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|setting=
|setting=
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|dia1=Nygadsnorsk (Western)
|dia1=[[Nygadsnorsk]] (Western)
|dia2=Jugsnorsk (Eastern)
|dia2=[[Jugsnorsk]] (Eastern)
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
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|speakers2=(L2) 50,000-100,000
|speakers2=(L2) 50,000-100,000
|date=2018
|date=2018
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy (Hússnorsksakademin) <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy (Húsanorskakademī) <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.skɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/)


While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. As such, all three will be split into separate articles, this article will focus on Varhúsnorsk, with minimal coverage of the others.
==History==
==History==
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).  
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).  


:"ek drep drøgj" - no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" ("drøgj") mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.
:"ek drep drǿgj" - no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" ("drǿgj") mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.


The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, which, too, is well supported, seeing as how Húsnorsk is East Nordic.
The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, which, too, is well supported, seeing as how Húsnorsk is East Nordic.
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In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugą" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorską" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorską" ("Yugra's Norse").
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").


===Modern Húsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
===Modern Húsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
Modern Húsnorsk is still spoken around its historic homeland of Novgorod, as of the 1940's the region has been officially organized into the Húsnorsk republic, where Húsnorsk acts as the official language, with both Old Norse and Old Church Slavonic being treated as official liturgical languages.
Modern Húsnorsk is still spoken around its historic homeland of Novgorod, as of the 1940's the region has been officially organized into the Húsnorsk republic, where Húsnorsk acts as the official language, with both Old Norse and Old Church Slavonic being treated as official liturgical languages.


As of 1973, Húsnorsk has been overseen by the largely unrecognized, though respected, Hússnorsksakademin, who are attempting to gain more international recognition so they can work with the UN to offer Húsnorsk translations of many of the documents. They've also worked with both theologists and linguists to created modern translations of ancient Norse religious texts, as many of the Húsnorsk still follow Norse Heathenry, the most major among these is a [[Húsnorsk Eddas|translation of the Eddas]] and a [[Húsnorsk Hávamál|translation of the Hávamál]].
As of 1973, Húsnorsk has been overseen by the largely unrecognized, though respected, Húsanorskakademī, who are attempting to gain more international recognition so they can work with the UN to offer Húsnorsk translations of many of the documents. They've also worked with both theologists and linguists to created modern translations of ancient Norse religious texts, as many of the Húsnorsk still follow Norse Heathenry, the most major among these is a translation of the Eddas and a translation of the Hávamál.


Húsnorsk is currently considered vulnerable by UNESCO, as resources for learning it are lacking at best. As can be gathered from the L2 population, Húsnorsk resources are generally sparse, poor quality, or difficult to parse, and almost all of the easily accessible and high quality resources for it are in Russian. Another issue that motivated this decision is the general lack of recognition Húsnorsk recieves, stating that:
Húsnorsk is currently considered vulnerable by UNESCO, as resources for learning it are lacking at best. As can be gathered from the L2 population, Húsnorsk resources are generally sparse, poor quality, or difficult to parse, and almost all of the easily accessible and high quality resources for it are in Russian. Another issue that motivated this decision is the general lack of recognition Húsnorsk recieves, stating that:
<blockquote>Even ''within'' its homeland, Húsnorsk is rarely acknowledged, this may be influenced by the fact that Húsnorsk has a stable,  but relatively small, native population, meaning both that they don't need to advocate for support nor does it recieve much attention from any circle except the Nordo-sphere. [emphasis added]</blockquote>
<blockquote>Even ''within'' its homeland, Húsnorsk is rarely acknowledged, this may be influenced by the fact that Húsnorsk has a stable but relatively small native population, meaning both that they do not need to advocate for support nor does it recieve much attention from any circle except the Nordo-sphere. [emphasis added]</blockquote>


==Development==
==Development==
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.
Húsnorsk's phonological history after Pre-Húsnorsk is deeply understood, though the development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.


The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized..
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized..


*/ar/ to /ɐ/.
===Varhúsnorsk===
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
*''Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -ʀ regardless of final consonant (Before /ʀ/ > /j/ due to some recorded misspellings)''
*/ʀ/ to /j/
*/ʀ/ to /j/
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains.
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/
**Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.''
*/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl])
*/ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*/ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point)
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)
*''Past participle leveled to -ðj''


===Nygadsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (eg. /n:/ > /tn/)
*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''
**''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''
**''Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems''
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.''
*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.''
*''Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.''
*syllabic /l/ to /ul/
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.
===Jugsnorsk===
*/iu, eu/ > /ju/
*coda geminates shorten
*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout''
**''see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "onnú" and "mannj"''
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*''Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss''
*''Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"''
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*Vowel shifts:
**Overlong to plain long
**Short shifts: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
**Long splitting: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː, ɔː, yː, øː, œː, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ʏy, øy, œy, au/
***mergers: /ei, ɛi/, /ou, ɔu/, /øy, œy/ > /e̞i̯, o̞u̯, ø̞y̯/
**New vowel inventory:
***Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated.
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/
at some point after -ðr-/-nn- leveling, both turn nasal vowels into long vowels.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! rowspan=2 | Back
! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
|-
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| i
| i
| y
| y
|
| u
| u
|-
|-
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| e
| e
| ø
| ø
|
| o
| o
|-
|-
! Mid-Low
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| ɛ
|
|  
|  
| ɔ
| ɔ
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ
| ɑ
| ɑ
|-
|-
|}
|}


#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl/)
#All vowels can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Proto-Norse /uːl, yːl/)
 


===Nygadsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
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! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| f²
| f
| s
| s
| x³
| x²
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| v²<sup>, </sup>⁴
| v³
| ʒ
| ʒ
|  
|  
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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /b/ and /p/ respectively
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
##Proper names form a major exception to this.
#:Proper names form a major exception to this.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
:::Voiceless: "pp, tt, kk" /ʰp, ʰt, ʰk/
:::Voiced: "bb, dd, gg" /v, z, g/




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! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! rowspan=2 | Back
! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
|-
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| i
| i
| y
| y
|
| u
| u
|-
|-
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| e
| e
| ø
| ø
|
| o
| o
|-
|-
! Mid-Low
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| ɛ
|
|  
|  
| ɔ
| ɔ
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ
| ɑ
| ɑ
|-
|-
|}
|}


#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, and the round vowels (/u, o, ɔ, y, ø/) can be overlong.
#All vowels can be long and overlong.
 
===Jugsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=3 |
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Velar
|-
! colspan=3 | Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|-
! rowspan=4 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | Unaspirated
! Unvoiced
| p
|
| t
| k
|-
! Voiced
| b
|
| d
| g
|-
! rowspan=2 | Aspirated
! Unvoiced
| pʰ
|
| tʰ
| kʰ
|-
! Voiced
| bʱ
|
| dʱ
| gʱ
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f²
| θ
| s
| x³
|-
! Voiced
|
| ð
|
|
|-
! colspan=3 | Approximant
| ʋ⁴
|
| r⁵, l
| j
|-
|}
 
#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]).
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Stressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=4 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Back
|-
! colspan=2 | Unround
! colspan=2 | Round
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! High
| i
| ɪi̯
| y
| ʏy̯
| u
| ʊu̯
|-
! Mid
| e
| e̞i̯
| ø
| ø̞y̯
| o
| o̞u̯
|-
! Low
|
|
|
|
| a
| ɐu̯
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Unstressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=4 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Back
|-
! colspan=2 | Unround
! colspan=2 | Round
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! High
| ɪ
| i
| ʏ
| y
| ʊ
| u
|-
! Mid
| ɛ
| e
| œ
| ø
| ɔ
| o
|-
! Low
|
|
|
|
| ɐ
| a
|-
|}
 
There also exists a diphthong /au̯/, written as "au" or "av", this occurs before consonants or word finally, as in "jaun"/"javn" /jau̯n/. this is distinct from "á", which is /ɐu̯/ or /a/, where "au" is ''always'' /au/, regardless stress.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
===Varhúsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Húmgąds Alphabet
! colspan=2 |  
|-
|-
! Letter
! Letter
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|}
|}


===Jugsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Jugs Alphabet
! colspan=2 |  
|-
|-
! Letter
! Letter
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| V v
| V v
| ʋ
| ʋ
|-
| W w
| w
|-
|-
| Y y
| Y y
Line 715: Line 504:
| ʏy
| ʏy
|-
|-
| (Z z)¹
| (Z z)
| tʰ
| tʰ
|-
|-
Line 731: Line 520:
|}
|}


#Often written "th", but some still use "z"
Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with both standing for overlongs.


In Jugsnorsk, many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:
Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
:A macron-like diacritic for a following nasal (eg. "ū" for "um")
:Writing "i" above the previous letter or as superscript, especially after vowels (and v)
:Long s is still used
:Long s is still used
:Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
:Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
Line 742: Line 529:
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
:Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
:Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")


===Runic script===
===Runic script===
[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|right|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.
In all varieties, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/


[[File:20260311 130119.jpg|thumb|left|Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"]]
Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű").


As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.
Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")


In all varieties, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/
This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)


Húsnorsk has largely leveled both the dative singulars to -i and -inum in both dialects, but the genitive is more complicated.
When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving it in all dialects.
:In Nygadsnorsk, the genitive singular has been leveled ro -s and -sins, and the plural was already leveled to -a and -anna (though sometimes an extra consonant appears before it)
:In Jugsnorsk, the inherited genitive was lost, being replaced with the dative + -s.


When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving both Húmgądsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. (Latin Jugsnorsk will be used)
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.
====Strong nouns====
Húsnorsk closely follows Old Norse with its strong nouns, have two neuter, and three masculine and feminine strong declensions.


The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better.
The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better. The tables shall be listed in order as:
:Varhúsnorsk
:Nygadsnorsk
:Jugsnorsk


=====Masculine patterns=====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
(Varhúsnorsk tables not yet updated)
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|obl-|m= - "hearth"}}




{{Húsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ol-|ó-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Húsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-u|ós-|és-|m= - "god"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
 
 
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
 
=====Neuter patterns=====
(all outdated)
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}}
 
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
(everything except Jugsnorsk is outdated here)
 
Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.
 
An example of this is the verb "ljúga" ("lýga" in Jugsnorsk)
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s2|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}}
 
=====Class 1=====


=====Class 2=====
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====


{{Húsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|negl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-c|najl-|nejl-|nojl-|m= - "nail"}}


=====Feminine patterns=====
{{Húsnorsk nouns s-ō|nǫs-|nas-|m= - "nose"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns s-ō|nos-|m= - "nose"}}


====Weak verbs====


=====Neuter patterns=====
====Suppletive verbs====
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}}
Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mó-|mól-||m= - "Language"}}
 
This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or ''Proto-Húsnorsk''), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor.
{{Old Húsnorsk weʀa|m=|węʀ-|waʀ-|wæʀ-|wǫ́ʀ-|ęʀ-}}
{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}}
{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).


:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjǫldinn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "vą" ("was") in the second position.
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.


In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjǫldinn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.


Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
:'''''Ari havi sútin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari havi soutīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari havi sútin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari havi soutīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''sútin havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''soutīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')


Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari er sę́l''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari er sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sę́l''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
:'''''Ari havi sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́l''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ld''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́u''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ud''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".


This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
Line 835: Line 657:
==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]]
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
'''Original (OEN)''':
'''Original (OEN)''':
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The Jugsnorsk text in its handwritten forms. The second of these displays the extensive shortenings used in Jugsnorsk.]]


'''Hússnorską''':
'''Hússnorską''':
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': drømða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': drǿmða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
::/drøm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
::/drøːm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ː iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drømda mik ą drøm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
::/drøm.da mik ɐ drøː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
:'''Jugsnorsk''': drømða mik a drøm í nát ú : sjuki ok dýrá fjud
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
::[drøm.ðɐ mik ɐ drø̞y̯ i nɐu̯t u : sju.kɪ ɔ dʏy̯.ra fjud]
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
Line 852: Line 674:
'''English''':
'''English''':
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur


===UDHR Article 1===
===UDHR Article 1===
Line 858: Line 681:


'''Hússnorsk''':
'''Hússnorsk''':
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmannj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męnnj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męnnj skulu gert anna bróðurléki.
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
::/au̯d.manːj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti menːj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox menːj sku.lu ɡert an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
::/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmannj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. męnnj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męnnj skulu gert anna bródurléki.
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki.
::/ɔːd.matnj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti metnj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o metnj sku.lu ɡert an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
::/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmannj er prjósporín ok jaun onnú wirðiggi ok rétti. mennj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok mennj skulu gert anna bróðurléki.
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
::[o̞u̯d.manj er prjo̞u̯s.po.rin ɔ jɔu̯n on.nu wir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ menj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ menj skʊ.lʊ ɡert an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]
::[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]


'''Literal translation''':
'''Literal translation''':
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"===
(outdated)
'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':
:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os."
::/ɪi̯ e̞n.nɐ.nʊm e̞r prɪ.ðɐ lo̞u̯.nɪ.nɐ θe̞i̯m es ko̞u̯s θɐt ɪi̯ lɪi̯.ʋɪ o̞k sko̞u̯t kʊn.nɐ bɐtʰ ɐt do̞u̯ð.rɪn sjo̞u̯ʋ knɐu̯ ʋe̞.rɐ o̞u̯.dʰɐu̯.nɐ.ðɐ  lɪi̯.tɐ ɐt θe̞i̯r ɡʊð e̞r se̞.ɡɪr θɪk ɡo̞u̯ð.kjo̞.rɪ.nʊ be̞tʰ.tʊm o̞s/
'''English (literal)''':
:"In the end is peace (a) reward to them, who chose it in life, and you should know best, that the dead even can be all-scorned. I trust, that your God will ever-guide you to the right choice, to the best to us."
'''English''':
:"In the end, peace is a reward to those who chose it in life, and '''you''' should know best that even the dead can be ever-scorned. I trust '''your''' God will guide '''you''' towards the right choice, for the best of us both."


==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
!colspan=8|Leipzig-Jakarta List
!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List
|-
|-
! Rank
! Rank
Line 914: Line 725:
|-
|-
|3||to go
|3||to go
|
| ganga
|  
| ganga
|
| gagga
|
| gagga
| gagga
| ganga
| gånga
|-
|-
|4||water
|4||water
|
| vatn
|  
| watn
|
| watn, watū
|
| watn, watú
| vatn, vatū
| vatn
| vatten
|-
|-
|5||mouth
|5||mouth
Line 930: Line 747:
| (body) munðj </br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munðj </br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munðj, múðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) mūðj</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ósj
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) munnur</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ós
| (body) mun</br>(river) mynne</br>(river) os
| (body) mun</br>(river) mynne</br>(river) os
|-
|-
|6||tongue
|6||tongue
|
| tunga
|  
| tunga
|
| tugga
|
| tugga
| tugga
| tunga
| tunga
|-
|-
|7||blood
|7||blood
|
| blóð
|  
| blōþ
|
| blóð
|
| blód
| blóð
| blóð
| blod
|-
|-
|8||bone
|8||bone
|
| bein
|  
| bēn
|
| bén, bḗ
|
| bén, bē
| bén, bḗ
| bein
| ben
|-
|-
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun}} (you)
| þú
| þú
| þū
| þū
Line 985: Line 811:
|
|
|-
|-
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun}} (I)
| ek
| ek
| iak
| iak
Line 1,120: Line 946:
|
|
|-
|-
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun}} (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
Line 1,330: Line 1,156:
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| feudj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| feudj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húdj, kúdj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skín (general)</br>húdj, kúdj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
| skinn (general)</br>hud
Line 1,538: Line 1,364:
#Not cognate
#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Húsnorsk"