Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ

|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk

|states=[[w:~~Altai mountains~~|~~Altai mountain region~~]]

|states=The areas along the [[w:Katun (river)|Katun]] and [[w:Biya (river)|Biya]]

|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]

|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]

|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]

~~|fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]]~~

|script1=Runr

|script2=Latn

|script3=Brai

|script3=Cyrl

|script4=Brai

|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]

|ancestor2=[[~~w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse~~]]

|ancestor2=[[Pre-Húsnorsk]]

|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]

|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}

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|stand1=Varhúsnorsk

|familycolor=Indo-European

|minority=[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]][[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]][[w:Mongolia|~~Northern~~ Mongolia]]

|minority=[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]][[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]][[w:Mongolia|Far western Mongolia]]

|speakers=(L1) 400,000

|speakers2=(L2) 20,000

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}}

[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>

[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]], both from sound changes and semantic shift.<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>

==History==

===Name===

Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being ''Plýggnorska'', a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many decades, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, ''Jugranorska'' (modern: ''Ygranorska''), though this would fall to ''A(l)tænorska'', ''A(l)tæ'' (modern ''Átæ'') meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai ''Алтай'', this name still persists, but is far less common than ''Ygranorska'', which has had a resurgence and overtook ''Átænorska''.

===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

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===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===

===Development===

Jugsnorsk's phonological history is largely extremely well understood. The exact mechnism through which the laudative and pejorative forms developed is not understood well though.

The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Varhúsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized.

*/iu, eu/ > /ju/

*coda geminates shorten

*''The laudative and pejorative forms must have developed prior to diphthong flattening, while coda /l/ still existed as the allophone [u̯]''

*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same, but always before ð (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )

*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/

**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" (Eastern "alʀ") becomes "œ" /œː/)

*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/

*''Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s''

*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)

*/ɣ/ to /g/

*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ except word initially

*Vowel shifts:

**Overlong to plain long

**Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals), /ɛ, ɛː/ to /a, ai̯/ though.

**Unstressed shifts:

***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/

***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/

**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/

**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)

*/Cf, Cs/ to /Cʰ/

*/Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ]

*initial jV-/wV- assimilation.

**Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger.

*/sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/

*(not all speakers) in some of the more common verbs, geminates are reduced to approximates/fricatives

**"-pp-, -bb-" > "-v-"

**"-tt-, -dd-" > "-ð-"

**"-kk-, -gg-" > "-j-"

==Phonology==

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==Morphology==

===Umlaut===

[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is ~~noticeably absent from~~ Húsnorsk, having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mó'' and ''mó'').

[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mó'' and ''mó''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. ''al-'' > ''ó-'', ''alj'' > ''ǿ''), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. ''mál-'', but ''mó-'' in the laudative and pejorative)

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As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

~~notice here that the common~~ u-stem has become identical to the i-stem

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.

~~{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl}}~~

In ''najlj'', you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlauted ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

======Feminine patterns======

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

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===Verbs===

Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.

Jugsnorsk verb tables display a set of future forms, these are composed of the supine + the corresponding reduced form of ''vasa''

====Strong verbs====

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

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=====Class 1=====

=====Class 2=====

=====Class 3=====

Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.

======Class 3-e======

======Class 3-a======

======Class 3-ø======

=====Class 4=====

=====Class 5=====

=====Class 6=====

=====Class 7=====

Class 7 has entirely collapsed into a weak pattern, as the originaly paradigm ''a/æ'' became ''a/a'', making the past and present fall together.

the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.

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Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. ~~Though~~ the ~~tables presented here are fully regular as~~ a strong 5 verb, ~~forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these~~.

This first verb is the main copula. This verb was once suppletive but has since been leveled to the root ''vas-'', a strong class 5 verb, meaning it is no longer suppletive.

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=~~vaja~~|~~vaj~~|váj~~|1js=vé~~|2js=vé}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=~~vaja~~|~~vaj~~|váj|~~1js~~=vé|~~2js~~=vé}}

===Numerals===

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10, providing the Nygadsnorsk cognate and the Pre-Húsnorsk ancestor.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! Number

! Jugsnorsk

! Nygadsnorsk

! Pre-Húsnorsk

|-

! 1

| énj

| æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)

|-

! 2

| t(v)í

| twí

| twæiʀ

|-

! 3

| þrí

| trí

| þrīʀ

|-

! 4

| faví

| fędí

| fæþwiʀ

|-

! 5

| fāf

| femm

| *fæmf

|-

! 6

| saks

| sęsk

| sæks

|-

! 7

| savū

| sęvu

| *sævu(n)

|-

! 8

| áktū

| áttu

| *āhtu(n)?

|-

! 9

| nū

| nu

| *nu(n)?

|-

! 10

| tū

| tu

| *tu(n)?

|-

|}

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! Number

! Jugsnorsk

! Nygadsnorsk

! Pre-Húsnorsk

|-

! 1

| èði

| éndi

| æinþi

|-

! 2

| týði

| twédi

| twæiþi

|-

! 3

| þríði

| trídi

| þrīþi

|-

! 4

| faðði

| fęddi

| fæþþi (< *fæðwiði)

|-

! 5

| faddi

| fæddi (< *fændi)

|-

! 6

| sakti

| sętti

| *sæhti

|-

! 7

| safti

| sęfti

| *sæfti

|-

! 8

| ákti

| átti

| *āhti?

|-

! 9

| nȳði

| nydi

| *ny(n)þi

|-

! 10

| tȳði

| tydi

| *ty(n)þi

|-

|}

==Syntax==

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'''Jugsnorsk''':

:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : ~~sýkis~~ ok fýds

:"Proper": ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýksi ok fýds

:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.~~kɪs~~ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

:Informal: ę'drǿmðu mi(h) drǿms í náð ū : sýksi o fýds

::[ˌɛ.ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmi ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯ð uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.

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#"feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.

#"skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.

A large majority of the terms in the ''bloðhýski'' and ''kǿsthýski'' tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (''móð-'' and ''fað-''; ''kø,-'' and ''kar-'') are largely only used for step-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and step-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary

==References==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
 |ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
-|states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
+|states=The areas along the [[w:Katun (river)|Katun]] and [[w:Biya (river)|Biya]]
 |fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
 |fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
 |fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
-|fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]]
 |script1=Runr
 |script2=Latn
-|script3=Brai
+|script3=Cyrl
+|script4=Brai
 |ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
-|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
+|ancestor2=[[Pre-Húsnorsk]]
 |ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
 |ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |stand1=Varhúsnorsk
 |familycolor=Indo-European
-|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Northern Mongolia]]</small>
+|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Far western Mongolia]]</small>
 |speakers=(L1) 400,000
 |speakers2=(L2) 20,000
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 }}
-[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>
+[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]], both from sound changes and semantic shift.<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>
 ==History==
+===Name===
+Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being ''Plýggnorska'', a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many decades, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, ''Jugranorska'' (modern: ''Ygranorska''), though this would fall to ''A(l)tænorska'', ''A(l)tæ'' (modern ''Átæ'') meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai ''Алтай'', this name still persists, but is far less common than ''Ygranorska'', which has had a resurgence and overtook ''Átænorska''.
 ===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===
 In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 ===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
+===Development===
+Jugsnorsk's phonological history is largely extremely well understood. The exact mechnism through which the laudative and pejorative forms developed is not understood well though.
+The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Varhúsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized.
+*/iu, eu/ > /ju/
+*coda geminates shorten
+*''The laudative and pejorative forms must have developed prior to diphthong flattening, while coda /l/ still existed as the allophone [u̯]''
+*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same, but always before ð (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
+*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/
+**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" (Eastern "alʀ") becomes "œ" /œː/)
+*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
+*''Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s''
+*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
+*/ɣ/ to /g/
+*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ except word initially
+*Vowel shifts:
+**Overlong to plain long
+**Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals), /ɛ, ɛː/ to /a, ai̯/ though.
+**Unstressed shifts:
+***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
+***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/
+**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/
+**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)
+*/Cf, Cs/ to /Cʰ/
+*/Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ]
+*initial jV-/wV- assimilation.
+**Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger.
+*/sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/
+*(not all speakers) in some of the more common verbs, geminates are reduced to approximates/fricatives
+**"-pp-, -bb-" > "-v-"
+**"-tt-, -dd-" > "-ð-"
+**"-kk-, -gg-" > "-j-"
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 492: / Line 528: @@
 ==Morphology==
 ===Umlaut===
-[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is noticeably absent from Húsnorsk, having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mó'' and ''mó'').
+[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mó'' and ''mó''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.
 Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. ''al-'' > ''ó-'', ''alj'' > ''ǿ''), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. ''mál-'', but ''mó-'' in the laudative and pejorative)
@@ Line 510: / Line 546: @@
 As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
-{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás}}
+{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|æs}}
-notice here that the common u-stem has become identical to the i-stem
+The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.
-{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl}}
+{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl|najl}}
+In ''najlj'', you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:
+{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|pej=j|figg|fygg}}
+Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlauted ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.
 ======Feminine patterns======
 The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.
@@ Line 537: / Line 575: @@
 ===Verbs===
 Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.
+Jugsnorsk verb tables display a set of future forms, these are composed of the supine + the corresponding reduced form of ''vasa''
 ====Strong verbs====
 Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
@@ Line 543: / Line 583: @@
 =====Class 1=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grépa|type=1|grép|grip}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=grépa|type=1|grép|grip}}
 =====Class 2=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lǿga|type=2|lǿg|lug}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=lǿga|type=2|lǿg|lug}}
 =====Class 3=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
+Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
+======Class 3-e======
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=vedda|type=3-e|vedd|udd}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=vedda|type=3|vedd|udd}}
+======Class 3-a======
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=vanna|type=3-ø|vann|unn}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=vanna|type=3|vann|unn}}
+======Class 3-ø======
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=søkka|type=3-ø|søkk|sukk}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=søkka|type=3|søkk|sukk}}
 =====Class 4=====
 =====Class 5=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=t|type=5|gat|gát}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=t|type=5|gat|gát}}
 =====Class 6=====
 =====Class 7=====
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
+Class 7 has entirely collapsed into a weak pattern, as the originaly paradigm ''a/æ'' became ''a/a'', making the past and present fall together.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=gagga|gagg|gaggð}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=gagga|gagg|gaggð}}
 the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.
@@ Line 576: / Line 628: @@
 Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.
-This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
+This first verb is the main copula. This verb was once suppletive but has since been leveled to the root ''vas-'', a strong class 5 verb, meaning it is no longer suppletive.
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vasa|vas|váj|2js=væ}}
-{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
+{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vasa|vas|váj|2js=væ}}
+===Numerals===
+The following table will present the cardinal 1-10, providing the Nygadsnorsk cognate and the Pre-Húsnorsk ancestor.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! Number
+! Jugsnorsk
+! Nygadsnorsk
+! Pre-Húsnorsk
+|-
+! 1
+| énj
+| énj
+| æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
+|-
+! 2
+| t(v)í
+| twí
+| twæiʀ
+|-
+! 3
+| þrí
+| trí
+| þrīʀ
+|-
+! 4
+| faví
+| fędí
+| fæþwiʀ
+|-
+! 5
+| fāf
+| femm
+| *fæmf
+|-
+! 6
+| saks
+| sęsk
+| sæks
+|-
+! 7
+| savū
+| sęvu
+| *sævu(n)
+|-
+! 8
+| áktū
+| áttu
+| *āhtu(n)?
+|-
+! 9
+| nū
+| nu
+| *nu(n)?
+|-
+! 10
+| tū
+| tu
+| *tu(n)?
+|-
+|}
+{{Jugsnorsk adj pos|we=n|lem=énj|én|nsn=étt}}
+This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! Number
+! Jugsnorsk
+! Nygadsnorsk
+! Pre-Húsnorsk
+|-
+! 1
+| èði
+| éndi
+| æinþi
+|-
+! 2
+| týði
+| twédi
+| twæiþi
+|-
+! 3
+| þríði
+| trídi
+| þrīþi
+|-
+! 4
+| faðði
+| fęddi
+| fæþþi (< *fæðwiði)
+|-
+! 5
+| faddi
+| faddi
+| fæddi (< *fændi)
+|-
+! 6
+| sakti
+| sętti
+| *sæhti
+|-
+! 7
+| safti
+| sęfti
+| *sæfti
+|-
+! 8
+| ákti
+| átti
+| *āhti?
+|-
+! 9
+| nȳði
+| nydi
+| *ny(n)þi
+|-
+! 10
+| tȳði
+| tydi
+| *ty(n)þi
+|-
+|}
 ==Syntax==
@@ Line 616: / Line 796: @@
 '''Jugsnorsk''':
-:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
+:"Proper": ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýksi ok fýds
-:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
+::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
+:Informal: ę'drǿmðu mi(h) drǿms í náð ū : sýksi o fýds
+::[ˌɛ.ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmi ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯ð uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
 #"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.
@@ Line 1,275: / Line 1,457: @@
 #"feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
 #"skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.
+{{Jugsnorsk familial terms}}
+A large majority of the terms in the ''bloðhýski'' and ''kǿsthýski'' tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (''móð-'' and ''fað-''; ''kø,-'' and ''kar-'') are largely only used for step-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and step-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}