
|-
|-
| П п
| P p
| P p
| p
| p
|-
|-
| Р р
| R r
| R r
| r
| r
|-
|-
| С с
| S s
| S s
| s
| s
|-
|-
| Т т
| T t
| T t
| t
| t
|-
|-
| У у
| U u
| U u
| ʊ
| ʊ
|-
|-
| Уъ уъ
| Ú ú
| Ú ú
| ʊu
| ʊu
|-
|-
| В в
| V v
| V v
| ʋ
| ʋ
|-
|-
| Ү ү
| Y y
| Y y
| ʏ
| ʏ
|-
|-
| Үъ үъ
| Ý ý
| Ý ý
| ʏy
| ʏy
|-
|-
| (Ц ц)¹
| (Z z)
| (Z z)¹
| tʰ
| tʰ
|-
|-
| Ө ө
| Ø ø
| Ø ø
| ø̞
| ø̞
|-
|-
| Өъ өъ
| Ǿ ǿ
| Ǿ ǿ
| ø̞y
| ø̞y
|-
|-
| Тъ тъ
| Þ þ
| Þ þ
| θ
| θ
|-
|-
| Дъ дъ
| Ð ð
| Ð ð
| ð
| ð
|}
|}


#Often written as "th" in Jugsnorska, but some still use "z"
Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with both standing for overlongs.
 
Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
:Long s is still used
:Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
:Extensive use of ligatures
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
:Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")
 
===Runic script===
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.
 
In all varieties, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/
 
Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű").
 
Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")
 
This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 638: Line 561:
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)


Húsnorsk has largely leveled both the dative and genitive singulars to -i and -s respectively, though the genitive is sometimes leveled to -ą by some speakers.
When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving it in all dialects.
 
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.
 
The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better. The tables shall be listed in order as:
:Varhúsnorsk
:Nygadsnorsk
:Jugsnorsk


When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving both Húmgądsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. The latter two tables are both Jugsnorsk, just in different scripts, one in Latin, the ither in Cyrillic.
====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
Húsnorsk closely follows Old Norse with its strong nouns, have two neuter, and three masculine and feminine strong declensions, the general pattern names are
=====Common patterns=====
:a-stem: Masculine, neuter
(Varhúsnorsk tables not yet updated)
:i-stem: Masculine
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
:r-stem: Masculine, feminine
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
:ija-stem: Masculine, neuter
 
:ō-stem: Feminine
 
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}}


''Húmgąds'':
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk|Nursk|m= - "Norse"}}


''Jugs'':
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk|Nursk|m= - "Norse"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk cyr nouns m-a|Норск|Нурск|m= - "Norse"}}




''Húmgąds'':
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns s-ō|nǫs|nas|m= - "nose"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}


''Jugs'':
=====Neuter patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns s-ō|nos|nas|m= - "nose"}}
(all outdated)
{{Jugsnorsk cyr nouns s-ō|нос|нас|m= - "nose"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}}
 
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
(everything except Jugsnorsk is outdated here)
 
Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.
 
An example of this is the verb "ljúga" ("lýga" in Jugsnorsk)
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s2|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}}
 
=====Class 1=====
 
=====Class 2=====
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
 
 
 
====Weak verbs====
 
====Suppletive verbs====
Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.
 
This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or ''Proto-Húsnorsk''), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor.
{{Old Húsnorsk weʀa|m=|węʀ-|waʀ-|wæʀ-|wǫ́ʀ-|ęʀ-}}
{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}}
{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 669: Line 632:
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).


:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjódinn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "vą" ("was") in the second position.
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.


In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjódinn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.


Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
:'''''Ari havi sútin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari havi soutīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari havi sútin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari havi soutīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''sútin havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''soutīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')


Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari er sø̄''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari er sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sø̄''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
:'''''Ari havi sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sø̄''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sø̄d''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́u''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ud''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".


This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
Line 694: Line 657:
==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
'''Original (Old Norse)''':
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]]
:'''East''': Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
:'''West''': Dreymða mik (einn?) draum í nátt um : silki ok ærligan feld
'''Original (OEN)''':
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl


'''Hússnorską''':
'''Hússnorską''':
:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': drǿmða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/
::/drøːm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ː iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
:'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
:'''Siberia''': Drýmða mik a drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
::/drʏy̯m.ðɐ mɪk ɐ drʏy̯m ɪi̯ nau̯t ʊm : sʏy̯.kɪ o̞u̯k dʏy̯.rɐn fø̞y̯d/
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
Line 710: Line 674:
'''English''':
'''English''':
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur


===UDHR Article 1===
===UDHR Article 1===
Line 716: Line 681:


'''Hússnorsk''':
'''Hússnorsk''':
:'''Standard''': hørą maðą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫðrum virðiggi ók réttum. meðą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok meðą skulu gert aðran bróðurléki.
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
::/xø.rɐ ma.ðɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk javn ɔð.rum vir.ðiɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.ðɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.ðɐ sku.lu ɡert að.ran broː.ður.leː.ki/
::/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
:'''Novgorod''': hørą madą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫdrum virdiggi ók réttum. medą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok medą skulu gert adran bródurléki.
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki.
::/xø.rɐ ma.dɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/
::/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
:'''Siberia''': høra manna er vrjosporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki.
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
::/xø̞.rɐ mɐn.nɐ e̞r ʋrjo̞s.po̞.rɪn o̞k jau̯n o̞n.nʊm ʋɪr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞k re̞i̯t.tʊm me̞n.nɐ e̞.rʊ xɐft je̞r.kɪ o̞k sʊ.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞k me̞n.nɐ skʊ.lʊ ɡe̞rt ɐn.nɐn bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ/
::[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]


'''Literal translation''':
'''Literal translation''':
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"===
'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':
:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at þér Guð er segir þik góðkjorinu, bethtum os."
::/ɪi̯ e̞n.nɐ.nʊm e̞r prɪ.ðɐ lo̞u̯.nɪ.nɐ θe̞i̯m es ko̞u̯s θɐt ɪi̯ lɪi̯.ʋɪ o̞k sko̞u̯t kʊn.nɐ bɐtʰ ɐt do̞u̯ð.rɪn sjo̞u̯ʋ knɐu̯ ʋe̞.rɐ o̞u̯.dʰɐu̯.nɐ.ðɐ  lɪi̯.tɐ ɐt θe̞i̯r ɡʊð e̞r se̞.ɡɪr θɪk ɡo̞u̯ð.kjo̞.rɪ.nʊ be̞tʰ.tʊm o̞s/
'''English (literal)''':
:"In the end is peace (a) reward to them, who chose it in life, and you should know best, that the dead even can be all-scorned. I trust, that your God will ever-guide you to the right choice, to the best to us."
'''English''':
:"In the end, peace is a reward to those who chose it in life, and you should know best that even the dead can be ever-scorned. I trust your God will guide you towards the right choice, for the best of us both."


==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
!colspan=8|Leipzig-Jakarta List
!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List
|-
|-
! Rank
! Rank
! Meaning
! Meaning
! Old Norse
! Old West Norse
! Varhússnorską
! Old East Norse
! Húmgądsnorską
! Varhúsnorsk
! Jugsnorską
! Nygadsnorsk
! Jugsnorsk
! Icelandic
! Icelandic
! Swedish
! Swedish
Line 753: Line 708:
|1||fire
|1||fire
| eldr
| eldr
| ǿdą
| eldʀ
| ǿdą
| eudj
| ǿda
| ǿdj
| ǿdj
| eldur
| eldur
| eld
| eld
|-
|-
|2||nose
|2||nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nǫs
Line 768: Line 725:
|-
|-
|3||to go
|3||to go
|
| ganga
|  
| ganga
|
| gagga
|
| gagga
| gagga
| ganga
| gånga
|-
|-
|4||water
|4||water
|
| vatn
|  
| watn
|
| watn, watū
|
| watn, watú
| vatn, vatū
| vatn
| vatten
|-
|-
|5||mouth
|5||mouth
|
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
|  
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
|
| (body) munðj </br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
|
| (body) munðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) mūðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) mun</br>(river) mynne</br>(river) os
|-
|-
|6||tongue
|6||tongue
|
| tunga
|  
| tunga
|
| tugga
|
| tugga
| tugga
| tunga
| tunga
|-
|-
|7||blood
|7||blood
|
| blóð
|  
| blōþ
|
| blóð
|
| blód
| blóð
| blóð
| blod
|-
|-
|8||bone
|8||bone
|
| bein
|  
| bēn
|
| bén, bḗ
|
| bén, bē
| bén, bḗ
| bein
| ben
|-
|-
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun}} (you)
| þú
| þú
| þū
| þú
| þú
| tú
| tú
| þu#Húsnorsk|þú
| þú
| þú
| þú
| du
| du
Line 835: Line 811:
|
|
|-
|-
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun}} (I)
| ek
| ek
| ek
| ek
| ek
| iak
| jak
| jak
| jak
| ég
| ég
| jag
| jag
Line 881: Line 858:
|21||night (time of day)
|21||night (time of day)
| nátt
| nátt
| nátt
| nāt
| nátt
| nát
| nátt
| nát
| nát
| nátt
| nátt
| natt
| natt
Line 930: Line 908:
|-
|-
|29||to say
|29||to say
| tala
| tala
| tala
| spá¹
| spá¹
Line 967: Line 946:
|
|
|-
|-
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun}} (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| hann, kann (m)</br>hǫ́n, kǫ́n (f)</br>tat (n)
| hān (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þę́t (n)
| hann (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þat (n)
| hán, kán (m)</br>hón, kón (f)</br>tę́t (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þét (n)
|
|
|
|
Line 994: Line 974:
|-
|-
|39||this (pron.)
|39||this (pron.)
|
| sá
|  
| sa
|
| sa
|
| sa
| sa
| sá
| det
|-
|-
|40||fish
|40||fish
Line 1,096: Line 1,079:
|-
|-
|56||not (adj./adv.)
|56||not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
Line 1,171: Line 1,155:
|68||skin/hide
|68||skin/hide
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húd, kúd (human)
| feudj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿda (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skín (general)</br>húdj, kúdj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
| skinn (general)</br>hud
Line 1,323: Line 1,308:
|93||bird
|93||bird
| fugl, fogl
| fugl, fogl
| fuglą
| fogl
| fuglą
| foglj
| fogla
| foglj
| foglj
| fugl
| fugl
| fågel, fogel
| fågel, fogel
Line 1,354: Line 1,340:
|-
|-
|98||in
|98||in
|
| í
|  
| í
|
| í
|
| í
| í
| í
| i
|-
|-
|99||hard (materially)
|99||hard (materially)
Line 1,375: Line 1,364:
#Not cognate
#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Húsnorsk"